Congenital heart disease
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Congenital heart disease
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External markers of congenital heart disease
This document lists various congenital syndromes and their associated external physical features and cardiovascular system abnormalities. Some examples included are Down's syndrome which can cause short stature, brachydactyly, and defects like atrial septal defects; Ellis-Van Creveld syndrome with short limbs, polydactyly, and defects like atrial septal defects; and Turner's syndrome with short stature, webbed neck, and defects like coarctation of the aorta and bicuspid aortic valves. Many syndromes are associated with multiple external physical anomalies and cardiovascular system defects.
A good ppt on Clinical congenital heart disease for Post Graduate
This document discusses clinical congenital heart disease (CCHD) and provides classifications and descriptions of various conditions. It classifies CCHD into cyanotic types with increased or decreased pulmonary blood flow, acyanotic stenotic types, and unclassifiable types. For each type, it describes symptoms, physical exam findings including auscultation findings, and chest x-ray appearances. It also discusses unusual causes of cyanosis, Fallot physiology, complications of CCHD with decreased pulmonary blood flow, and keys to clinical diagnosis including focusing on pulse characteristics and the second heart sound.
Cxray and echo correlates in chd
CXRAY AND ECHO provide essential information for diagnosing congenital heart defects (CHD). Echocardiography (echo) allows visualization of cardiac anatomy and function and has largely replaced cardiac catheterization for pre-operative evaluation, diagnosing over 95% of cases. While echo is now the primary diagnostic tool, chest x-rays (CXRAY) still provide some useful information, such as detecting cardiomegaly, increased lung vascularity, and post-operative changes. However, CXRAY is becoming less necessary for primary CHD diagnosis as echo allows such detailed cardiac imaging without radiation exposure.
Basics of congenital heart disease
This document discusses congenital heart disease, including causes, types of defects, and clinical management. It covers genetic and environmental causes and describes various intracardiac defects involving septal defects, valves, and outflow tracts. Defects are classified based on whether they involve cyanotic shunting, acyanotic shunting, or no shunt. The document also discusses heart development, fetal circulation, clinical presentation, and management approaches including palliative surgeries.
Congenital heart disease
This document provides information on various types of cyanotic congenital heart disease including atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). It describes the anatomy, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment options for each condition. The key information provided includes that ASD, VSD and PDA involve left-to-right shunts while AVSD can involve both left-to-right and right-to-left shunts. Clinical signs vary from asymptomatic to congestive heart failure depending on the size of the shunt. Surgical closure is usually required for larger defects.
Peripheral pulmonary stenosis
This document discusses peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis, including its description, associated conditions, classification, clinical features, diagnosis using imaging modalities like echocardiography and angiography, and treatment options like balloon angioplasty. Peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis can involve the main pulmonary artery or its branches and is present in 2-3% of congenital heart disease cases. Diagnosis relies on cardiac catheterization and angiography to determine severity and anatomy. Balloon angioplasty is an option for treating moderate or severe stenosis when surgery is difficult.
Pulmonary atresia with intact interventricular septum
PA/IVS is a rare congenital cardiac defect that consists of atresia of the pulmonary valve resulting in an absent connection between the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) and pulmonary arteries, and an intact ventricular septum that allows no connection between the right and left ventricles
Congenital heart disease for post graduates toufiqur rahman NICVD
This document provides information about congenital heart disease (CHD), including its incidence, classification, etiology, diagnosis, and descriptions of common types of CHD such as ventricular septal defect (VSD), atrial septal defect (ASD), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), transposition of the great arteries (TGA), and truncus arteriosus. CHD is diagnosed using history and physical exam, chest x-ray, electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, and cardiac catheterization. Presentation and findings vary depending on the specific type of CHD.
Recommended
External markers of congenital heart disease
This document lists various congenital syndromes and their associated external physical features and cardiovascular system abnormalities. Some examples included are Down's syndrome which can cause short stature, brachydactyly, and defects like atrial septal defects; Ellis-Van Creveld syndrome with short limbs, polydactyly, and defects like atrial septal defects; and Turner's syndrome with short stature, webbed neck, and defects like coarctation of the aorta and bicuspid aortic valves. Many syndromes are associated with multiple external physical anomalies and cardiovascular system defects.
A good ppt on Clinical congenital heart disease for Post Graduate
This document discusses clinical congenital heart disease (CCHD) and provides classifications and descriptions of various conditions. It classifies CCHD into cyanotic types with increased or decreased pulmonary blood flow, acyanotic stenotic types, and unclassifiable types. For each type, it describes symptoms, physical exam findings including auscultation findings, and chest x-ray appearances. It also discusses unusual causes of cyanosis, Fallot physiology, complications of CCHD with decreased pulmonary blood flow, and keys to clinical diagnosis including focusing on pulse characteristics and the second heart sound.
