This document discusses the history of social welfare reform and nationalism in Canada from the 1960s-1980s. Key events included intense social welfare reforms under Pearson and Trudeau, the rise of Quebec nationalism and the Parti Quebecois movement seeking independence. This led to constitutional debates, two sovereignty referendums in Quebec, and the patriation of the constitution with the Charter of Rights and Freedoms in 1982, establishing a new framework for Canadian national identity and federal-provincial relations.

1. Quebec and Constitutions
© Ruth Writer
https://thenonconformer.wordpress.com/2009/12/07/a-serious-warning-for-quebecs-premier-jean-
charest-too/1-canada-quebec-flag/

2. One nation or two?
 Intense nationalism in Canada—1960s-1984
 Pearson & Trudeau—sweeping social welfare reform
 Care for every citizen—boasted of superior quality of life
 Medical coverage
 Welfare
 Pensions
 Unemployment
 Ideal of new Canadian state—balance of rights and stewardship
 Problems of debt and how to pay for social reform
 Quebec also nationalistic pride
 Parti Quebecois
 Goal of fundamental restructuring of relations with Canada
 French—language of government, work, education
 Intense discussions and divisions
 Referendum in 1980
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1985_Parti_qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_logo.gif.jpg

3. New National Identity
 Flag—1965
 Debate on design
 Montreal Exposition 1967
 Showcase of city and Canada—shining moment
 Centennial of Confederation
 De Gaulle—Vive le Quebec libre!
 Official languages Act--1969
 Anthem--1980
 Constitution—1982
 Charter of Rights and Freedoms—1982
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Canada

4. Climate of social welfare reform
 Economic Council of Canada—1963—think tank
 Need for well trained, skilled workforce
 Need to address vertical mosaic
 Anglos at the top
 Haves vs. have not
 All Canadians need basic services
 Socialism?
 Provincial vs. National power
 How to pay for these reforms?
 Taxes increased
 Debt increased

5. Canadian Assistance Act of 1965
 Canadian government role of stewardship
 Responsibility for poor with national government
 Not provincial
 Not charitable organizations
 Welfare for needy
 Child care funds
 Training for unemployed
 Comprehensive medical care program

6. Medical Care Act--1972
 Modeled after Tommy Douglas’s CCF plan in SK
 Shared cost between federal and provincial
 For every Canadian
 Sense of Canadian pride
2004—Tommy Douglas named most significant
person in Canadian history
http://healthcoalition.ca/main/resources/tommy-douglas-the-father-of-medicare/

7. Canadian Minister of Health
https://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/rpp/2008-2009/inst/shc/shc01-eng.asp

9.  Life Expectancy (2011 est.)1
 81.38 years—Canada
 78.37 years—U.S.
 Canada has a 3.7% higher life expectancy.
 Infant Mortality (2011 est.)1
 4.92 deaths / 1,000 population—Canada
 6.06 deaths / 1,000 population—U.S.
 USA has a 18.8% greater infant mortality rate.
 Fertility Rate (2011 est.)1
 1.58
 2.06
 USA has a 23.3% higher fertility rate.
 Doctors per 1000 population (2009)2
 2.4
 2.4
 No discernible difference.
 MRI Units per million population (2007)2
 6.7
 25.9
 USA has 3.9 times more MRIs per capita.
 Suicides per 100,000 population (2004)2
 10.2
 10.2
 No discernible difference.
 Tobacco Consumption as % of population (over
15 years old) (2009)2
 16.2
 16.1
 Canada has 0.1% higher tobacco consumption
per capita.
 Alcohol Consumption - Total Liters per capita
(over 15 years old) (2008)2
 8.2
 8.8
 USA has 6.8% higher alcohol consumption in
terms of total liters consumed per capita.
 Obesity as % of total population (2008)2
 24.2
 33.8
 USA has 28.4% greater obese population per
capita.
http://www.unitednorthamerica.org/simdiff.htm

10. Since ACA
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/susan-blumenthal/affordable-care-act_b_1737731.html

11. http://www.clinicaladvisor.com/web-exclusives/united-states-ranked-last-in-access-to-health-care/article/378937/

12. Canadian Pension Plan--CPP
 Retirement at age 65
 Average in 2012--$529
 Maximum in 2012--$987
 Disability
 Survivor
 Universal
 Paid by government, employer, and employee
http://www.ge-solutions.ca/apply-for-canada-pension-plan-benefits.html

13. Source of Pension Funds
Employee

14. Additional plans and issues
 Student loans
 Unemployment insurance
 Low income housing
 Limit on capital punishment
 Labor laws more liberal—civil servants could strike
 Immigration laws replaced by point system
 Education
 Work experience
 Financial resources
 Royal Commission on Status of Women—1967
 Family issues
 Employment issues
 Educational issues

