Uterine malformations can result from failures in agenesis, fusion, or resorption of the müllerian ducts during development. This document discusses several types of uterine anomalies:
1. A septate uterus is the most common anomaly and results from a failure of resorption, leaving a fibrous or muscular septum dividing the uterus. It can increase risks of pregnancy loss and infertility.
2. A bicornuate uterus is partially divided with a fundal cleft. It may be associated with cervical incompetence and early pregnancy loss.
3. A unicornuate uterus has failure of one müllerian duct to develop, resulting in a single-horned uterus that
Ovulation was initially monitored by conventional methods like BBT, mid luteal serum progesterone and urinary LH.
Nowadays, USG is used for follicular monitoring for both natural and stimulated cycles.
In this presentation we will discuss role of Doppler US in Infertility, fertilization and assisted fertilization.
we will discuss the favorable and unfavorable RI and PI.
We will discuss role of doppler us in various gynecological malignancies.
tubal factor is almost 30% of all female infertility causes.Hence evaluation of tubes is usulally the first of the testings.
this presentation evaluates all the methods for evaluation of fallopian tubes
Ovulation was initially monitored by conventional methods like BBT, mid luteal serum progesterone and urinary LH.
Nowadays, USG is used for follicular monitoring for both natural and stimulated cycles.
In this presentation we will discuss role of Doppler US in Infertility, fertilization and assisted fertilization.
we will discuss the favorable and unfavorable RI and PI.
We will discuss role of doppler us in various gynecological malignancies.
tubal factor is almost 30% of all female infertility causes.Hence evaluation of tubes is usulally the first of the testings.
this presentation evaluates all the methods for evaluation of fallopian tubes
Ruptured ectopic pregnancy in non-communicating right rudimentary horn: A cas...Apollo Hospitals
Rudimentary horn is a developmental anomaly of the uterus, and pregnancy in a non-communicating rudimentary horn is very difficult to diagnose before it ruptures. As the fetus enlarges in the rudimentary horn, the chances of rupture in the first or second trimester are increased. Catastrophic hemorrhage results in increased maternal and
perinatal mortality and morbidity. To date, management of such cases remains a challenge due to diagnostic dilemma. Expertise in ultrasonography and early resort to surgical management are lifesaving in such cases. A case of undiagnosed rudimentary horn pregnancy presented to our department in shock with features of acute abdomen, and the diagnosis was confirmed at laparotomy that revealed ruptured rudimentary horn pregnancy. And excision of the accessory horn was done.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
1. CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE UTEUUS
PRESENTED BY:
OUSMANE BECHIR HASSABALLAH
IAN DONALD INTER SCHOOL FOLLOWSHIP OF ULTRASOUND
Batch 6
10/1012015
2. Introduction
Uterine malformations result from partial or
complete failure of one of three mechanisms
either separately or combined - agenesis,
fusion, and resorption. Agenesis results in
either a complete absence of the uterus or a
unicornuate uterus; a failure to fusion gives
rise to uterine didelphys or a bicornuate uterus;
and a septated uterus is due to a failure of
resorption.
3. incidence
The incidence of muellerian anomalies has
historically varied widely due to the different
populations studied, small sample sizes,
prospective versus retrospective study designs,
different classification systems, and the type of
test used to make the diagnosis . The need for a
standard classification of muellerian anomalies
was self-evident.
In the general population the incidence of uterine
anomalies are estimated to be 3-4 % (Sorensen , 1988).
This increases to 7.3 % in infertile patients ( Saravelos
2008),
4. Why is this important?
Majority have no problem conceiving, but
have higher rates of:
– 1. Spontaneous Abortion
– 2. Premature Delivery
– 3. Infertility
– 4. Abnormal Fetal Lie
– 5. Dystocia at delivery
– 6. Dysmenorrhea, endometriosis
– 7. Cervical incompetence
6. Müllerian duct anomaly classification
The American Fertility Society (AFS)
classified muellerian anomalies according to
the major uterine anatomic types. The AFS
classes of muellerian anomalies are:
Hypoplasia/agenesis
Unicornuate
Didelphys
Bicornuate
Septate
Arcuate
7. Müllerian duct anomaly classification
Dr Ayush Goel and Dr Frank Gaillard et al
The Müllerian duct anomaly classification is a
seven point system that can be used to describe a
number of embryonic Müllerian duct anomalies:
class I: uterine agenesis/uterine hypoplasia
– a: vaginal (uterus: normal/ variety of
abnormal forms)
– b: cervical
– c: fundal
– d: tubal
– e: combined
8.
