Conn’s syndrome group project
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Conn's syndrome is a disease that affects the adrenal glands, causing excess production of the hormone aldosterone, which regulates sodium and potassium levels in the kidneys. It is named after endocrinologist Jerome Conn, who first described the condition at the University of Michigan in 1955 as an aldosterone-producing adenoma of the adrenal glands. Conn's syndrome most commonly affects people between the ages of 30 and 60.
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Conn’s syndrome group project
Conn's syndrome is a disease that affects the adrenal glands, causing excess production of the hormone aldosterone. It is named after endocrinologist Jerome Conn and was first described in 1955. Common symptoms include frequent urination, increased thirst, weakness, headaches, and high blood pressure. Treatment aims to lower blood pressure through removal of the adrenal gland tumor if present. All Conn's syndrome symptoms typically resolve with treatment and ongoing blood pressure management.
Final production conn's
Conn's syndrome is a disease of the adrenal glands that causes excessive production of the hormone aldosterone, leading to hypertension and low blood potassium levels. It is often caused by aldosterone-producing tumors of the adrenal cortex that can be identified on imaging tests. Treatment involves surgical removal of the affected adrenal gland using laparoscopic surgery, after which blood pressure and other symptoms typically resolve. Post-surgery care and monitoring of potassium levels may be needed.
Adrenal tumor
A tumor begins when healthy cells change and grow out of control, forming a mass. A tumor can be cancerous or benign. A cancerous tumor is malignant, meaning it can grow and spread to other parts of the body. A benign tumor means the tumor can grow but will not spread.
An adrenal gland tumor can sometimes produce too much of a hormone. When it does, the tumor is called a “functioning tumor.” An adrenal gland tumor that does not produce hormones is called a “nonfunctioning tumor.”
Hyperaldosteronism
Hyperaldosteronism is a disease caused by problems in the adrenal glands which produce steroid hormones including aldosterone. Aldosterone controls sodium and potassium levels in the blood, and its overproduction leads to high blood pressure by retaining salt and losing potassium. Primary Hyperaldosteronism is caused by a problem within the adrenal glands such as a benign tumor or adrenal hyperplasia, while Secondary is caused by something outside the glands like medications or other medical conditions. Symptoms include high blood pressure and issues from low potassium levels. The condition is diagnosed through blood and imaging tests and treated by addressing its underlying cause through medication or surgery.
Adrenal tumor
This document discusses pheochromocytoma, a type of adrenal gland tumor. It notes that pheochromocytomas secrete excess catecholamines, causing symptoms like hypertension, headaches, and nervousness. The document outlines tests used to diagnose pheochromocytoma such as CT scans, MRI, urine tests, and clonidine suppression tests. It also discusses treatments including alpha-adrenergic blocking agents, beta blockers, surgery to remove the adrenal glands, and risks of metastasis or hypotension after surgery.
Adrenal tumour
Adrenal tumors are growths that develop on the adrenal glands. They can be cancerous or noncancerous. Risk factors for adrenal tumors include hereditary conditions such as Carney complex, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2, and neurofibromatosis type 1. Symptoms vary depending on the hormones secreted by the tumor but may include high blood pressure, high blood sugar, weight changes, and mood changes. Diagnostic tests include blood tests, urine tests, CT scans, MRIs, and biopsies. Treatment options include hormone therapy, surgery to remove the adrenal gland, chemotherapy, and radiation. Complications can arise from surgery or side effects of
Adrenal tumor
The document discusses adrenal gland cancers. It begins by stating that adrenal gland cancers are rare and occur in about 6 per 1 million people, though they can develop at any age. The adrenal glands produce important hormones. Tumors of the adrenal gland can be benign or malignant. The document then goes on to describe the different types of adrenal tumors, including adrenocortical adenomas, adrenocortical carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, and neuroblastoma. It discusses the causes, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests including biopsy and imaging, and staging of adrenal tumors.
Phaeochromocytoma
This document discusses the peri-operative anesthetic management of patients with pheochromocytoma. It begins with an introduction to pheochromocytoma, including its origin, symptoms, diagnosis, and risks of surgery. It then covers pre-operative preparation including pharmacological control of catecholamines and optimized testing/monitoring. Specific anesthetic considerations are outlined such as drugs to avoid and techniques/medications that can be used safely. Critical periods during surgery and post-operative monitoring and risks are also summarized. The conclusion reinforces that successful management of pheochromocytoma remains challenging and requires a multidisciplinary team approach.