15. Royal Commission on
Bilingualism and Biculturalism
 Study the history of language rights in Canada
 Result: Official Languages Act—1969
 Federal services in both English and French
 Civil servants required to be competent in both
 Consumer product labels in both
 Advertising bilingual
 Seen as tolerance example
 Language immersion programs
 Costs involved
 Implementation
 Printing
 Fielding bilingual staff across Canada
http://www.viaevolution.ca/2012/09/13/bilingualism-a-source-of-pride-and-commitment-at-via-rail/

16. https://tcdh.wordpress.com/2010/11/18/bilingualism-in-canada-a-brief-overview/
http://www.thecanadaguide.com/canadian-language
http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/if-youre-canadian-why-arent-you-bilingual-new-immigrants-wonder

17. Quiet Revolution = Big Change
 Began with the Conquest in 1760
 Struggle to maintain cultural identity
 Preserve language
 Protect civil laws
 La survivance
 Agrarian past
 Devotion to Catholic church
 Defend language rights
 After 1867—English domination of Canada

18. 1840-1950s
 Jobs and opportunities changing>Quebec altered state
 Textile mills>New England exodus
 Depression
 World War II ended exodus
 Asbestos strike--1949
 Quebec became more urban, industrial
 Role of media—primarily English
 Baby boom
 Immigrants—non-Francophone population arrives
 Emigration of Quebecois—1,000,000 to U.S.
 Marie Chapdelaine—Required reading in Quebec for years
 Cherished memories of past
 Will to survive in spite of English goals
 Political power—Maurice Duplessis—Union Nationale

19. http://www.filmsquebec.com/films/maria-chapdelaine-gilles-carle/

20. 1960s
 Climate of French-Canadian nationalism—Duplessis until 1960
 Opposition by Trudeau
 Jean Lesage and Liberals in power until 1966—Quiet Revolution
 Union Nationale in power until 1970
 Failed to address economic and social pressures in QC
 Official bilingualism of 1969 did not appease
 Stage for contest between
 Trudeau’s federalism
 Quebecois sense of distinct society and pride
 Riots on Saint-Jean Baptiste Day [June 24]
 Students
 Strikers
 Anglophone vs. Francophone
 Liberals again in power in 1970—Robert Bourassa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Canada

21. La revolution tranquille
 Redefined French Canadian survival
 Intellectually
 Emotional discussion
 Demographic, economic, cultural and political change
 From conservative, agrarian society
 Role of church
 Pessimistic society
 To modern, progressive, proactive society
 Lesage guide to revolution
 “Masters of our own house”
 Protected French Canadian rights
 Calling selves—Quebecois

22. Key points of Change
 Hydro-Quebec—developed economically independent of Canada
 Provincial monopoly
 Natural Resources Minister—Rene Levesque
 French language became business language
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hydro-Qu%C3%A9bec_logo_(1944).gif
 Educational reform from grade school to university
 Separation of church and state
 Government Minister of Education
 More inclusive higher ed.—vocational and technical
 Church impact eroded—more science
 Non-church dominated society
 Criticized by Pope John Paul II
 Birth rate down to 1.4 children per family during Quiet Revolution
 Career
 Concern with self
 Desire to modernize

23. Trudeaumania
 Pierre Elliott Trudeau replaced Pearson in ’67
 Bachelor
 Wealthy
 Minister of Justice
 Bilingual from Quebec
 Intelligent—educated in Canada, England, France, U.S
 Sharp wit
 Cool 
 Promised to create “just society”
http://montreal.ctvnews.ca/other-top-stories-death-of-pierre-elliott-trudeau-sept-28-2000-1.465487

24. Quiet Revolution no longer Quiet
 Question of QC Sovereignty
 FLQ—Front de liberation du Quebec—’63
 Goal: INDEPENDENT QUEBEC
 Militants
 Campaign of harassment
 Focus against federal government and Anglos in QC
 Leader—wrote Negres blancs d’Amerique
 Bombings in Westmount
 Montreal Stock Exchange
 Mailboxes
 Injuries

25. http://www.canadiansoldiers.com/history/domesticmissions/flqcrisis.htm

26. October Crisis--1970
 Kidnapped British Trade Minister—James Cross
 Release based on reading of FLQ Manifesto on radio
 Released in December
 Kidnapped QC Minister of Labor—Pierre Laporte
 By another cell of FLQ
 Body found in trunk of car—assassination rare in Canada
 Bourassa sought federal military support
 War Measures Act invoked by Trudeau
 Sent thousands of soldiers to Montreal and Quebec City
 Looked like U.S. riots of 60s
 FLQ arrests or escaped to Cuba