9. class II: unicornuate uterus/unicornis
unicollis, ~6-25%
– a: communicating contralateral rudimentary
horn contains endometrium
– b: non-communicating contralateral
rudimentary horn contains endometrium
– c: contralateral horn has no endometrial
cavity
– d: no horn
– class III: uterus didelphys, ~5-11%
Müllerian duct anomaly classification
Dr Ayush Goel and Dr Frank Gaillard et al
10. Müllerian duct anomaly classification
Dr Ayush Goel and Dr Frank Gaillard et al
class IV: bicornuate uterus: next commonest
type, ~10-39%
– a: complete division, all the way down to
internal the os
– b: partial division, not extending to the os
class V: septate uterus: commonest anomaly,
~34-55%
– a: complete division, all the way down to the
internal os
– b: incomplete division
11. class VI: arcuate uterus, ~7%
class VII: in utero Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
exposure: T shaped uterus
12. Classification into 4 groups:
1. Agenesis of uterus/vagina: Rokitansky-
Kuster-Hauser Syndrome.
2-Unilateral development :Unicornate
uterus
3. Lateral Fusion defects (obstructive or
non-obstructive).
4-Defects in Vertical Fusion (obstructive or
non-obstructive)
13. Uterine agenesis
is the extreme of Mullerian duct anomalies
(Class I) where there is complete absence of
uterine tissue above the vagina.
Epidemiology
The uterine agenesis-hypoplasia spectrum
accounts for ~10-15% of all Müllerian duct
anomalies.
Clinical presentation
Clinical presentation is characterised by primary
amenorrhoea, with normal hormonal levels
guaranteed by fully functional gonads.
14. Pathology
Complete absence of the Mullerian ducts is
termed Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser
(MRKH) syndrome which includes absence
of the vagina as well.
Associations
renal tract anomalies including renal
agenesis
skeletal: vertebral anomalies
15. The uterus is small, measuring just 3.8 x 1.2 cm hypoplasia
16. Figure 2: Pelvic ultrasound longitudinal showing the urinary bladder and
absent uterus
17. Figure 3: Pelvic ultrasound showing an ectopic pelvic kidney indenting
on the urinary bladder superiorly
19. Figure 5: Enhanced axial CT of the pelvis showing contrast in the urinary
bladder (and rectal contrast) but no uterus
20. Sagittal and transverse ultrasound images, show a markedly hypoplastic
uterus, measuring less than 4.8 x 1.6 x 2.7 cm in a middle-aged female
patient with primary infertility.
21. Unicornuate uterus
Dr Yuranga Weerakkody and Dr Natalie Yang et al.
A unicornuate uterus or unicornis unicollis is a
type of Mullerian duct anomaly (class II). This
type can account for ~10% (range 6-13%) of
uterine anomalies and infertility is seen in
~12.5% (range 5-20%) of cases.
Pathology
There is failure of one müllerian duct to elongate
while the other develops normally. The
embryologic predominance of the unicornuate
uterus to be on the right has not been explained. It
may or may not have rudimentary horn.
22. Sub-classification
It can be classified into to the following types
according to the
type a: with rudimentary horn the American
Fertility Society 3.
– a1: horn contains endometrium
a1a: communicating contralateral
rudimentary horn contains endometrium
(10%)
23. a1b: non-communicating contralateral
rudimentary horn contains
endometrium (22%)
– a2: contralateral horn has no endometrial
cavity (33%)
type b: no horn (35%)
24. Associations
renal abnormalities
– renal anomalies are more commonly
associated with a unicornuate uterus than
with other müllerian duct anomalies and are
present in 40% of cases, e.g. renal agenesis
– the renal anomaly is always ipsilateral to the
rudimentary horn
cryptomenorrhea within endometrium
containing rudimentary horn that does not
communicate with the endometrial cavity
primary infertility 4
25. Ultrasound
Can be diffcult to detect on 2D ultrasound.
The uterus may be seen tapering to one side.
Hysterosalpingogram (HSG)
MRI
Radiographic features
26. Complications
Of the Mullerian duct anomalies, a
unicornuate uterus is considered to have the
second worse obstetric outcome (worst with
a septate uterus).
Spontaneous abortion rates are reported to
range from 41-62%. Reported premature
birth rates range from 10-20%. Fetal
survival rate is ~40% (range 38-57%).
27. Reconstructed 3-dimensional sonogram of a left unicornuate uterus in the
coronal plane showing the characteristic fusiform banana-shaped uterus
with a single left horn and a single endometrial cavity.
