Social, Political and Legal Aspects of Text and Data Mining (TDM)Richard Smith-Unna
As part of the ContentMine project (http://contentmine.org), this talk gives an up-to-date (in 2014) overview of text and data mining.
Written by Michelle Brook, Charles Oppenheim and Peter Murray-Rust.
This presentation was given by Charles Oppenheim at WOSP 2014.
Copyright for Researchers (November 2013) slides.
This session was delivered and designed by Colin Theakston, Academic Liaison Librarian and Durham Copyright Officer.
Delivered as part of the Durham University Researcher Development Programme. Further Training available at https://www.dur.ac.uk/library/research/training/
Palestra apresentada à CONFOA 2013 (Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil, de 06 a 08 de outubro de 2013) na Mesa II - Direitos autorais e acesso aberto - pela Sra. Victoria Owen - CANADÁ - Chief Librarian, University of Toronto Scarborough. Presidente da Comissão de Direitos Autorais e outras questões legais da IFLA (CLM).
Once you identify a problem within an industry or industries, you should delve into it more deeply. Questions might include:
- What are the various perspectives on this issue? Who are the stakeholders?
- Who benefits from the current situation and who loses out?
- Is it widely acknowledged to be a problem? Why or why not? By all or only by some?
- When/why/how did the problem come to be?
- Are there relevant sources of federal or state law, including cases or statutes, that exacerbate, ameliorate, or contributed to the creation of this problem?
- Are there cases that acknowledge the problem? How do they frame it? - Are the approaches of various jurisdictions consistent or inconsistent?
- What, if anything, brought the problem to a head or led to awareness of it?
- Would any proposed legislation or pending cases resolve the issue?
- What is the universe of possible solutions?
- Which solution do you advocate and why?
- What values motivate that choice?
This paper will discuss perceived attitudes and observed barriers to the release of Open Educational Resources (OER) within UK Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) and Further Education Colleges (FECs).
Through an OER pilot project involving seven partner institutions across the UK, a pattern of Intellectual Property Right (IPR)-related obstacles has arisen. The main issue faced by the project was academics' unfamiliarity with IPR when it came to releasing materials to the wider world outside of their institution and ‘normal’ publishing routes.
Social, Political and Legal Aspects of Text and Data Mining (TDM)Richard Smith-Unna
As part of the ContentMine project (http://contentmine.org), this talk gives an up-to-date (in 2014) overview of text and data mining.
Written by Michelle Brook, Charles Oppenheim and Peter Murray-Rust.
This presentation was given by Charles Oppenheim at WOSP 2014.
Copyright for Researchers (November 2013) slides.
This session was delivered and designed by Colin Theakston, Academic Liaison Librarian and Durham Copyright Officer.
Delivered as part of the Durham University Researcher Development Programme. Further Training available at https://www.dur.ac.uk/library/research/training/
Palestra apresentada à CONFOA 2013 (Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil, de 06 a 08 de outubro de 2013) na Mesa II - Direitos autorais e acesso aberto - pela Sra. Victoria Owen - CANADÁ - Chief Librarian, University of Toronto Scarborough. Presidente da Comissão de Direitos Autorais e outras questões legais da IFLA (CLM).
Once you identify a problem within an industry or industries, you should delve into it more deeply. Questions might include:
- What are the various perspectives on this issue? Who are the stakeholders?
- Who benefits from the current situation and who loses out?
- Is it widely acknowledged to be a problem? Why or why not? By all or only by some?
- When/why/how did the problem come to be?
- Are there relevant sources of federal or state law, including cases or statutes, that exacerbate, ameliorate, or contributed to the creation of this problem?
- Are there cases that acknowledge the problem? How do they frame it? - Are the approaches of various jurisdictions consistent or inconsistent?
- What, if anything, brought the problem to a head or led to awareness of it?
- Would any proposed legislation or pending cases resolve the issue?
- What is the universe of possible solutions?
- Which solution do you advocate and why?
- What values motivate that choice?
This paper will discuss perceived attitudes and observed barriers to the release of Open Educational Resources (OER) within UK Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) and Further Education Colleges (FECs).
Through an OER pilot project involving seven partner institutions across the UK, a pattern of Intellectual Property Right (IPR)-related obstacles has arisen. The main issue faced by the project was academics' unfamiliarity with IPR when it came to releasing materials to the wider world outside of their institution and ‘normal’ publishing routes.
This presentation examined the role of Material Transfer Agreements in bioprospecting relationships. Also covered were issues on benefits sharing under the Convention on Biological Diversity and the implementation of the CBD.
What is a Material Transfer Agreement and when do you need it? The presentation discusses how MTAs enable exchange of information between companies and sharing of materials
Learn how copyright supports the rights of both owners and users and strengthen your understanding of how the doctrine of fair use applies to the practice of teaching and learning with digital media, technology, mass media and popular culture.