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Conn’s syndrome group project
Conn's syndrome is a disease that affects the adrenal glands, causing excess production of the hormone aldosterone. It is named after endocrinologist Jerome Conn and was first described in 1955. Common symptoms include frequent urination, increased thirst, weakness, headaches, and high blood pressure. Treatment aims to lower blood pressure through removal of the adrenal gland tumor if present. All Conn's syndrome symptoms typically resolve with treatment and ongoing blood pressure management.
Final production conn's
Conn's syndrome is a disease of the adrenal glands that causes excessive production of the hormone aldosterone, leading to hypertension and low blood potassium levels. It is often caused by aldosterone-producing tumors of the adrenal cortex that can be identified on imaging tests. Treatment involves surgical removal of the affected adrenal gland using laparoscopic surgery, after which blood pressure and other symptoms typically resolve. Post-surgery care and monitoring of potassium levels may be needed.
Adrenal tumor
A tumor begins when healthy cells change and grow out of control, forming a mass. A tumor can be cancerous or benign. A cancerous tumor is malignant, meaning it can grow and spread to other parts of the body. A benign tumor means the tumor can grow but will not spread.
An adrenal gland tumor can sometimes produce too much of a hormone. When it does, the tumor is called a “functioning tumor.” An adrenal gland tumor that does not produce hormones is called a “nonfunctioning tumor.”
Hyperaldosteronism
Hyperaldosteronism is a disease caused by problems in the adrenal glands which produce steroid hormones including aldosterone. Aldosterone controls sodium and potassium levels in the blood, and its overproduction leads to high blood pressure by retaining salt and losing potassium. Primary Hyperaldosteronism is caused by a problem within the adrenal glands such as a benign tumor or adrenal hyperplasia, while Secondary is caused by something outside the glands like medications or other medical conditions. Symptoms include high blood pressure and issues from low potassium levels. The condition is diagnosed through blood and imaging tests and treated by addressing its underlying cause through medication or surgery.
Adrenal tumor
This document discusses pheochromocytoma, a type of adrenal gland tumor. It notes that pheochromocytomas secrete excess catecholamines, causing symptoms like hypertension, headaches, and nervousness. The document outlines tests used to diagnose pheochromocytoma such as CT scans, MRI, urine tests, and clonidine suppression tests. It also discusses treatments including alpha-adrenergic blocking agents, beta blockers, surgery to remove the adrenal glands, and risks of metastasis or hypotension after surgery.
Adrenal tumour
Adrenal tumors are growths that develop on the adrenal glands. They can be cancerous or noncancerous. Risk factors for adrenal tumors include hereditary conditions such as Carney complex, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2, and neurofibromatosis type 1. Symptoms vary depending on the hormones secreted by the tumor but may include high blood pressure, high blood sugar, weight changes, and mood changes. Diagnostic tests include blood tests, urine tests, CT scans, MRIs, and biopsies. Treatment options include hormone therapy, surgery to remove the adrenal gland, chemotherapy, and radiation. Complications can arise from surgery or side effects of
Adrenal tumor
The document discusses adrenal gland cancers. It begins by stating that adrenal gland cancers are rare and occur in about 6 per 1 million people, though they can develop at any age. The adrenal glands produce important hormones. Tumors of the adrenal gland can be benign or malignant. The document then goes on to describe the different types of adrenal tumors, including adrenocortical adenomas, adrenocortical carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, and neuroblastoma. It discusses the causes, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests including biopsy and imaging, and staging of adrenal tumors.
Phaeochromocytoma
This document discusses the peri-operative anesthetic management of patients with pheochromocytoma. It begins with an introduction to pheochromocytoma, including its origin, symptoms, diagnosis, and risks of surgery. It then covers pre-operative preparation including pharmacological control of catecholamines and optimized testing/monitoring. Specific anesthetic considerations are outlined such as drugs to avoid and techniques/medications that can be used safely. Critical periods during surgery and post-operative monitoring and risks are also summarized. The conclusion reinforces that successful management of pheochromocytoma remains challenging and requires a multidisciplinary team approach.