Cxray and echo correlates in chd
CXRAY AND ECHO provide essential information for diagnosing congenital heart defects (CHD). Echocardiography (echo) allows visualization of cardiac anatomy and function and has largely replaced cardiac catheterization for pre-operative evaluation, diagnosing over 95% of cases. While echo is now the primary diagnostic tool, chest x-rays (CXRAY) still provide some useful information, such as detecting cardiomegaly, increased lung vascularity, and post-operative changes. However, CXRAY is becoming less necessary for primary CHD diagnosis as echo allows such detailed cardiac imaging without radiation exposure.
Basics of congenital heart disease
This document discusses congenital heart disease, including causes, types of defects, and clinical management. It covers genetic and environmental causes and describes various intracardiac defects involving septal defects, valves, and outflow tracts. Defects are classified based on whether they involve cyanotic shunting, acyanotic shunting, or no shunt. The document also discusses heart development, fetal circulation, clinical presentation, and management approaches including palliative surgeries.
Congenital heart disease
This document provides information on various types of cyanotic congenital heart disease including atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). It describes the anatomy, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment options for each condition. The key information provided includes that ASD, VSD and PDA involve left-to-right shunts while AVSD can involve both left-to-right and right-to-left shunts. Clinical signs vary from asymptomatic to congestive heart failure depending on the size of the shunt. Surgical closure is usually required for larger defects.
Peripheral pulmonary stenosis
This document discusses peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis, including its description, associated conditions, classification, clinical features, diagnosis using imaging modalities like echocardiography and angiography, and treatment options like balloon angioplasty. Peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis can involve the main pulmonary artery or its branches and is present in 2-3% of congenital heart disease cases. Diagnosis relies on cardiac catheterization and angiography to determine severity and anatomy. Balloon angioplasty is an option for treating moderate or severe stenosis when surgery is difficult.
Pulmonary atresia with intact interventricular septum
PA/IVS is a rare congenital cardiac defect that consists of atresia of the pulmonary valve resulting in an absent connection between the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) and pulmonary arteries, and an intact ventricular septum that allows no connection between the right and left ventricles
Congenital heart disease for post graduates toufiqur rahman NICVD
This document provides information about congenital heart disease (CHD), including its incidence, classification, etiology, diagnosis, and descriptions of common types of CHD such as ventricular septal defect (VSD), atrial septal defect (ASD), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), transposition of the great arteries (TGA), and truncus arteriosus. CHD is diagnosed using history and physical exam, chest x-ray, electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, and cardiac catheterization. Presentation and findings vary depending on the specific type of CHD.
Pediatric-Cardiology-101.ppt
This document provides an overview of pediatric cardiology for medical students. It discusses the fetal, transitional, and postnatal circulations and how congenital heart defects disrupt normal circulation. It describes left-to-right shunts like VSDs and PDA that cause left heart enlargement and right-to-left shunts like Tetralogy of Fallot that cause cyanosis. Obstructive lesions like critical aortic stenosis that require ductal flow are discussed. The physical exam findings for different defects are outlined along with innocent murmurs and hereditary cardiac conditions.
Congenital Heart Disease An Approach for Simple and Complex Anomalies
This document provides an overview of congenital heart disease for an exam, including:
- The most common defects like ventricular septal defects and tetralogy of Fallot.
- Case examples are presented and questions ask the reader to identify defects and complications.
- Surgical procedures for defects are discussed like arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries.
- Imaging views of common defects are shown and labeled.
The document serves as a study guide for the ASCeXAM by reviewing common congenital heart conditions and surgical treatments. Imaging examples help identify defects.
tetrology of fallot (TOF) with pulmonary atresia
This document discusses the embryology, anatomy, clinical presentation, evaluation, and surgical treatment of pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect (PA-VSD). Some key points:
- PA-VSD is characterized by atresia of the pulmonary artery and a ventricular septal defect, with pulmonary blood flow derived from collateral arteries.
- Pulmonary blood supply can be unifocal from sources like a patent ductus arteriosus or multifocal from multiple aortopulmonary collateral arteries.
- Surgical repair aims to connect as many lung segments as possible to right ventricular outflow during infancy to avoid pulmonary vascular changes, with the ultimate goal of complete repair closing all defects and incorporating
Cyanotic Heart Diseases
This document provides information on various cyanotic heart lesions including Tetralogy of Fallot, Transposition of the Great Arteries, Tricuspid Atresia, Ebstein's Anomaly and Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return. It describes the anatomy, clinical features, diagnosis and management of these conditions. Key cyanotic heart lesions are characterized by mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood resulting in central cyanosis.
ASD ,VSD elkhatib
This document discusses atrial septal defects (ASDs), which are holes between the left and right atria of the heart that allow blood to pass from the left to the right side. The main types of ASDs are secundum, primum, and sinus venosus defects. If left unrepaired, an ASD can cause increased blood flow to the lungs, enlargement of the right atrium, and inadequate blood flow to the body. Surgical closure or device closure are treatment options to close the defect and restore normal blood flow patterns.