27. https://iconicphotos.wordpress.com/2010/01/10/the-death-of-pierre-laporte/
http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/40-years-later-security-and-the-flq/article4328160/?page=all

28. October 1970 shaped future
 Public support of War Measures Act
 Anger of Quebec
 Civil liberties in question
 Hypocritical Trudeau—individual freedoms
 All rejected violence
 QC independence pursed by democratic means
 Bourassa’s image tarnished
 QC passed Bill 22 in 1974
 French language of QC government
 French language in workplace
 Educational language--French

29. Parti-Quebecois
 Formed 1968
 Rene Levesque—leader
 Won provincial election in 1976
 Bill 101—1977—to protect Francophone culture
 Children receive public education in English only if one
parent educated in English
 Forced immigrants/migrants to adopt French culture
 Business in French only—signs in French only
 Outmigration result—almost 15%
 Toronto overtook Montreal as largest city
 Promised referendum on sovereignty
http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/rcmp-spied-on-rene-levesque-for-decades-report-1.679367

30. Federal Election 1979
 Trudeau and Liberals in trouble
 Economic problems—inflation
 Social issues
 Medical programs
 Rising oil prices
 Trudeau’s personal and political life
 Progressive Conservatives won—Joe Clark
 Rising unknown
 Privatized Petro-Canada
 Lack of experience in foreign affairs—Israel
 Out after 9 months

31. Quebec Referendum of 1980
 Sovereignty—NOT independence
 Redesigned relationship
 QC control over taxes, laws, foreign affairs
 Retain—currency, free trade, defense, open borders
 Liberals suggested compromises
 New constitution
 Alter Senate
 Improve relations with provinces

32. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/the-night-that-canada-almost-lost-quebec/article27041986/

33. May 1980—Oui/Non
 Permission to enter discussion regarding relationship
 Not true vote on separation
 Still QC would have to vote on approval
 Non—60%
 Oui—40%--much of this was youth vote
 Disappointment within Parti Quebecois
 Levesque won again in 1981

34. Constitutional Debate
 1867—BNA—remained statute of British Parliament
 Continuous conferences
 Balance of power—key issue
 Amendment formula—all provinces had to agree
 Language issue
 Supreme Court reform
 How to patriate constitution?
 November 1981—9-1 agreed
 Levesque anger over denial of unique QC status
 Refused to sign
 Women and First Nations also disappointed

35. Constitution Act 1982
 Passed in March by Britain
 115 years after Canada formed
 Finally own constitution
 Foundation BNA Act and amendments
 Charter of Rights and Freedoms added
 Notwithstanding clause—legally opt out of federal law
 Still opposed by QC, women, First Nations
 Formal signing in April
 Queen Elizabeth
 Trudeau—left in 1984 [died 2000]

36. http://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/canadas-commonwealth-edge-not-a-diamond-jubilee-piece/

37. Charter of Rights and Freedoms
 Most important legacy of Trudeau
 Similar to Bill of Rights
 More exact

38. http://www.thestar.com/opinion/public_editor/2012/03/09/canadian_charter_of_rights_what_is_the_status_of_press_freedom_in_
canada.html

39. Guaranteed the following:
 Life, liberty, security
 Free thought, belief, opinion, expression
 Freedom of press and communication
 Freedom of peaceful assembly and association
 Mobility rights and right to gain livelihood
 Legal rights—search and seizure, counsel, trials, punishment
 Religious freedom and freedom of conscience
 Language rights and Minority language educational rights
 No discrimination—race, nationality, ethnicity, color, religion,
sex, ager, mental or physical disability
 Equality--political
 Aboriginal rights
 Multicultural heritage preserved and enhanced

40. BTW
 Canada Day—July 1
 In Montreal—July 1 is Moving Day
 Mass chaos the result
 WHY???

41. More referendums to follow?

42. http://www.greatcanadianjokebook.com/view-all-cartoon-jokes/cartoon/2219

43. Resources
 Anonymous. The October Crisis http://histori.ca/peace/page.do?pageID=342
 Anonymous. The Patriation of the Constitution
 http://histori.ca/peace/page.do?pageID=258
 Anonymous. The Meech Lake Accord http://histori.ca/peace/page.do?pageID=260
 Bumstead, J. M.. The Peoples of Canada: A Post Confederation History. Don Mills,
Ontario: Oxford University Press, 2008. Pages 401-423 and 542-564.
 http://www.canadiansoldiers.com/history/domesticmissions/flqcrisis.htm
 Charter of Rights and Freedoms. http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/const/page-15.html