Surgery of adrenal gland
The document summarizes the embryology, histology, anatomy, functions and pathologies of the adrenal cortex and medulla. It discusses topics like Cushing syndrome, hypercorticism, hyperaldosteronism, and adrenogenital syndrome. Tests for adrenal cortical function include measuring plasma and urinary hormone levels, and stimulation/suppression tests to localize tumors. Imaging modalities like CT, MRI, and nuclear scans are used for diagnosis.
Adrenal gland diseases and tumors
The adrenal glands are paired endocrine organs located above the kidneys that are comprised of an outer cortex and inner medulla. The cortex secretes mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex hormones. The medulla secretes catecholamines. Common non-neoplastic diseases include Cushing's syndrome, hyperaldosteronism, and adrenal insufficiency. Adrenal cortical tumors include adenomas, which can be functional or non-functional, and rare carcinomas. Pheochromocytomas arise from the medulla and secrete catecholamines, causing hypertension. Neuroblastomas are rare tumors seen in young children that often metastasize.
Adreno cortical tumors
This document provides an overview of adrenal gland anatomy and pathology. It describes the location, structure, and functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla. It discusses various adrenal tumors including aldosteronomas, Cushing's syndrome, and virilizing/feminizing tumors. Diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of these conditions are explained. Surgical approaches for adrenalectomy are outlined.
Adrenal Disorder
This document discusses the examination and investigation of adrenal disorders. It begins with the anatomy and physiology of the adrenal glands and their hormone functions. It then discusses two specific adrenal disorders - Addison's disease and pheochromocytoma. For Addison's disease, it outlines the causes, symptoms, examination findings, and investigations including blood tests and imaging used to diagnose the condition. It also discusses pheochromocytoma, including its symptoms, diagnosis through urine and imaging tests, and the need for alpha- and beta-blockade when investigating to avoid hypertensive episodes.
Adrenal Gland Tumours and their Management
The document discusses adrenal gland tumors and their management. It begins with the anatomy and physiology of the adrenal glands and outlines the classification of adrenal tumors. It then discusses specific tumor types like adrenocortical adenoma, adrenocortical carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma, and ganglioneuroma. For each tumor, it covers clinical features, diagnosis, and management strategies including surgery, medication, and follow up. Surgical resection is the primary treatment for most benign functioning and non-functioning tumors, while malignant tumors may also require chemotherapy or radiation.
Adrenal tumor, classification, management - easy explanation
Adrenal tumor- topic for B.Sc Nursing Students, GNM Students
definition
classification
clinical manifestations
treatment
easy explanation for nursing students
Phaeochromocytoma
A 29-year old man presented to the emergency room with crushing headaches and palpitations. Pheochromocytoma is a rare neuroendocrine tumor that secretes catecholamines and can cause hypertension. It arises from chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. Diagnosis involves urine or plasma tests to detect elevated catecholamines and imaging studies like MRI or MIBG scan to locate the tumor. Surgical removal is the primary treatment, along with pre-operative medication to control blood pressure. Lifelong monitoring is needed due to risk of recurrence.
Megersa ppt 1.2
Cushing's syndrome definition, causes, pathophysiology,c/m, memonic,treatments,complications included in this presentation
Cushings syndrome
This document provides information about Cushing's disease/syndrome, which is a hormonal disorder caused by prolonged high levels of the cortisol hormone. It is usually due to a benign tumor in the pituitary gland that causes excessive production of ACTH, stimulating the adrenal glands to overproduce cortisol. Symptoms include weight gain, muscle wasting, high blood pressure, and mental disturbances. The condition is diagnosed through tests measuring cortisol and ACTH levels and imaging to identify tumors. Treatment involves medication to suppress cortisol production, adrenalectomy to remove the glands, or pituitary surgery to remove tumors.
DISORDERS OF ADRENAL GLAND
retract liver superiorly and medially
Surgeon: dissect the periadrenal fat to expose the
adrenal gland
Surgeon: identify and ligate the right adrenal vein
Surgeon: dissect the adrenal gland from the
surrounding tissues and remove the gland
Surgeon: inspect the bed and close the peritoneum
with absorbable suture
Surgeon: insert drain and close port sites
Surgical management of adrenal tumors
This document provides an overview of the surgical management of adrenal tumors. It begins by describing the anatomy and embryology of the adrenal glands. It then discusses the various tumor types that can affect the adrenal cortex, including functional tumors like aldosteronoma and Cushing's syndrome. For aldosteronoma, it outlines the diagnostic approach and treatment options. It also summarizes the signs, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of Cushing's syndrome. Throughout, it provides clinical details on evaluating and managing different adrenal cortical tumors.