Transposition of great_arteries
TGA is a complex congenital heart disease.Understanding the anatomy,physiology,surgery and anaesthetic management is very important for patient's better outcome.This ppt explains all these points in detail.
Tetralogy of fallot
This document discusses the classification, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), a congenital heart defect. TOF is characterized by four components: pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, ventricular septal defect, and right ventricular hypertrophy. Symptoms in infants include cyanosis that worsens with activity due to reduced pulmonary blood flow. Diagnosis involves examination findings like a murmur, ECG showing right ventricular hypertrophy, and CXR/ECHO images. Treatment ranges from medical management to palliative surgeries like Blalock-Taussig shunts or corrective repair via surgery to close defects.
Finaale pulmonary stenosis
This document discusses pulmonary stenosis (PS), a congenital heart defect where the pulmonary valve is narrowed. It accounts for 20-30% of congenital heart disease. PS can be valvular, subvalvular, or supravalvular. Symptoms range from none to right heart failure. Diagnosis involves listening for a systolic murmur and click, and imaging like echocardiogram and catheterization to measure pressures and gradients. Treatment is usually balloon valvuloplasty or surgery if severe.
VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT
A 2-year-old child presented with recurrent chest infections, difficulty breathing, and failure to thrive. On examination, precordial bulging and a grade 3/6 pansystolic murmur were present. Investigation revealed pallor and echocardiography showed a ventricular septal defect.
Ventricular septal defects are one of the most common congenital heart defects. They involve an abnormal opening in the muscular or membranous septum separating the left and right ventricles. Most small defects close spontaneously, but larger defects require surgery to prevent pulmonary hypertension.
Atrial septal defect
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) is a congenital heart defect characterized by an opening in the interatrial septum, causing left-to-right shunting of blood. ASDs range in severity depending on the size of the defect and shunt. While often asymptomatic in children, symptoms of right heart overload can occur as patients age. Diagnosis is typically made through echocardiography or MRI imaging. Treatment options include surgical closure of small to moderate defects and percutaneous catheter closure of defects, both with high success rates.
Tetrology of Fallot
Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital heart defect characterized by four abnormalities: pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy. It was first described in detail by Etienne-Louis Arthur Fallot in 1888. Treatment options include medical management of symptoms as well as surgical repair to improve pulmonary blood flow and correct the defects. The document provides extensive details on the anatomical features, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and surgical/interventional management of Tetralogy of Fallot.
Congenital heart disease toufiqur rahman NICVD
Congenital heart disease (CHD) refers to defects present since birth. CHD affects approximately 1% of live births. While most forms of CHD can be treated with surgery, leading to a cure, challenges remain in Bangladesh including late presentation, limited resources, and lack of awareness. Proper management of CHD depends on precise diagnosis using techniques like echocardiography to identify the specific anatomy and pathophysiology. Common forms of CHD include atrial and ventricular septal defects, which can often be cured by open heart surgery, as well as more complex defects like tetralogy of Fallot.
Ebstein’s anomaly & Truncus Arteriosus
This document discusses Ebstein's anomaly, a rare congenital heart disease characterized by maldevelopment of the tricuspid valve. It provides details on:
1) The characteristic anatomical features including apical displacement of the tricuspid valve leaflets.
2) The clinical presentations which range from cyanosis and heart failure in neonates to minimal symptoms in adults.
3) The diagnostic tools used including echocardiogram, which is key for diagnosis.
4) The various surgical and palliative options for treatment depending on the severity of symptoms and age of presentation.
Transposition of great arteries
Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is a congenital heart defect where the aorta arises from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle, causing parallel instead of serial circulation. TGA accounts for 5-7% of congenital heart diseases and has an annual incidence of 20-30 per 100,000 live births. Without treatment, TGA is incompatible with long-term survival due to lack of oxygen supply. Initial treatment involves prostaglandin E1 to maintain ductal patency and increase pulmonary blood flow. Later procedures include the Rastelli operation or arterial switch operation to correct the defect.
Pare
This document summarizes cyanotic congenital heart disease. It describes:
1) The classification of congenital heart diseases into left to right shunts, right to left shunts, and obstructive lesions.
2) The causes of cyanosis including right to left shunting defects like tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great arteries, truncus arteriosus, and total anomalous pulmonary venous return.
3) The clinical presentation, evaluation, and management of cyanotic spells in tetralogy of Fallot patients and the surgical repairs for various cyanotic congenital heart defects.
TOTAL ANOMALOUS PULMONARY VENOUS CONNECTION (TAPVC)
TAPVC defines the anomaly in which the pulmonary veins have no connection with the left atrium. Rather, the pulmonary veins connect directly to one of the systemic veins (TAPVC) or drain in to right atrium.
A PFO or ASD is present essentially in those who survive after birth
When pulmonary veins drain anomalously into the right atrium either because of complete absence of the interatrial septum or malattachment of the septum primum , then it is known as total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage.