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Creative Commons and Government in AustraliaccAustralia
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Creative Commons in Education (incl. OER and MOOCs) and ResearchccAustralia
"Creative Commons in Education (including Open Educational Resources and MOOCs", presented by Professor Anne Fitzgerald, seminar 3 of 4 in the Creative Commons and the Digital Economy series, 2012. For full details see event page at http://creativecommons.org.au/events/digitaleconomy
This presentation examined the role of Material Transfer Agreements in bioprospecting relationships. Also covered were issues on benefits sharing under the Convention on Biological Diversity and the implementation of the CBD.
What is a Material Transfer Agreement and when do you need it? The presentation discusses how MTAs enable exchange of information between companies and sharing of materials
Learn how copyright supports the rights of both owners and users and strengthen your understanding of how the doctrine of fair use applies to the practice of teaching and learning with digital media, technology, mass media and popular culture.
Copyright and Open Content Licensing: the role of the Creative Commons licencesccAustralia
"Copyright and Open Content Licensing: the role of the Creative Commons licences", presented by Professor Anne Fitzgerald as seminar 1 of 4 in the Creative Commons and the Digital Economy series, 2012. For full details see event page at http://creativecommons.org.au/events/digitaleconomy
Creative Commons and Government in AustraliaccAustralia
"Creative Commons and Government in Australia", presented by Professor Anne Fitzgerald, seminar 4 of 4 in the Creative Commons and the Digital Economy series, 2012. For full details see event page at http://creativecommons.org.au/events/digitaleconomy
Creative Commons in Education (incl. OER and MOOCs) and ResearchccAustralia
"Creative Commons in Education (including Open Educational Resources and MOOCs", presented by Professor Anne Fitzgerald, seminar 3 of 4 in the Creative Commons and the Digital Economy series, 2012. For full details see event page at http://creativecommons.org.au/events/digitaleconomy
Engineering Life with Synthetic BiologyJenny Molloy
Talk for 'Tech Me Out' night at Cambridge Pint of Science 2015. Mostly background images. The collection of slides is CC-BY but the individual slides have different CC licences and some are NC so not completely open. Image credits on last slide.
Published on Mar 19, 2015 by PMR
Copyright is one of the greatest barrier to Open Data. This presentation for insidegovernment UK shows the struggle between those who want to reform copyright and those opposed to reform
Copyright is one of the greatest barrier to Open Data. This presentation for insidegovernment UK shows the struggle between those who want to reform copyright and those opposed to reform
Researcher KnowHow session presented by Judith Carr, Research Data Manager and Gordon Sandison, Licensing and Copyright Manager from the University of Liverpool Library on 1st December 2020.
Presented by Martin Wolf, Head of Open Research at the University of Liverpool Library on Head of 14th June 2021.
Covers:
* What is copyright?
* How does copyright impact on your thesis?
* Practical steps to take
* Copyright and academic publishing
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This presentation covers the steps and best practices for creating a license template for your institution, including creating standard language that you can use in negotiation and a review of model licenses we have in the field. I also highlight new license clauses that we’re seeing in agreements and approaches for negotiating them, as well as emerging areas of interest and concern, especially with regards to new formats or acquisition models that require new language that has not yet been standardized. I also share updates about popular standard model licenses.
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You can rely on our assistance if you are ready to apply for permanent residency. Find out more at: https://immigration-netherlands.com/obtain-a-permanent-residence-permit-in-the-netherlands/.
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Visit Now: https://www.tumblr.com/trademark-quick/751620857551634432/ensure-legal-protection-file-your-trademark-with?source=share
1. THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR
TDM
Professor Charles Oppenheim
c.oppenheim@btinternet.com
2. COPYING IS OFTEN INVOLVED IN TDM
• PDFs, the lingua franca of academic journal articles,
are not machine readable
• For TDM purposes, they must be transferred into a
different digital form
• That form is often custom and specific to the
research question being asked and the most
appropriate tools to answer that question
• So there is a need to copy/adapt the original PDF
3.
4. COPYRIGHT
• Gives the owner the right to authorise, or to refuse to authorise,
any of the so-called restricted acts, including: copying; adapting;
redisseminating all, or a “substantial” part, of a copyright work
• Substantial does not mean “most of”, but rather “what is
important”
• If someone does such restricted acts without permission, they have
infringed the right and can be sued
• However, there are exceptions to copyright, whereby someone CAN
copy, etc., without having to ask for permission or pay fees
• Only two countries (UK recently being one of them) have a specific
exception for TDM in their laws – more on that later
• In the absence of such an exception in a country’s national law,
researchers much ask for permission from the copyright owners.
Generally, the copyright owners are publishers, because authors
have (foolishly) assigned their copyright to them
5. WHAT ABOUT DATABASES?
• Two types of protection
– Copyright as a literary work “if, and only if, by reason of the
selection or arrangement of the contents of the database, the
database constitutes the author’s own intellectual creation.”
– “database right” - see next slide
– protects both electronic and printed collections
• A database can enjoy both database right AND
copyright, or might just enjoy one of those rights, or
(rarely) may not be protected at all
6. DATABASE RIGHT
• A database is defined as:
“a collection of independent works, data or other materials arranged
in a systematic or methodical way and individually accessible by
electronic or other means”
• To get database right, its creation must involve:
“substantial investment in obtaining, verifying or presenting the
contents of the database” – N.B. this means many databases do
NOT get database right. Collections of data which just “fall out” of
a piece of research do not get the right.