Cushing syndrome
Cushing syndrome can be caused by exogenous corticosteroid use, pituitary or ectopic ACTH secretion (ACTH dependent), or adrenal tumors (ACTH independent). The most common cause is exogenous corticosteroid use. Symptoms include weight gain, easy bruising, hypertension, and hypogonadism in men. Diagnostic tests include 24-hour urine cortisol, low-dose dexamethasone suppression test, and late-night salivary cortisol. Further tests are done to determine if the cause is ACTH dependent or independent in order to guide treatment, which may include surgery, medication, or adrenalectomy.
Adrenal
The document discusses adrenal neoplasms, including adrenal cortical adenomas and carcinomas, pheochromocytomas, and functional and non-functional adrenal tumors. It covers the embryology, histology, clinical features, diagnosis, prognosis, and microscopic appearance of different types of adrenal neoplasms. Key distinguishing characteristics between adrenal cortical adenomas and carcinomas are discussed.
fat embolisation syndrome
This document discusses fat embolism syndrome, which occurs in 0.5-2% of patients following a long bone fracture. It is caused by the toxic effects of free fatty acids released into circulation from bone marrow. The syndrome is diagnosed clinically based on respiratory, cerebral and dermal manifestations appearing 12-72 hours after injury. Treatment is supportive to maintain respiratory function, as the condition is usually self-limiting. Risk is highest with multiple long bone fractures, and the pathophysiology involves mechanical obstruction of fat globules, biochemical toxicity of free fatty acids, and activation of coagulation pathways.
Fes
1. Fat embolism syndrome is a serious condition caused by fat emboli obstructing blood vessels, most commonly after long bone or pelvic fractures. It typically manifests 1-3 days after injury.
2. Patients present with a classic triad of hypoxemia, neurological abnormalities, and petechial rash. The most severe cases can involve respiratory distress, restlessness, and coma.
3. Diagnosis requires signs from both major criteria like hypoxemia and petechiae, as well as four minor criteria. Treatment focuses on supportive care like oxygenation, ventilation, hemodynamics, and early stabilization of fractures to prevent further emboli.
Fat embolism
This document provides background information on fat embolism syndrome (FES). It discusses that FES has a high incidence in patients with major trauma and causes multi-organ inflammation if not diagnosed and treated swiftly. While the exact mechanisms are not fully understood, FES is thought to be triggered by the release of fat emboli from bone fractures that occlude blood vessels and cause pulmonary and systemic inflammation. The diagnosis is mainly clinical based on respiratory, skin and neurological symptoms following trauma. Supportive care is the primary treatment approach through oxygenation, ventilation and symptom management while efforts focus on prevention, early diagnosis and surgical stabilization of fractures.
Adrenal gland
ADRENAL GLAND FUNCTIONS AND Hyperfunction
Disease Hyper function of adrenal gland
Cushing’s Syndrome
Conn’s syndrome
Phaeochromocytoma
Phaeochromocytoma is a rare catecholamine-producing tumor that is a treatable cause of hypertension. It occurs in less than 1% of hypertensive patients. Ninety percent arise in the adrenal medulla and are usually benign and unilateral. Symptoms include episodic hypertension, chest tightness, restlessness, anxiety, pallor, and weakness. Diagnosis involves screening for metadrenalines or catecholamines in a 24-hour urine collection. Treatment involves careful blood pressure control prior to surgery using alpha-blockers like phenoxybenzamine, followed by beta-blockers like propranolol. Complete removal of the tumor cures the condition.
Pheochromocytoma
Phreochromocytoma : overvew, introduction, adrenal gland anatomy and physiology, adrenl gland tumor classification, epidemiology, clinical features, investigations
Parathyroid gland
The parathyroid glands regulate calcium levels in the blood and are usually located near the thyroid gland. Hyperparathyroidism occurs when the parathyroid glands overproduce parathyroid hormone, leading to high calcium levels. It can be primary due to adenomas or hyperplasia, secondary due to kidney disease, or tertiary after kidney transplantation. Symptoms include bones issues like fractures, kidney stones, abdominal pain, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing elevated calcium and parathyroid hormone levels. Treatment is parathyroidectomy to remove the overactive gland(s), with autotransplantation of normal glands as an option.