When some or all of the pulmonary veins drain anomalously in to RA or its tributaries without being abnormally connected, the terms partially anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (PAPVD) or totally anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (TAPVD) with normal pulmonary venous connections are used.
Introduction to congenital heart disease
Right ventricular hypertrophy is a characteristic feature of tricuspid atresia.
Dysplastic tricuspid valve may 2021
Dysplastic tricuspid valve and Ebstein's anomaly are congenital heart defects that involve malformations of the tricuspid valve. Dysplastic tricuspid valve involves a narrowed tricuspid valve that decreases blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle. Ebstein's anomaly is a rare defect where the tricuspid valve sits lower than normal in the right ventricle, allowing backflow of blood. Diagnosis involves echocardiography and cardiac catheterization. Treatment may involve tricuspid valve repair or replacement surgery. Lifelong follow-up is needed due to risks of arrhythmias and heart failure.
PA/IVS - Dr. Julius King Kwedhi
Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum (PA/IVS) is a rare congenital heart defect where the pulmonary valve is blocked, preventing blood flow to the lungs. It is characterized by an underdeveloped right ventricle and connections between the right ventricle and coronary arteries. Newborns present with cyanosis and rely on a patent ductus arteriosus for pulmonary blood flow. Without intervention, most infants will die within the first few months of life. Treatment involves surgical procedures like the Blalock-Taussig shunt, bidirectional Glenn procedure, and Fontan operation to redirect blood flow to the lungs without using the right ventricle.
Willens's syndrome.pptx
A 57-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital with chest pain. Electrocardiograms and troponin levels were normal. Intravascular ultrasound was performed before placing a stent in the left main coronary artery and left anterior descending artery to treat a blockage. The minimum lumen area increased to 4.24mm x 4.13mm after stenting.
Intensive care of congenital heart disease.pptx
Congenital defects can put a strain on the heart, causing it to work harder. To stop your heart from getting weaker with this extra work, your doctor may try to treat you with medications. They are aimed at easing the burden on the heart muscle. You need to control your blood pressure if you have any type of heart problem.
Management of Hypetension.pptx
Changing your lifestyle can help control and manage high blood pressure. Your health care provider may recommend that you make lifestyle changes including:
Eating a heart-healthy diet with less salt
Getting regular physical activity
Maintaining a healthy weight or losing weight
Limiting alcohol
Not smoking
Getting 7 to 9 hours of sleep daily
More Related Content
What's hot
Pediatric-Cardiology-101.ppt
This document provides an overview of pediatric cardiology for medical students. It discusses the fetal, transitional, and postnatal circulations and how congenital heart defects disrupt normal circulation. It describes left-to-right shunts like VSDs and PDA that cause left heart enlargement and right-to-left shunts like Tetralogy of Fallot that cause cyanosis. Obstructive lesions like critical aortic stenosis that require ductal flow are discussed. The physical exam findings for different defects are outlined along with innocent murmurs and hereditary cardiac conditions.
Congenital Heart Disease An Approach for Simple and Complex Anomalies
This document provides an overview of congenital heart disease for an exam, including:
- The most common defects like ventricular septal defects and tetralogy of Fallot.
- Case examples are presented and questions ask the reader to identify defects and complications.
- Surgical procedures for defects are discussed like arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries.
- Imaging views of common defects are shown and labeled.
The document serves as a study guide for the ASCeXAM by reviewing common congenital heart conditions and surgical treatments. Imaging examples help identify defects.
tetrology of fallot (TOF) with pulmonary atresia
This document discusses the embryology, anatomy, clinical presentation, evaluation, and surgical treatment of pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect (PA-VSD). Some key points:
- PA-VSD is characterized by atresia of the pulmonary artery and a ventricular septal defect, with pulmonary blood flow derived from collateral arteries.
- Pulmonary blood supply can be unifocal from sources like a patent ductus arteriosus or multifocal from multiple aortopulmonary collateral arteries.
- Surgical repair aims to connect as many lung segments as possible to right ventricular outflow during infancy to avoid pulmonary vascular changes, with the ultimate goal of complete repair closing all defects and incorporating
Cyanotic Heart Diseases
This document provides information on various cyanotic heart lesions including Tetralogy of Fallot, Transposition of the Great Arteries, Tricuspid Atresia, Ebstein's Anomaly and Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return. It describes the anatomy, clinical features, diagnosis and management of these conditions. Key cyanotic heart lesions are characterized by mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood resulting in central cyanosis.
ASD ,VSD elkhatib
This document discusses atrial septal defects (ASDs), which are holes between the left and right atria of the heart that allow blood to pass from the left to the right side. The main types of ASDs are secundum, primum, and sinus venosus defects. If left unrepaired, an ASD can cause increased blood flow to the lungs, enlargement of the right atrium, and inadequate blood flow to the body. Surgical closure or device closure are treatment options to close the defect and restore normal blood flow patterns.