29. this ultrasound image (3D) is a coronal plane showing a unicornuate uterus.
The cavity (at "C") only goes to one fallopian tube (goes up to her right tube)
31. Unicornuate uterus. A multiplanar display of the left unicornuate uterus is
shown. This diagnosis is difficult to establish with 2DUS because the uterus
may appear grossly normal or slightly laterally deviated. With 3DUS, the
diagnosis is confidently made because the coronal plane (C) shows clearly that
there is only a single cornual angle (arrow). The cervical canal has a normal
appearance. A, Axial view; B, sagittal view; C, coronal view.
34. Uterus didelphys
Dr Jeremy Jones and Dr Frank Gaillard et al.
is a type of Müllerian duct anomaly (class III)
where there is complete duplication of uterine horns
as well as duplication of the cervix, with no
communication between them.
Epidemiology
Didelphic uteri account for approximately ~8%
(range 5-11%) of Müllerian duct anomalies.
Clinical presentation
Many patients are asymptomatic although some
may occasionally experience dyspareunia as a result
of the vaginal septum.
35. Pathology
It results from failed ductal fusion that occurs
between the 12th and 16th week of pregnancy and
is characterized by two symmetric, widely
divergent uterine horns and two cervices. The
uterine volume in each duplicated segment is
reduced. As with most uterine anatomical
anomalies, there is an increased incidence of
fertility issues, and Müllerian abnormalities in
general are over represented in infertile women.
36. The chance of seeing a pregnancy to term is
significantly reduced, down to only 20%,
with a third of pregnancies ending in
abortion and over half in premature
deliveries. Only 40% of pregnancies
resulted in living children 2.
Along with unicornuate uterus, uterus
didelphys has the greatest impact on
reproductive performance reference required.
37. Associations
renal agenesis
vaginal septum which can include transverse
vaginal septum
– there is a vaginal septum in 75% of cases, and
obstruction to one horn is possible from occasional
transverse septae.
Radiographic features
Classically shows two widely spaced uterine corpora,
each with a single Fallopian tube. Separate divergent
uterine horns with large fundal cleft (as distinct from
a septate uterus)
38. Hysterosalpingogram (HSG)
Pelvic ultrasound
Separate divergent uterine horns are
identified with a large fundal cleft.
Endometrial cavities are uniformly separate,
with no evidence of communication. Two
separate cervices need to be documented.
MRI
39. 2-dimensional image of a didelphic uterus with a
gestational sac (arrow) in the left horn.
40. Ultrasound image showing duplication of uterus corpus characterizes this
Mullerian Duct Anomaly. Didelphys uterus (Type III) or Complete
bicornuate (Type IVa) Ultrasound scan.
42. Bicornuate uterus
Dr Frank Gaillard et al.
A bicornuate uterus is a type of uterine
duplication anomaly. It can be classified as
a class IV Mullerian duct anomaly.
Epidemiology
Overall, congenital uterine anomalies occur in
~1.5% of females (range 0.1-3%). Bicornuate
uteri are thought to represent ~25% (range 10-
39%) of Mullerian duct anomalies.
43. Clinical presentation
In most cases, a bicornuate uterus is
incidentally discovered when the pelvis is
imaged. The most common symptomatic
presentation is with early pregnancy loss
and cervical incompetence 6 .
Pathology
A bicornuate uterus results from an
abnormal development of the
paramesonephric ducts. There is a partial
failure of fusion of the ducts, resulting in a
uterus divided into two horns.
44. Associations
associated longitudinal vaginal septum may be
present in ~25% of cases
as with other Mullerian duct anomalies,
abnormalities of the renal tract may also be
present
Subtypes
Bicornuate uterus is divided according to the
involvement of the cervical canal:
bicornuate bicollis - two cervical canals; central
myometrium extends to external cervical os
45. bicornuate unicollis - one cervical canal;
central myometrium extends to internal
cervical os
46. Radiographic features
General
The preferred methods of imaging uterine
anomalies are ultrasound,
hysterosalpingogram or MRI. The external
uterine contour is concave or heart-shaped,
and the uterine horns are widely divergent.
The fundal cleft is typically more than 1cm
deep and the intercornual distance is
widened.
47. The uterus is seen as comprising of caudally
fused symmetric uterine cavities with some
degree of communication between the two
cavities (usually at the uterine isthmus). Although
not a specific finding, the angle between the
horns of the bicornuate uterus is usually more
than 105°.