• The object of protection is to:
“prevent extraction and/or re-utilisation of the whole or a substantial
part, evaluated qualitatively or quantitatively, of the contents of
that database.”
7. DATABASE RIGHT
• Protection for 15 years - renewable if database is substantially
transformed
• Right is infringed if contents are extracted and re-utilised without
permission or licence
• Thus TDM without permission on a database is potentially
infringement, but:
– lawful users may access and use the database
– lawful users may extract and re-utilise insubstantial parts (in
spite of any contractual term to the contrary)
– lawful users may extract (but not re-utilise) substantial parts
for the purposes of illustration for non-commercial teaching or
research, provided acknowledgement is made
8. THE NEW UK LAW
• Came into force in June 2014
• Specific exception to copyright for TDM
• From the official guidance to the new exception issued by HMG: “Text and data mining usually requires
copying of the work to be analysed. An exception to copyright exists which allows researchers to make
copies of any copyright material for the purpose of computational analysis if they already have the right to
read the work (that is, they have ‘lawful access’ to the work). This exception only permits the making of
copies for the purpose of text and data mining for non-commercial research. Publishers and content
providers will be able to apply reasonable measures to maintain their network security or stability but
these measures should not prevent or unreasonably restrict researcher’s ability to text and data mine.
Contract terms that stop researchers making copies to carry out text and data mining will be
unenforceable.”
• Does not apply to database right. Interesting problem if a particular database enjoys both copyright and
database right!
• UK researchers do not have to ask for permission, pay fees, etc., to do such TDM
• What is, or is not “non-commercial”? Not always clear! The question must be asked at the time the TDM
was undertaken, so unexpected commercial benefits at the end of the project as OK, so long as at the time
the intent was non-commercial
• “Lawful access” usually means licensed content, whether OA or a subscription to the materials, but also
includes lawful access to printed works held in, say, a library
9. THE (PAST) PROBLEMS OF APPROACHING
PUBLISHERS FOR LICENCES FOR TDM
• Many publishers wanted unreasonably high fees and/or placed restrictions
on what could be done with their materials after TDM, and/or required
researchers to use its API, and/or took an extremely long time to decide
how to respond to a TDM request
• TDM researchers had to approach multiple publishers, each of whom had
different attitudes, conditions, and speed of response to such requests.
• This was very costly to a researcher, and had significant impact upon the
take up of TDM, as well as inhibiting academics from sharing the outputs
of their TDM research
• These problems were inhibiting the take-up of TDM, thereby limiting the
potential benefits this technology enables.
• Also explains why so many TDM experiments are limited to OA materials
10. PUBLISHER TDM LICENCE INITIATIVES
GENERALLY DO NOT HELP
• Publishers have started offering their own TDM licences and policies
• Their licences often impose unfair (and in the case of the UK,
unenforceable) constraints on researchers’ freedom to exploit TDM, e.g.,
requiring users to employ publisher’s API, putting unnecessary restrictions
on how much can be copied, or how fast it can be copied.
• Why “unenforceable”? Because, as noted earlier, UK law specifically
states that any contract or licence term that prevents anyone from doing
TDM in the manner prescribed in the new exception shall be deemed null
and void.
• Really need a test case on these attempted restrictions.
• Springer and Royal Society offer generous TDM provisions.
• So why are so many publishers offering restrictive licences in the UK?
Maybe they hope licensees are ignorant of the strength of the new law, or
the publishers in fact don’t know about it. So they are either deliberately
misleading, or ignorant
11. EU SITUATION
• Under EU law, countries in the EU are able to introduce exceptions for
non-commercial TDM research.
• However, so far only the UK has taken advantage of this. The Republic of
Ireland is considering such a change to its national law.
• The EU is considering introducing a new Directive that would impose a
copyright exception (and maybe also a database right exception) on
Member States for TDM. The new Commissioner responsible for
copyright law seems to have this as a priority, but that is no guarantee that
anything will happen.
• In any case, even if it does happen, Member States will take their time to
implement any such new law.
• So, far the time being, the UK has a key advantage over other Member
States so we can lead TDM activities in the UK, with organisations in other
countries as partners.
12. ELSEWHERE
• Outside of Europe, only Japan has introduced such
exceptions. USA “fair use” may allow TDM, but fair
use law is notoriously ambiguous and publishers are
litigious.
• There needs to be an international treaty requiring
all countries to include an exception for TDM in
their national laws but that won’t happen for
decades, if at all
• I rest my case, m’lud
13. SOME USEFUL
RESOURCES/ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
• JISC report on benefits of TDM - D. McDonald and U. Kelly, The
value and benefits of text mining (2012),
http://www.jisc.ac.uk/reports/value-and-benefits-of-text-mining
• Official guidance on the new UK copyright exception for TDM -
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachm
ent_data/file/315014/copyright-guidance-research.pdf
• Excellent general overview of the change to UK law and its
implications - http://copyrightuser.org/topics/text-and-data-mining/
- provides link to the precise wording in the law
• Image shown in this presentation is from Wikipedia - Creative
Commons CC BY licence