Transposition of great_arteries
TGA is a complex congenital heart disease.Understanding the anatomy,physiology,surgery and anaesthetic management is very important for patient's better outcome.This ppt explains all these points in detail.
Tetralogy of fallot
This document discusses the classification, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), a congenital heart defect. TOF is characterized by four components: pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, ventricular septal defect, and right ventricular hypertrophy. Symptoms in infants include cyanosis that worsens with activity due to reduced pulmonary blood flow. Diagnosis involves examination findings like a murmur, ECG showing right ventricular hypertrophy, and CXR/ECHO images. Treatment ranges from medical management to palliative surgeries like Blalock-Taussig shunts or corrective repair via surgery to close defects.
Finaale pulmonary stenosis
This document discusses pulmonary stenosis (PS), a congenital heart defect where the pulmonary valve is narrowed. It accounts for 20-30% of congenital heart disease. PS can be valvular, subvalvular, or supravalvular. Symptoms range from none to right heart failure. Diagnosis involves listening for a systolic murmur and click, and imaging like echocardiogram and catheterization to measure pressures and gradients. Treatment is usually balloon valvuloplasty or surgery if severe.
VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT
A 2-year-old child presented with recurrent chest infections, difficulty breathing, and failure to thrive. On examination, precordial bulging and a grade 3/6 pansystolic murmur were present. Investigation revealed pallor and echocardiography showed a ventricular septal defect.
Ventricular septal defects are one of the most common congenital heart defects. They involve an abnormal opening in the muscular or membranous septum separating the left and right ventricles. Most small defects close spontaneously, but larger defects require surgery to prevent pulmonary hypertension.
Atrial septal defect
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) is a congenital heart defect characterized by an opening in the interatrial septum, causing left-to-right shunting of blood. ASDs range in severity depending on the size of the defect and shunt. While often asymptomatic in children, symptoms of right heart overload can occur as patients age. Diagnosis is typically made through echocardiography or MRI imaging. Treatment options include surgical closure of small to moderate defects and percutaneous catheter closure of defects, both with high success rates.
Tetrology of Fallot
Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital heart defect characterized by four abnormalities: pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy. It was first described in detail by Etienne-Louis Arthur Fallot in 1888. Treatment options include medical management of symptoms as well as surgical repair to improve pulmonary blood flow and correct the defects. The document provides extensive details on the anatomical features, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and surgical/interventional management of Tetralogy of Fallot.
Congenital heart disease toufiqur rahman NICVD
Congenital heart disease (CHD) refers to defects present since birth. CHD affects approximately 1% of live births. While most forms of CHD can be treated with surgery, leading to a cure, challenges remain in Bangladesh including late presentation, limited resources, and lack of awareness. Proper management of CHD depends on precise diagnosis using techniques like echocardiography to identify the specific anatomy and pathophysiology. Common forms of CHD include atrial and ventricular septal defects, which can often be cured by open heart surgery, as well as more complex defects like tetralogy of Fallot.
Ebstein’s anomaly & Truncus Arteriosus
This document discusses Ebstein's anomaly, a rare congenital heart disease characterized by maldevelopment of the tricuspid valve. It provides details on:
1) The characteristic anatomical features including apical displacement of the tricuspid valve leaflets.
2) The clinical presentations which range from cyanosis and heart failure in neonates to minimal symptoms in adults.
3) The diagnostic tools used including echocardiogram, which is key for diagnosis.
4) The various surgical and palliative options for treatment depending on the severity of symptoms and age of presentation.
Transposition of great arteries
Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is a congenital heart defect where the aorta arises from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle, causing parallel instead of serial circulation. TGA accounts for 5-7% of congenital heart diseases and has an annual incidence of 20-30 per 100,000 live births. Without treatment, TGA is incompatible with long-term survival due to lack of oxygen supply. Initial treatment involves prostaglandin E1 to maintain ductal patency and increase pulmonary blood flow. Later procedures include the Rastelli operation or arterial switch operation to correct the defect.
Pare
This document summarizes cyanotic congenital heart disease. It describes:
1) The classification of congenital heart diseases into left to right shunts, right to left shunts, and obstructive lesions.
2) The causes of cyanosis including right to left shunting defects like tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great arteries, truncus arteriosus, and total anomalous pulmonary venous return.
3) The clinical presentation, evaluation, and management of cyanotic spells in tetralogy of Fallot patients and the surgical repairs for various cyanotic congenital heart defects.
TOTAL ANOMALOUS PULMONARY VENOUS CONNECTION (TAPVC)
TAPVC defines the anomaly in which the pulmonary veins have no connection with the left atrium. Rather, the pulmonary veins connect directly to one of the systemic veins (TAPVC) or drain in to right atrium.