ALDOSTERONISM
Primary aldosteronism is caused by excessive secretion of the hormone aldosterone from the adrenal glands. This can be due to an aldosterone-producing adenoma or adrenal hyperplasia. Symptoms include hypertension, hypokalemia, muscle weakness, and fatigue. Tests used to diagnose include the PAC/PRA ratio, captopril suppression test, saline suppression test, and CT scan. Treatment options are mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, surgery to remove the adrenal glands, and lifestyle changes like reducing sodium intake. Management involves monitoring blood pressure and electrolyte levels.
Hyperaldosteronisim
Primary hyperaldosteronism is characterized by excessive aldosterone production independent of the renin-angiotensin system, causing hypertension, hypokalemia, and alkalosis in patients not taking diuretics. Over 50% of cases are due to a unilateral adrenal adenoma, while other causes include bilateral adrenal hyperplasia, adrenal carcinoma, and glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism. Tests to diagnose include checking electrolytes after withdrawing medications that affect them, finding an increased aldosterone level and normal or high renin level to exclude other diagnoses, and assessing hormone levels in different postures. Treatment depends on the underlying cause, and may include surgery, sp
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Surgery of adrenal gland
The document summarizes the embryology, histology, anatomy, functions and pathologies of the adrenal cortex and medulla. It discusses topics like Cushing syndrome, hypercorticism, hyperaldosteronism, and adrenogenital syndrome. Tests for adrenal cortical function include measuring plasma and urinary hormone levels, and stimulation/suppression tests to localize tumors. Imaging modalities like CT, MRI, and nuclear scans are used for diagnosis.
Adrenal gland diseases and tumors
The adrenal glands are paired endocrine organs located above the kidneys that are comprised of an outer cortex and inner medulla. The cortex secretes mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex hormones. The medulla secretes catecholamines. Common non-neoplastic diseases include Cushing's syndrome, hyperaldosteronism, and adrenal insufficiency. Adrenal cortical tumors include adenomas, which can be functional or non-functional, and rare carcinomas. Pheochromocytomas arise from the medulla and secrete catecholamines, causing hypertension. Neuroblastomas are rare tumors seen in young children that often metastasize.
Adreno cortical tumors
This document provides an overview of adrenal gland anatomy and pathology. It describes the location, structure, and functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla. It discusses various adrenal tumors including aldosteronomas, Cushing's syndrome, and virilizing/feminizing tumors. Diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of these conditions are explained. Surgical approaches for adrenalectomy are outlined.
Adrenal Disorder
This document discusses the examination and investigation of adrenal disorders. It begins with the anatomy and physiology of the adrenal glands and their hormone functions. It then discusses two specific adrenal disorders - Addison's disease and pheochromocytoma. For Addison's disease, it outlines the causes, symptoms, examination findings, and investigations including blood tests and imaging used to diagnose the condition. It also discusses pheochromocytoma, including its symptoms, diagnosis through urine and imaging tests, and the need for alpha- and beta-blockade when investigating to avoid hypertensive episodes.
Adrenal Gland Tumours and their Management
The document discusses adrenal gland tumors and their management. It begins with the anatomy and physiology of the adrenal glands and outlines the classification of adrenal tumors. It then discusses specific tumor types like adrenocortical adenoma, adrenocortical carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma, and ganglioneuroma. For each tumor, it covers clinical features, diagnosis, and management strategies including surgery, medication, and follow up. Surgical resection is the primary treatment for most benign functioning and non-functioning tumors, while malignant tumors may also require chemotherapy or radiation.
Adrenal tumor, classification, management - easy explanation
Adrenal tumor- topic for B.Sc Nursing Students, GNM Students
definition
classification
clinical manifestations
treatment
easy explanation for nursing students
Phaeochromocytoma
A 29-year old man presented to the emergency room with crushing headaches and palpitations. Pheochromocytoma is a rare neuroendocrine tumor that secretes catecholamines and can cause hypertension. It arises from chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. Diagnosis involves urine or plasma tests to detect elevated catecholamines and imaging studies like MRI or MIBG scan to locate the tumor. Surgical removal is the primary treatment, along with pre-operative medication to control blood pressure. Lifelong monitoring is needed due to risk of recurrence.
