Oplægget blev holdt ved InfinIT-arrangementet "Fra arbejdsgange i praksis til smidige, procesorienterede IT-systemer", der blev afholdt den 25. januar 2011. Læs mere om arrangementet her: http://www.infinit.dk/dk/hvad_kan_vi_goere_for_dig/viden/reportager/saet_stroem_til_forvaltningen.htm

1. Computerstøttet samarbejde
Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)
Kjeld Schmidt, IOA, CBS
Infinit Seminar, ITU, 25 January 2011
25 January 2011

2. CSCW research
area
✤ First CSCW conference 1986
✤ Several conference series
✤ ACM CSCW
✤ ECSCW
✤ ACM GROUP
✤ COOP
✤ IEEE CSCW-D
✤ …
✤ Specialized scholarly journal
since 1992
25 January 2011

3. “Joe One”: First Soviet nuclear weapon test, 29 August 1946
25 January 2011

4. Collaborative
computing: paradigms
✤ Facilitation of cooperative SAGE 1958
work
✤ Mediation of
communication among
workers
✤ Coordination
technologies
Whirlwind 1951
SABRE 1964
25 January 2011

5. Collaborative
computing: paradigms
✤ Facilitation of cooperative SAGE 1958
work
✤ Mediation of
Limitations:
communication among improvised coordination
No support for
workers
(apart from conversation and telephone!)
✤ Coordination
technologies
Whirlwind 1951
SABRE 1964
25 January 2011

6. Collaborative
computing: paradigms
✤ Facilitation of cooperative
work
✤ Mediation of
communication among
workers
✤ Coordination
technologies
MAILBOX 1965
Network email 1971
25 January 2011

7. Collaborative
computing: paradigms
✤ Facilitation of cooperative
work
✤ Limitations:
Mediation of
Message exchange not integrated with
communication among
workers ordinary work tools
(messaging implemented as application)
✤ Coordination
technologies
MAILBOX 1965
Network email 1971
25 January 2011

8. Collaborative
computing: paradigms
✤ Facilitation of cooperative
work
✤ Mediation of
communication among
workers
✤ Coordination
technologies
25 January 2011

9. Coordination technologies
✤ Production planning and control systems
✤ Workflow management systems
✤ Document management systems
✤ Electronic patient records
✤ Project management systems
✤ Group calendar systems
25 January 2011

10. Coordination technologies
✤ Limitations:
✤ Cannot be combined
(implemented as applications)
✤ Cannot be integrated with
ordinary work tools (e.g., CAD)
✤ Cannot be modified (rigid
coordination protocols)
✤ To overcome this requires
✤ Common set of elementary objects
and operations
25 January 2011

11. CSCW
research program
✤ Cooperative work practices:
An enormous variety!
✤ Development of a common
set of elementary objects and
operations requires
✤ ethnographic studies of
cooperative work
practices
✤ systematic abstraction
25 January 2011

12. CSCW
research program
✤ Cooperative work practices:
An enormous variety!
✤ Development of a common
set of elementary objects and
operations requires
✤ ethnographic studies of
cooperative work
practices
✤ systematic abstraction
25 January 2011

13. ‘Logics of
coordinative
practices?’
25 January 2011

14. A key issue: ‘primitives’ (1)
✤ Interactive computing:
✤ Object primitives: ‘examples of objects in [Xerox] Star are text
characters, text paragraphs, graphic lines, graphic illustrations,
mathematical summation signs, mathematical formulas, and icons.
Every object has properties …’
✤ Elementary operations: ‘Star has a few commands that can be used
throughout the system: MOVE, COPY, DELETE, SHOW
PROPERTIES, COPY PROPERTIES, AGAIN, UNDO, and HELP.
Each performs the same way regardless of the type of object
selected’
Smith et al.: ‘The Star user interface: An overview’,
AFIPS’82: Proceedings of the National Computer Conference, 7-10 June 1982.
25 January 2011

15. A key issue: ‘primitives’ (2)
✤ Computer-mediated communications (e.g., email):
✤ Early concepts:
✤ TO {user@host}, FROM, AUTHOR, TITLE, ACKNOWLEDGMENT
{success / failure (time out) / normal}, TYPE {long / urgent / ordinary}
(RFC 469, 8 March 1973)
✤ Later developments
✤ object primitives: message, sender (From), recipient (To, Cc, Bcc), Date,
Subject…
✤ elemental operations: Send, Reply, Reply-to-all, Forward, Redirect…
✤ CSCW?
25 January 2011

16. Is this research program exotic?
25 January 2011

17. Distributed computing::
Proliferation of machine systems
✤ Administration, accounting,
finance
✤ Manufacturing, process industries
✤ Transportation (e.g.,
containerization)
✤ Architecture, construction,
engineering
✤ Clinical work
✤ Scientific laboratories
✤ Newspaper production
✤ Radio, TV, and movie production
25 January 2011

18. Not that exotic!
✤ Technology development often
based on systematic empirical
studies of work practices
✤ Académie Royale des Sciences
(France), 1675 ff.
✤ Descriptions des arts et métiers,
1761-88 (c. 100 vols.)
✤ Johann Beckmann: Anleitung
zur Technologie, oder zur
Kenntniß der Handwerke,
Fabriken und Manufacturen, 1777
25 January 2011

19. Not that exotic!
✤ Technology development often
based on systematic empirical
studies of work practices
✤ Académie Royale des Sciences
(France), 1675 ff.
✤ Descriptions des arts et métiers,
1761-88 (c. 100 vols.)
✤ Johann Beckmann: Anleitung
zur Technologie, oder zur
Kenntniß der Handwerke,
Fabriken und Manufacturen, 1777
25 January 2011

20. Not that exotic!
✤ Technology development often
based on systematic empirical
studies of work practices
✤ Académie Royale des Sciences
(France), 1675 ff.
✤ Descriptions des arts et métiers,
1761-88 (c. 100 vols.)
✤ Johann Beckmann: Anleitung
zur Technologie, oder zur
Kenntniß der Handwerke,
Fabriken und Manufacturen, 1777
25 January 2011

21. The pin manufacture, Normandy, 17-18th century
According to Descriptions des arts et métiers, 1761
25 January 2011

22. The ‘human computer’
✤ de Prony: Calculation
manufacture
✤ Mechanical calculators
✤ Punched-card tabulators…
✤ Origin of digital computing:
cooperative calculation in
science and engineering
25 January 2011

23. “Joe One”: First Soviet nuclear weapon test, 29 August 1946
25 January 2011