A PFO or ASD is present essentially in those who survive after birth
When pulmonary veins drain anomalously into the right atrium either because of complete absence of the interatrial septum or malattachment of the septum primum , then it is known as total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage.
When some or all of the pulmonary veins drain anomalously in to RA or its tributaries without being abnormally connected, the terms partially anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (PAPVD) or totally anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (TAPVD) with normal pulmonary venous connections are used.
Introduction to congenital heart disease
Right ventricular hypertrophy is a characteristic feature of tricuspid atresia.
Dysplastic tricuspid valve may 2021
Dysplastic tricuspid valve and Ebstein's anomaly are congenital heart defects that involve malformations of the tricuspid valve. Dysplastic tricuspid valve involves a narrowed tricuspid valve that decreases blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle. Ebstein's anomaly is a rare defect where the tricuspid valve sits lower than normal in the right ventricle, allowing backflow of blood. Diagnosis involves echocardiography and cardiac catheterization. Treatment may involve tricuspid valve repair or replacement surgery. Lifelong follow-up is needed due to risks of arrhythmias and heart failure.
PA/IVS - Dr. Julius King Kwedhi
Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum (PA/IVS) is a rare congenital heart defect where the pulmonary valve is blocked, preventing blood flow to the lungs. It is characterized by an underdeveloped right ventricle and connections between the right ventricle and coronary arteries. Newborns present with cyanosis and rely on a patent ductus arteriosus for pulmonary blood flow. Without intervention, most infants will die within the first few months of life. Treatment involves surgical procedures like the Blalock-Taussig shunt, bidirectional Glenn procedure, and Fontan operation to redirect blood flow to the lungs without using the right ventricle.
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Congenital Heart Disease An Approach for Simple and Complex Anomalies
Congenital Heart Disease An Approach for Simple and Complex Anomalies
TOTAL ANOMALOUS PULMONARY VENOUS CONNECTION (TAPVC)
TOTAL ANOMALOUS PULMONARY VENOUS CONNECTION (TAPVC)
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Willens's syndrome.pptx
A 57-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital with chest pain. Electrocardiograms and troponin levels were normal. Intravascular ultrasound was performed before placing a stent in the left main coronary artery and left anterior descending artery to treat a blockage. The minimum lumen area increased to 4.24mm x 4.13mm after stenting.
Intensive care of congenital heart disease.pptx
Congenital defects can put a strain on the heart, causing it to work harder. To stop your heart from getting weaker with this extra work, your doctor may try to treat you with medications. They are aimed at easing the burden on the heart muscle. You need to control your blood pressure if you have any type of heart problem.
Management of Hypetension.pptx
Changing your lifestyle can help control and manage high blood pressure. Your health care provider may recommend that you make lifestyle changes including:
Eating a heart-healthy diet with less salt
Getting regular physical activity
Maintaining a healthy weight or losing weight
Limiting alcohol
Not smoking
Getting 7 to 9 hours of sleep daily
CRISPR and cardiovascular diseases.pdf
CRISPR technologies have progressed by leaps and bounds over the past decade, not only having a transformative effect on
biomedical research but also yielding new therapies that are poised to enter the clinic. In this review, I give an overview of (i)
the various CRISPR DNA-editing technologies, including standard nuclease gene editing, base editing, prime editing, and epigenome editing, (ii) their impact on cardiovascular basic science research, including animal models, human pluripotent stem
cell models, and functional screens, and (iii) emerging therapeutic applications for patients with cardiovascular diseases, focusing on the examples of Hypercholesterolemia, transthyretin amyloidosis, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Pacemaker Pocket Infection After Splenectomy
This case report describes a patient who underwent seven operations over one year to treat recurrent pacemaker pocket infections. The patient had undergone a splenectomy seven years prior due to a splenic rupture from a traffic accident. This left the patient immunocompromised and at higher risk for infection. The patient later required a pacemaker implantation for complete heart block. The pacemaker pocket developed repeated infections, likely due to the patient's asplenic state impairing immunity. The infections were difficult to treat due to multiple complicating factors, including an abandoned pacemaker lead and reuse of a sterilized pacemaker. This highlights the influence of patient factors like asplenia on procedural outcomes like pacemaker implantation.
Piccolo Duct Occluder.pdf
Transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is feasible in low-birth-weight infants. A female baby was born prematurely with a birth weight of 924 g. She had a PDA measuring 3.7 mm. She was dependent on positive pressure ventilation for congestive heart failure in addition to the heart failure medications. She could not be discharged from the hospital even after 79 days of birth, and even though her weight reached 1.9 kg in the neonatal intensive care unit. We attempted to plug the PDA using an Amplatzer Piccolo Occluder, but the device failed to anchor. Then, the PDA was plugged using a 4-6 Amplatzer Duct Occluder using a 6-Fr sheath which was challenging.