Megersa ppt 1.2
Cushing's syndrome definition, causes, pathophysiology,c/m, memonic,treatments,complications included in this presentation
Cushings syndrome
This document provides information about Cushing's disease/syndrome, which is a hormonal disorder caused by prolonged high levels of the cortisol hormone. It is usually due to a benign tumor in the pituitary gland that causes excessive production of ACTH, stimulating the adrenal glands to overproduce cortisol. Symptoms include weight gain, muscle wasting, high blood pressure, and mental disturbances. The condition is diagnosed through tests measuring cortisol and ACTH levels and imaging to identify tumors. Treatment involves medication to suppress cortisol production, adrenalectomy to remove the glands, or pituitary surgery to remove tumors.
DISORDERS OF ADRENAL GLAND
retract liver superiorly and medially
Surgeon: dissect the periadrenal fat to expose the
adrenal gland
Surgeon: identify and ligate the right adrenal vein
Surgeon: dissect the adrenal gland from the
surrounding tissues and remove the gland
Surgeon: inspect the bed and close the peritoneum
with absorbable suture
Surgeon: insert drain and close port sites
Surgical management of adrenal tumors
This document provides an overview of the surgical management of adrenal tumors. It begins by describing the anatomy and embryology of the adrenal glands. It then discusses the various tumor types that can affect the adrenal cortex, including functional tumors like aldosteronoma and Cushing's syndrome. For aldosteronoma, it outlines the diagnostic approach and treatment options. It also summarizes the signs, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of Cushing's syndrome. Throughout, it provides clinical details on evaluating and managing different adrenal cortical tumors.
Cushing syndrome
Cushing syndrome can be caused by exogenous corticosteroid use, pituitary or ectopic ACTH secretion (ACTH dependent), or adrenal tumors (ACTH independent). The most common cause is exogenous corticosteroid use. Symptoms include weight gain, easy bruising, hypertension, and hypogonadism in men. Diagnostic tests include 24-hour urine cortisol, low-dose dexamethasone suppression test, and late-night salivary cortisol. Further tests are done to determine if the cause is ACTH dependent or independent in order to guide treatment, which may include surgery, medication, or adrenalectomy.
Adrenal
The document discusses adrenal neoplasms, including adrenal cortical adenomas and carcinomas, pheochromocytomas, and functional and non-functional adrenal tumors. It covers the embryology, histology, clinical features, diagnosis, prognosis, and microscopic appearance of different types of adrenal neoplasms. Key distinguishing characteristics between adrenal cortical adenomas and carcinomas are discussed.
fat embolisation syndrome
This document discusses fat embolism syndrome, which occurs in 0.5-2% of patients following a long bone fracture. It is caused by the toxic effects of free fatty acids released into circulation from bone marrow. The syndrome is diagnosed clinically based on respiratory, cerebral and dermal manifestations appearing 12-72 hours after injury. Treatment is supportive to maintain respiratory function, as the condition is usually self-limiting. Risk is highest with multiple long bone fractures, and the pathophysiology involves mechanical obstruction of fat globules, biochemical toxicity of free fatty acids, and activation of coagulation pathways.
Fes
1. Fat embolism syndrome is a serious condition caused by fat emboli obstructing blood vessels, most commonly after long bone or pelvic fractures. It typically manifests 1-3 days after injury.
2. Patients present with a classic triad of hypoxemia, neurological abnormalities, and petechial rash. The most severe cases can involve respiratory distress, restlessness, and coma.
3. Diagnosis requires signs from both major criteria like hypoxemia and petechiae, as well as four minor criteria. Treatment focuses on supportive care like oxygenation, ventilation, hemodynamics, and early stabilization of fractures to prevent further emboli.
Fat embolism
This document provides background information on fat embolism syndrome (FES). It discusses that FES has a high incidence in patients with major trauma and causes multi-organ inflammation if not diagnosed and treated swiftly. While the exact mechanisms are not fully understood, FES is thought to be triggered by the release of fat emboli from bone fractures that occlude blood vessels and cause pulmonary and systemic inflammation. The diagnosis is mainly clinical based on respiratory, skin and neurological symptoms following trauma. Supportive care is the primary treatment approach through oxygenation, ventilation and symptom management while efforts focus on prevention, early diagnosis and surgical stabilization of fractures.
