This document defines cybersecurity and summarizes its key components. It outlines common cyber threats like computer crimes, exploits, trojans, viruses, worms, denial of service attacks and malware. It also explains security tools used to counter threats, including antivirus software, firewalls, and social engineering techniques used by hackers. Peer-to-peer networks are also covered as a means for sharing files but also spreading malware between unprotected devices.

2.  Definition
 Types
 Threats
 Antivirus
 Firewalls
 Peer Nets

3. Definition
• It´s the protection of
computer systems from
theft or damage to the
hardware, software or
the information on them.

4. Types
Threats
Antivirus
Firewalls
Peer Nets
Social Engineering

5. There are a lot of threats:
 Computer Crime
 Vulnerability
 Eavesdropping
 Exploits
 Trojans
 Viruses and worms
 Denial of service
 Malware
 Payloads
 Rootkits
 Keyloggers

6. Computer Crime
 It´s an act performed by a knowledgeable computer
user, sometimes referred to as a hacker that illegally
browses or steals a company's or individual's private
information. In some cases, this person or group of
individuals may be malicious and destroy or otherwise
corrupt the computer or data files.
 Examples:
Child Pornography, Espionage, Cyber Terrorism,etc.
For more information:
http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/compcrim.htm

7.  Would be as if a model of lock had a failure of
design that allowed us to create keys that it´s
opened. You can provide the necessary
permissions to run on a system and infect it
taking advantage of a vulnerability.
 Types:
Recognized
Strange

8. Have all the apps updated.
For this, is important to
have a efficient policy of
updates.
Have an advance security
solution able to detect and
block exploits.

9. Trojans
 It´s a program that appears to be something
safe, but it´s performing tasks such as giving
access to your computer or sending personal
information to other computers. Trojans are one
of the most common methods of criminal uses to
infect your computer and collect personal
information from your computer.
 Example:
A person obtain photos of your weekends
because your insert in your computer an USB with
a Trojan

10. Computer
Viruses They are small software programs that are
designed to spread from one computer to
another and to interfere with computer
operation.
They corrupt or delete data on your computer,
use your email program to spread itself to other
computers or erase everything on your hard
disk. They are spread by attachments in email
messages or instant messaging messages or
spread through downloads in Internet.

11. How to avoid Computer Viruses?
 Updated your computer regularly
 Have an good antivirus and updated it
regularly

12. COMPUTER
WORMS
 A worm is a computer program that has the ability
to copy itself from machine to machine. Worms use
up computer processing time and network
bandwidth when they replicate, and often carry
payloads that do considerable damage.
It usually exploits some sort of security hole in a
piece of software or the operating system.

13. Denial of
Service
 It´s a security event that occurs when an attacker
takes action that prevents legitimate users from
accessing targeted computer systems, devices or
other network resources.
It attacks typically flood servers, systems or
networks with traffic in order to overwhelm the
victim resources and make it difficult or impossible
for legitimate users to use them. While an attack
that crashes a server can often be dealt with
successfully by simply rebooting the system,
flooding attacks can be more difficult to recover
from.

14.  Amplified DNS DoS attack: The attacker generates crafted domain name system (DNS) requests that
appear to have originated at the victim's network and sends them to misconfigured DNS servers
managed by third parties.
 Application layer attacks: It generate fake traffic to internet application servers, especially DNS
servers or HTTP servers.
 A buffer overflow attack: It´s a catchall description most commonly applied to DoS attacks that send
more traffic to a network resource than was ever anticipated by the developers who designed the
resource.
 DDoS attack: The attacker may use computers or other network-connected devices that have been
infected by malware and made part of a botnet.
 Ping-of-death attack abuses the Packet Inter-Network Groper (ping) protocol by sending request
messages with oversized payloads, causing targeted systems to become overwhelmed, stop
responding to legitimate requests for service and possibly crashing the victim systems.
 A SYN flooding attack abuses TCP's handshake protocol by which a client establishes a TCP
connection with a server. In a SYN flooding attack, the attacker directs a high-volume stream of
requests to open TCP connections with the victim server, with no intention of actually completing the
circuits.
 Transmission Control Protocol occur when an attacker targets the state tables held in firewalls, routers
and other network devices by filling them with attack data.
 The teardrop attack exploits flaws in the way older operating systems handled fragmented Internet
Protocol packets. The IP specification allows packet fragmentation when the packets are too large to
be handled by intermediary routers, and it requires packet fragments specify fragment offsets; in
teardrop attacks, the fragment offsets are set to overlap each other.
 Volumetric DoS attacks aim to interfere with legitimate access to network resources by using up all
the bandwidth available to reach those resources. In order to do this, attackers must direct a high
volume of network traffic against the victim's systems.

15. How to detect a DoS
 Degradation in network performance, especially
when attempting to open files stored on the network
or accessing websites.
 Inability to reach a particular website.
 Difficulty in accessing any website.
 A higher than usual volume of spam email.