MISPLACED ECG LEADS.pptx
Accidental misplacement of the limb lead electrodes is a common cause of ECG abnormality and may simulate pathology such as ectopic atrial rhythm, chamber enlargement or myocardial ischaemia and infarction
A Case of Device Closure of an Eccentric Atrial Septal Defect Using a Large D...
Device closure of an eccentric atrial septal defect can be challenging and needs technical modifications to avoid unnecessary complications. Here, we present a case of a 45-year-old woman who underwent device closure of an eccentric defect with a large device. The patient developed pericardial effusion and left-sided pleural effusion due to injury to the junction of right atrium and superior vena cava because of the malalignment of the delivery sheath and left atrial disc before the device was pulled across the eccentric defect despite releasing the left atrial disc in the left atrium in place of the left pulmonary vein. These two serious complications were managed conservatively with close monitoring of the case during and after the procedure.
Arrythmia-IV.pptx
1) Bradycardia can be caused by abnormalities in the conduction system or autonomic nervous system. The conduction system includes the sinus node, AV node, His-Purkinje system and different types of heart block can occur when impulses are blocked at different locations.
2) There are three main types of AV block - first degree, second degree (Mobitz types I and II), and third degree. High grade AV block involves blockage of two or more consecutive impulses.
3) Third degree or complete heart block results in complete dissociation between the atria and ventricles with independent pacemakers. It can occur at the AV node or below in the His-Purkin
Arrythmia-III.pptx
1. Bradycardia is defined as a resting heart rate below 50 beats per minute. It can be physiological or pathological.
2. Sinus bradycardia originates from the sinus node and has a normal P wave morphology with a prolonged PR interval. It can be caused by increased vagal tone, medications, or hypothyroidism.
3. Sick sinus syndrome is characterized by sinus bradycardia, sinus arrest, or combinations of sinus node and AV node dysfunction. It may involve intermittent bradycardia and tachycardia. Pacemaker implantation is usually treatment.
Arrythmia-II.pptx
This document discusses ventricular arrhythmias including their origins, characteristics, classifications, and causes. It provides details on:
- The sites of origin for supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) and ventricular arrhythmias.
- Characteristics that distinguish SVT from ventricular arrhythmias such as QRS width.
- Classifications of ventricular arrhythmias including premature ventricular complexes, ventricular tachycardia, fibrillation, and electrical storm.
- Causes and characteristics of different types of ventricular tachycardia such as monomorphic VT, polymorphic VT, and torsades de pointes.
- Investigations and treatments for ventricular arrhythmias including cardiac imaging
Arrythmia-I.pptx
This document provides information on supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), including:
- The anatomy and conduction system of the heart that is relevant to SVT.
- The mechanisms that can cause cardiac arrhythmias, including disorders of impulse formation, conduction, and combinations of the two.
- Characteristics used to classify different types of arrhythmias based on rate, rhythm, site of origin, and QRS morphology.
- Specific types of SVT like atrial fibrillation, AV nodal reentry tachycardia, and accessory pathway mediated tachycardias.
- Methods for diagnosing and treating SVT such as electrophysiology studies, catheter ablation
Trio of Rheumatic Mitral Stenosis, Right Posterior Septal Accessory Pathway a...
A 57-year-old male presented with recurrent palpitations. He was diagnosed with rheumatic mitral stenosis, right posterior septal accessory pathway and atrial flutter. An electrophysiological study after percutaneous balloon mitral valvotomy showed that the palpitations were due to atrial flutter with right bundle branch aberrancy. The right posterior septal pathway was a bystander because it had a higher refractory period than the atrioventricular node.
Anticoagulation therapy during pregnancy
This document discusses anticoagulation therapy options during pregnancy for different cardiac conditions. It notes that vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) should be avoided in the first trimester due to risk of embryopathy but can be used in the second and third trimester with risks of 0.7-2% of foetopathy. Unfractionated heparin does not cross the placenta but its use throughout pregnancy is not recommended due to risk of foetopathy. Low molecular weight heparin is considered the safest option for anticoagulation in weeks 6-12 when risk of embryopathy is a concern and has not been associated with risk of foetopathy. Fondaparinux use should be limited
Coronary guidewire
Percutaneous balloon dilatation, first described by
Andreas Gruentzig in 1979, was initially performed
without the use of guidewires.1 The prototype
balloon catheter was developed as a double lumen
catheter (one lumen for pressure monitoring or
distal perfusion, the other lumen for balloon inflation/deflation) with a short fixed and atraumatic
guidewire at the tip. Indeed, initially the technique
involved advancing a rather rigid balloon catheter
freely without much torque control into a coronary
artery. Bends, tortuosities, angulations, bifurcations,
and eccentric lesions could hardly, if at all, be negotiated, resulting in a rather frustrating low procedural success rate whenever the initial limited
indications (proximal, short, concentric, noncalcified) were negated.2 Luck was almost as
important as expertise, not only for the operator,
but also for the patient. It is to the merit of
Simpson who, in 1982, introduced the novelty of
advancing the balloon catheter over a removable
guidewire, which had first been advanced in the
target vessel.3 This major technical improvement
resulted overnight in a notable increase in the procedural success rate. Guidewires have since evolved
into very sophisticated devices.