Adrenal gland
ADRENAL GLAND FUNCTIONS AND Hyperfunction
Disease Hyper function of adrenal gland
Cushing’s Syndrome
Conn’s syndrome
Phaeochromocytoma
Phaeochromocytoma is a rare catecholamine-producing tumor that is a treatable cause of hypertension. It occurs in less than 1% of hypertensive patients. Ninety percent arise in the adrenal medulla and are usually benign and unilateral. Symptoms include episodic hypertension, chest tightness, restlessness, anxiety, pallor, and weakness. Diagnosis involves screening for metadrenalines or catecholamines in a 24-hour urine collection. Treatment involves careful blood pressure control prior to surgery using alpha-blockers like phenoxybenzamine, followed by beta-blockers like propranolol. Complete removal of the tumor cures the condition.
Pheochromocytoma
Phreochromocytoma : overvew, introduction, adrenal gland anatomy and physiology, adrenl gland tumor classification, epidemiology, clinical features, investigations
Parathyroid gland
The parathyroid glands regulate calcium levels in the blood and are usually located near the thyroid gland. Hyperparathyroidism occurs when the parathyroid glands overproduce parathyroid hormone, leading to high calcium levels. It can be primary due to adenomas or hyperplasia, secondary due to kidney disease, or tertiary after kidney transplantation. Symptoms include bones issues like fractures, kidney stones, abdominal pain, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing elevated calcium and parathyroid hormone levels. Treatment is parathyroidectomy to remove the overactive gland(s), with autotransplantation of normal glands as an option.
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Adrenal tumor, classification, management - easy explanation
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ALDOSTERONISM
Primary aldosteronism is caused by excessive secretion of the hormone aldosterone from the adrenal glands. This can be due to an aldosterone-producing adenoma or adrenal hyperplasia. Symptoms include hypertension, hypokalemia, muscle weakness, and fatigue. Tests used to diagnose include the PAC/PRA ratio, captopril suppression test, saline suppression test, and CT scan. Treatment options are mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, surgery to remove the adrenal glands, and lifestyle changes like reducing sodium intake. Management involves monitoring blood pressure and electrolyte levels.
Hyperaldosteronisim
Primary hyperaldosteronism is characterized by excessive aldosterone production independent of the renin-angiotensin system, causing hypertension, hypokalemia, and alkalosis in patients not taking diuretics. Over 50% of cases are due to a unilateral adrenal adenoma, while other causes include bilateral adrenal hyperplasia, adrenal carcinoma, and glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism. Tests to diagnose include checking electrolytes after withdrawing medications that affect them, finding an increased aldosterone level and normal or high renin level to exclude other diagnoses, and assessing hormone levels in different postures. Treatment depends on the underlying cause, and may include surgery, sp
Primary Hyperadosteronism
This document discusses the case of a 31-year-old female presenting with stage 2 hypertension. Laboratory tests found her aldosterone level to be elevated at 76 and her plasma renin activity to be less than 0.5, suggesting primary aldosteronism. A CT scan showed a left adrenal adenoma. Adrenal vein sampling found a cortisol corrected aldosterone ratio from the left adrenal vein greater than 4:1, confirming unilateral primary aldosteronism from a left adrenal adenoma. The patient was referred for a laparoscopic left adrenalectomy.
Conn’s syndrome
This patient is a 34-year-old woman with a history of hypertension for 6 years who presents with recurrent muscle cramps, polyuria, and nocturia. She has persistent hypokalemia and her blood pressure is difficult to control despite multiple antihypertensive medications. Differential diagnoses include primary aldosteronism, renovascular disease, and Cushing's syndrome. Laboratory tests show elevated aldosterone and low renin levels, consistent with a diagnosis of primary aldosteronism or Conn's syndrome. Adrenal vein sampling is needed to determine if she has an aldosterone-producing adenoma or bilateral adrenal hyperplasia before deciding on treatment with adrenalectomy or medication.
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TECHNICAL APPENDIX TO THE RESUME
Sami Rassas has extensive technical skills in geological modelling, including:
1) Construction of a 3D model of water saturation in a giant carbonate reservoir using well log and pressure data, which was used for well planning and dynamic modelling.
2) Construction of fully integrated 3D geological models of three major carbonate reservoirs in the UAE.
3) Geological modelling of a fractured carbonate reservoir in Tunisia using various data and software.
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