Fluoroscopy - hysterosalpinogram (HSG)
A divided uterus can be seen, but it is difficult to
differentiate between septate and bicornuate
anomalies since the uterine fundal contour is not
visible .
MRI
48. Treatment and prognosis
Surgical intervention is usually not indicated in
absence of reproductive difficulties.
In women with a history of recurrent pregnancy
loss and in whom no other infertility issues have
been identified a Strassman metroplasty can be
considered.
In patients with cervical incompetence
placement of a cervical cerclage may increase
fetal survival rates 9. Indeed the association
between cervical incompetence and bicornuate
uterus is so high, that prophylactic cerclage may
be appropriate in some instances.
49. Practical points
Septate uterus increases the risk of early
pregnancy loss and hysteroscopic
intervention to resect the septum is
sometimes pursued. In this situation,
differentiation between a septate uterus or a
bicornuate uterus is critical. outcome.
54. Septate uterus
Dr Matt A. Morgan and Dr Natalie Yang et al.
A septate uterus is a common type of congenital
uterine anomaly, and it may lead to an increased rate
of pregnancy loss. The main imaging differential
diagnoses are arcuate uterus and bicornuate uterus.
Epidemiology
It is considered the commonest uterine anomaly
(accounts for ~55% of such anomalies). It is classified
as a class V Mullerian duct anomaly. Septate uterus
is the most common anomaly associated with
reproductive failure (67%).
55. Pathology
Septate uterus is considered a type of uterine
duplication anomaly. It results from partial or
complete failure of resorption of the uterovaginal
septum after fusion of the para-mesonephric
ducts. The septum is usually fibrous but can also
have varying muscular components.
Subtypes
a partial septum (sub-septate uterus) involves the
endometrial canal but not the cervix
a septum is considered "complete" if it extends to
either the internal or external cervical os 10
septum extends into the vagina: septate uterus and
vagina
56. Associations
As with other uterine anomalies, concurrent
renal anomalies may be associated
Radiographic features
General
the external uterine fundal contour may be
convex, flat, or mildly (< 1 cm) concave
acute angle <75 degrees between uterine
cavities
endometrial canals are completely separated by
tissue iso-echoic to myometrium with
extension into endocervical canal
57. Ultrasound
The echogenic endometrial stripe is separated at the
fundus by the intermediate echogenicity septum.
The septum extends to the cervix in a complete
septate uterus. The external uterine contour must
demonstrate a convex, flat, or mildly concave
(ideally <1cm) configuration and may best be
appreciated on coronal images of the uterus.
Colour Doppler
May show vascularity in the septum in 70% of
cases; and if present may be associated with a higher
rate of obstetric complications
58. Fluoroscopy - Hysterosalpingogram
Accuracy of hysterosalpingogram alone is
only 55% for differentiation of septate uterus
from bicornuate uterus.
Pelvic MRI
MRI is considered the current imaging
modality of choice.
59. Complications
90% miscarriage rate
– a patient with a septate uterus does not
usually not have difficulty conceiving, but
a septate uterus is associated with the
highest rate of pregnancy loss of the
Müllerian duct anomalies
60. Treatment and prognosis
The distinction between septate uterus and bicornuate
uterus has important management implications. In
septate uterus, but not in bicornuate uterus, the
septum can be shaved off during hysteroscopy
(metroplasty) to form a single uterine cavity without
perforating the uterus 4.
Reproductive outcome has been shown to improve
after resection of the septum, with reported decreases
in the spontaneous abortion rate from 88% to 5.9%
after hysteroscopic metroplasty
61. Differential diagnosis
Considerations a hysterosalpingogram include
bicornuate uterus: the shape of the external
uterine contour is crucial to differentiate a
septate uterus from a bicornuate uterus, because
widely different clinical and interventional
approaches are assigned to each anomaly.
On ultrasound or MRI images also consider
arcuate uterus: small myometrial indentation in
the fundus with normal fundal contour.
thick intra-uterine adhesion band
62. Septate Uterus
Most COMMON anomaly 55%
May be complete/ incomplete
•25 % early abortions
•5 - 7% late abortions & Premature labors
63. 3-dimensional coronal view of a septated uterus (a) distance
between ostia (+. .+); (b) length of septum (x . . x).
64. (12 weeks) : Longitudinal section of the fetus showing its location belong the
uterine septum within the amniotic cavity that had spread to the both uterine
horns.