Intracoronary optical coherence tomography
Optical coherence tomography-guided algorithm for percutaneous coronary intervention. Vessel diameter should be assessed using the external elastic lamina (EEL)-EEL diameter at the reference segments, and rounded down to select interventional devices (balloons, stents). If the EEL cannot be identified, luminal measures are used and rounded up to 0.5 mm larger for selection of the devices. Optical coherence tomography (OCT)-guided optimisation strategies post stent implantation per EEL-based diameter measurement and per lumen-based diameter measurement are shown. For instance, if the distal EEL-EEL diameter measures 3.2 mm×3.1 mm (i.e., the mean EEL-based diameter is 3.15 mm), this number is rounded down to the next available stent size and post-dilation balloon to be used at the distal segment. Thus, a 3.0 mm stent and non-compliant balloon diameter is selected. If the proximal EEL cannot be visualised, the mean lumen diameter should be used for device sizing. For instance, if the mean proximal lumen diameter measures 3.4 mm, this number is rounded up to the next available balloon diameter (within up to 0.5 mm larger) for post-dilation. MLA: minimal lumen area; MSA: minimal stent area;NC: non-compliant
Brugada syndrome
Brugada syndrome (BrS) is an inherited cardiac disorder,
characterised by a typical ECG pattern and an increased
risk of arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (SCD).
BrS is a challenging entity, in regard to diagnosis as
well as arrhythmia risk prediction and management.
Nowadays, asymptomatic patients represent the majority
of newly diagnosed patients with BrS, and its incidence
is expected to rise due to (genetic) family screening.
Progress in our understanding of the genetic and
molecular pathophysiology is limited by the absence
of a true gold standard, with consensus on its clinical
definition changing over time. Nevertheless, novel
insights continue to arise from detailed and in-depth
studies, including the complex genetic and molecular
basis. This includes the increasingly recognised
relevance of an underlying structural substrate. Risk
stratification in patients with BrS remains challenging,
particularly in those who are asymptomatic, but recent
studies have demonstrated the potential usefulness
of risk scores to identify patients at high risk of
arrhythmia and SCD. Development and validation of
a model that incorporates clinical and genetic factors,
comorbidities, age and gender, and environmental
aspects may facilitate improved prediction of disease
expressivity and arrhythmia/SCD risk, and potentially
guide patient management and therapy. This review
provides an update of the diagnosis, pathophysiology
and management of BrS, and discusses its future
perspectives.
A roadmap for the human development
The Human Developmental Cell Atlas (HDCA) initiative, which is part of the Human Cell Atlas, aims to create a comprehensive reference map of cells during development. This will be critical to understanding normal organogenesis, the effect of mutations, environmental factors and infectious agents on human development, congenital and childhood disorders, and the cellular basis of ageing, cancer and regenerative medicine. Here we outline the HDCA initiative and the challenges of mapping and modelling human development using state-of-the-art technologies to create a reference atlas across gestation. Similar to the Human Genome Project, the HDCA will integrate the output from a growing community of scientists who are mapping human development into a unified atlas. We describe the early milestones that have been achieved and the use of human stem-cell-derived cultures, organoids and animal models to inform the HDCA, especially for prenatal tissues that are hard to acquire. Finally, we provide a roadmap towards a complete atlas of human development.
Intra aortic balloon pump
The treatment of patients with advanced acute heart failure is still challenging.
Intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) has widely been used in the management of
patients with cardiogenic shock. However, according to international guidelines, its
routinary use in patients with cardiogenic shock is not recommended. This recommendation is derived from the results of the IABP-SHOCK II trial, which demonstrated
that IABP does not reduce all-cause mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock. The present position paper, released by the Italian
Association of Hospital Cardiologists, reviews the available data derived from clinical
studies. It also provides practical recommendations for the optimal use of IABP in
the treatment of cardiogenic shock and advanced acute heart failure.
Left ventricular false tendons
Left ventricular false tendons (LVFTs) are fibromuscular
structures, connecting the left ventricular
free wall or papillary muscle and the ventricular
septum.
There is some discussion about safety issues during
intense exercise in athletes with LVFTs, as these
bands have been associated with ventricular arrhythmias
and abnormal cardiac remodelling. However,
presence of LVFTs appears to be much more common
than previously noted as imaging techniques
have improved and the association between LVFTs
and abnormal remodelling could very well be explained
by better visibility in a dilated left ventricular
lumen.
Although LVFTsmay result in electrocardiographic abnormalities
and could form a substrate for ventricular
arrhythmias, it should be considered as a normal
anatomic variant. Persons with LVFTs do not appear
to have increased risk for ventricular arrhythmias or
sudden cardiac death.
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5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
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