16.  It´s malicious software designed to
change your settings, delete software,
cause errors, watch browsing habits or
open your computer to attacks.
 Prevention Measures:
To prevent it`s compulsory to have a
antivirus like Kaspersky and a anti-
malware like Malwarebytes

17. Payloads
 It´s when data is sent over the Internet,
each unit transmitted includes both
header information and the actual data
being sent. The header identifies the
source and destination of the packet,
while the actual data is referred to as the
payload. Because header information, or
overhead data, is only used in the
transmission process, it is stripped from
the packet when it reaches its
destination. Therefore, the payload is the
only data received by the destination
system.

18. Rootkits
•A collection of software
tools that help and enable
someone to gain
unauthorized access to a
computer or other network
device. They often hide the
actions of the user.

19.  It´s a software program or hardware device that is used to monitor
and log each of the keys a user have into a computer keyboard. The
user who installed the program or hardware device can then view all
keys. Because these programs and hardware devices monitor the keys
typed in, a user can find user passwords and other information a user
may not want others to know. These keyloggers attach between the
keyboard and the computer.
A hardware keylogger can be connected to the back of a computer,
often without a user knowing about them, and then be disconnected
to collect all logged information.

20. ANTIVIRUS It´s a software utility designed to protect your computer or
network against computer viruses. If a virus is detected, the
computer displays a warning asking what action should be done,
often giving the options to remove, ignore, or move the file to the
vault.
 The best´s antivirus in order of the opinion of the users are:
Norton McAfee Trend Micro Kaspersky AVG
Classification of the users

21.  It´s a software utility or hardware device that acts
as a filter for data entering or leaving a network or
computer. You could think of a firewall as a security
guard that decides who enters or exits a building. A
firewall works by blocking or restricting network
ports. Firewalls are commonly used to help prevent
unauthorized access to both company and home
networks.
 2 types:
Software Firewalls
Hardware Firewalls

22. Software Firewalls
• They are designed to protect a computer by
blocking certain programs from sending and
receiving information from a local network or
the Internet. This photo is the symbol of
Software Firewall

23.  Hardware firewalls are found on most
network routers and can be configured
through the router set-up screen. This
photo is a ZyXEL ZyWALL firewall.

24. Peer Nets
 They are nets of information between a
central computer and other computers
connected with it.They can
communicate,distribute and share
documents,music,photos,softwares,etc.
betwwen them. This help a lot to the
hackers to share information of famous
people or modified softwares.

25. Types of P2P
 Centralized: They have the directory in a central server in which
the computers are connected and they request the nodes that
contain the contents.
 Descentralized and structured: They have the directory in some
computers put in places of net that make easy the access to
other computers.
 Descentralized and not structured: They don´t have anything the
function as a central controller of requests. All the nodes function
as consumers and servers.

26. P2P
Characteristics
 Descentralization: It handles variables connections,
temporary adresses. All the computers are equal.
 Anonymity: Users must be able to connect without
worrying about their privacy.
 Scalability: You don´t depend of a central server and
its capacities.
 Independent: The user interface does not require an
Internet browser and each computer can function as a
client or as a server.

27. Advantanges of P2P Programs
Cost: Most of them are free and
there are others with legal contents
that function with a subscription
but its cheap.
Eficiency: Share files using P2P
programs is fast and easy.

28. Legality: Some P2P programs have been
critised because they share music and
video ilegally and its punished by law in
some countries.
Spyware: Most of them are plagged of
spyware and malware. This makes your
computer slower and sometimes its stop to
function.

29. Some P2P Programs
 µTorrent
 eMule
 MXIE
 Morpheus
 WinMx
 Kazaa
 Vuze
 BearShare
 mIMac
More information:
http://aprenderinternet.about.com/od/Multimedia/a/Que-
Son-Los-Programas-P2p-Y-Como-Funcionan.htm

30. Social Engineering
 Social engineering is the use of deception and manipulation to obtain
confidential information. It´s a non-technical kind of intrusion that relies
heavily on human interaction and often involves tricking people into
breaking normal security procedures. Social engineers rely on the fact
that people are not aware of the value of the information they possess
and are careless about protecting it.
In anti virus computer security software, social engineering is generally a
hacker's clever manipulation of the natural human tendency to trust.
The hacker's goal is to obtain information that will gain him or her
unauthorized access to a system and the information that resides on
that system.
Examples:
Phishing e-mails or Pharming sites.

32. DEFINITION,TYPES AND THREATS:
WIKIPEDIA
COMPUTER CRIME:
FINDLAW
EXPLOITS:
WELIVESECURITY
TROJANS:
COMPUTER HOPE
COMPUTER VIRUSES:
MICROSOFT
COMPUTER WORMS:
HOWSTUFFWORKS
DENIAL OF SERVICE:
TECH TARGET
MALWARE:
COMPUTER HOPE
PAYLOADS:
COMPUTER HOPE
ROOTKITS:
COMPUTER HOPE
KEYLOGGERS:
COMPUTER HOPE
ANTIVIRUS
EBAY
FIREWALLS
COMPUTER HOPE
PEER NETS
ABOUT
SOCIAL ENGINEERING
BULL GUARD