66. Transverse plane through the uterus. The uterine septum is hypoechoic and
hypovascular. At this level, the placenta (PL) begins to spread on the posterior
wall (retroverted uterus)
67. Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, July-September
2011;5(3):243-256
Figs A to C: Septate uterus seen on 3D VCI-C (A) septal vessels on 3D
power Doppler (B) and 3D SIS with coronal plane (C)
68. Arcuate uterus
Dr Yuranga Weerakkody and Dr Natalie Yang et al.
An arcuate uterus is a mildly variant shape of
the uterus. It is technically one of the Müllerian
duct anomalies, but is often classified as a
normal variant. It is the uterine anomaly that is
least commonly associated with reproductive
failure. Arcuate uterus can be characterized with
ultrasound or MRI.
69. Pathology
An arcuate uterus is
characterized by a mild
indentation of the
endometrium at the
uterine fundus. It occurs
due to a failure of
complete resorption of
the uterovaginal septum.
It is the most common
Mullarian duct anomaly,
affecting 3.9% of the
general population .
70. Radiographic features
General features include:
normal fundal contour
no division of uterine horns
smooth indentation of fundal endometrial
canal - the depth of indentation is usually
considered to be <1 cm
increased transverse diameter of uterine
cavity
71. Pelvic ultrasound
A normal external uterine
contour is noted, with a
broad smooth indentation
on the fundal segment of
the endometrium. No
division of the uterine
horns.
Hysterosalpingogram
MRI
72. Differential diagnosis
septate uterus
– arcuate uterus and septate uterus exist on a
spectrum from least to most resorption of
the uterovaginal septum, respectively
bicornuate uterus
– arcuate uterus can be distinguished from
a bicornuate uterus on the basis of its complete
fundal unification (i.e. the arcuate uterus has a
normal or slightly indented external fundal contour,
whereas the bicornuate has a more marked fundal
indentation, no more than 5 mm above the level of
the uterine horns)
73. Figs A to E: Arcuate uterus seen on 2D scan (A) SIS (B) 3D reconstructed
coronal plane during SIS (C) 3D VCI-C rendering (D) and 3D inversion mode
(E)
Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, July-
September 2011;5(3):243-256
74.
75. RKH Syndrome: Diagnosis
Expected Menarche
Difficult to differentiate from imperforate
hymen
No uterus on exam, U/S, MRI,
Laparoscopy, IVP
Confused with Androgen Resistance
Syndrome with shallow pouch and no
uterus.
Determine karyotype.
76. Abnormalities of the
ovaries:
1) agenesis or complete absence.
2) Gonadal dysgenesis "streak
gonads" as in Turner syndrome.
3) Failure of descent into the pelvis.
4) Ovotestis “true hermaphrodite”
In which combined ovarian and
testicular tissues seen.
77. conclusion
All uterine anomalies negatively affect the live
birth rate and result in a higher frequency of
obstetrical complications. Depending upon
the type of muellerian anomaly, cervical
incompetence, spontaneous miscarriage,
preterm delivery, breech presentation,
abnormal fetal lie and intrauterine growth
restriction are all increased to a variable
degree 1,6,7 .
78. 3DUS enables the measurement of the length
of a uterine septum & depth of fundal cleft.
In addition 3D ultrasound, in diagnosing
uterine congenital malformations, has been
found to be a reproducible method
(Salim 2003)
79. While transvaginal sonography is an excellent
screening examination for uterine anomalies, it is
not as effective as 3D ultrasound in distinguishing
specific malformations. For example, Jurkovic et al
20 reported a 100% sensitivity and specificity for
the three-dimensional ultrasound detection of
uterine anomalies in contrast to 100% sensitivity
and 95% specificity for two-dimensional
ultrasound. However, the positive predictive value
of three-dimensional and two-dimensional
ultrasound for muellerian anomalies was 100% and
50%, respectively
80. MRI has been the "gold standard" for categorizing
uterine anomalies because of its 98% - 100% accuracy .
While ultrasound will remain the primary modality
utilized to evaluate muellerian anomalies, MRI can
offer additional diagnostic information in patients with
equivocal ultrasound findings. As a result, laparoscopy
or open surgery are no longer required to make a
definitive diagnosis of a uterine anomaly .
82. At 6TH week gestation
Paramesonephric
or Mullerian Duct
develops lateral to
the Mesonephric
”wolffian “ Duct
83. The middle and caudal parts of
the Mullerian ducts undergoes
medial migration and fusion.
The cranial 1/3 → tubes.
The middle 1/3 → uterus and
cervix.
Caudal 1/3 → upper 3/4 of
vagina.