Mainframe computers are large, powerful computers used by large organizations to process huge amounts of data. Supercomputers are the most powerful computers and are thousands of times faster than regular PCs. The document discusses the history, examples, features, and applications of mainframe computers and supercomputers. It compares standard computers to supercomputers and outlines the advantages and disadvantages of mainframe computers and supercomputers.
What is Computer? Types of Computer-Information Techonoly.pdftayyabachudary
A computer is an electronic device that processes data according to predefined instructions, performing various tasks such as calculations, data storage, communication, and multimedia https://www.techopedia.com/definition/626/information-technology-it
A computer is a machine that can be programmed to manipulate symbols. Its principal characteristics are: It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner. It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program). It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data.
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What is Computer? Types of Computer-Information Techonoly.pdftayyabachudary
A computer is an electronic device that processes data according to predefined instructions, performing various tasks such as calculations, data storage, communication, and multimedia https://www.techopedia.com/definition/626/information-technology-it
A computer is a machine that can be programmed to manipulate symbols. Its principal characteristics are: It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner. It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program). It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data.
↓↓↓↓ Read More:
Watch my videos on snack here: --> --> http://sck.io/x-B1f0Iy
@ Kindly Follow my Instagram Page to discuss about your mental health problems-
-----> https://instagram.com/mentality_streak?utm_medium=copy_link
@ Appreciate my work:
-----> behance.net/burhanahmed1
Thank-you !
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Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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2. SUPER COMPUTER &
MAINFRAME COMPUTER
Presented By:
o Muhammad Kashif Nazir
o Shayan Shakeel
Submitted To:
Sir NisarAhmed
3. COMPUTER
An electronic device for
storing and processing
data, typically in binary
form, according to
instructions given to it
in a variable program.
4. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER
BASED ON TYPES
Analog
Computer
Digital
Computer
Hybrid
Computer
BASED ON PURPOSE
Special-Purpose
Computer
General-Purpose
Computer
BASED ON SIZE
Micro
Computer
Mini
Computer
Mainframe
Computer
Super
Computer
6. MAINFRAME COMPUTER
Amainframe computer, informally called a mainframe or big
iron.
Mainframe are high-performance computers with large amounts of
memory and processors.
That process billions of simple calculations and transactions in
real time.
The mainframe is critical to commercial databases, transaction
servers, and applications that require high resiliency and security.
Amainframe computer is smaller than a supercomputer
8. HISTORY OF MAINFRAME
COMPUTER
Mainframe computers were developed in early 1940s. It is
very large, powerful and expensive computer.
In 1950s, mainframe computers were physically the largest
computers; few businesses could afford them.
In 1960s, with standardized mainframe customers could write
business applications that don’t need specialized hardware of
software.
In 1964, the introduction of the IBM System/360 (S/360TM)
signalled the start of the 3G; first general purpose computer.
9. 1940s, Mainframe computer 1960s, Mainframe computer
1964s mainframe computer
IBM system /360
10. FEATURES OF MAINFRAME
COMPUTER
Mainframe computer allows to process huge amount of data
simultaneously without getting any malicious attacks.
Mainframe computers are more popular due to their long life
performance.
It can run smoothly up to 50 years after its proper installation.
Mainframe application programs get outstanding performance
due to their large scaled memory management.
Mainframe computer systems are capable to share their over
workload on the other multiple processors and I/O terminals,
and due to this process enhances its performance.
The processing speed of mainframe computers can range
from as low as 3-4 MIPS to as high as 100 MIPS or more.
11. FEATURES OF MAINFRAME
COMPUTER
Mainframe systems have ability to manage different
complicated operating systems such as UNIX, VMS, and other
IBM O/S like as Z/OS, Z/VM.
Mainframe systems have less probability in getting any errors.
If any time, some errors tries to enter in the system then they
are able to remove them.
In mainframe system, virtual storage system can be used.
It can generate I/O bandwidth in large amount.
It supports to Zero fault tolerant computing system.
It is capable to manage several users.
12. SIZE OF MAINFRAME
COMPUTER
Mainframe computers have the size of a refrigerator.
Before 2000, these computers were big in size covering the
whole room.
But now these computers have decreased in size and improve in
performance.
It occupies very largely with an approximate area of 1000 sq.ft.
It supports a large number of I/O terminals, more than 100
terminals.
13. ALLPICATIONS OF MAINFRAME
COMPUTER
Mainframe computer is used in several different areas, explain below each
one.
EDUCATION SECTOR:
Mainframe helps to store and maintain all information in education sector
related to their employees and students.
DEFENSE SECTOR:
In Defense area, mainframe computer system is used to pass massive
information in different areas.
WEATHER CONDITION:
Mainframe system helps to provide weather condition, trace accurate data
to target location, and use the GPS for doing preparation to attack.
RETAILINDUSTRY:
Some large retail companies have massive customer base, so mainframe
computer system is best option for monitoring their inventory with accurate
level.
It is able to execute of massive transaction (billions) in short duration.
15. ADVANTAGES OF MAINFRAME
COMPUTER
High-end scalability:
They are scalable in the sense that more hardware i.e.
processors and memory can be added if needed.
In a mainframe computer, more than 600 processors are
directly managed by the operating system.
Security:
The security of these computers is very high. In banks, these
computers are used for managing online transactions,
processing credit, and debit cards.
Long-lasting performance:
These computers have a minimum time limit of 10 years. So
they can perform well for 10 years and after that period
companies can upgrade the mainframe computer or replace it.
16. Huge memory storage:
Due to a high number of processors these computers have
huge memory that can store and process large amounts of data
at a time.
Virtualization:
These systems have a logical partition which can help the
mainframe to overcome memory limitation.
Can run multiple OS:
In a mainframe computer, more than one operating system can
be run at a time to boost the performance of the system.
Real-time monitoring and control:
If any fault comes in the system then the administrator of the
system is notified instantly.
Suppose there is hardware failure then that hardware should be
replaced to resume the work.
17. DISADVANTAGES OF
MAINFRAME COMPUTER
High cost:
These computers have a very high price and they cannot be
used in homes.
Mainframes are only used by big organizations, banks, large
websites, and government agencies.
Hardware/software is expensive:
These computers have custom software and hardware that are
expensive for the normal user.
Alot of space required:
Mainframe computers need a large space and also the
temperature of the place should not be hot.
18. High technical staff:
For maintaining the mainframe computer specialized staff is
needed.
Command drove interface:
The terminal connected to the mainframe computer has the
text and a command-based interface that is difficult to
understand.
Hardware crash:
If any hardware crashed then the whole system stops working
20. SUPER COMPUTER
Asupercomputer is a
computer with great
speed and memory.
This kind of computers
are thousands of times
faster than ordinary
personal computers .
21. EXAMPLES OF SUPER
COMPUTER
Examples of supercomputers include:
Belle
Deep Blue
Hydra for playing chess
Gravity Pipe for astrophysics
MDGRAPE-3 for protein structure prediction
molecular dynamics
22. History of Super Computer
First supercomputer built by Seymour Cray in Control Data
Corporation (CDC) in 1957
CDC 1604 one of the first computers to replace vacuum tubes with
transistors
Release of CDC 6600 by Seymour Cray considered the world’s first
Supercomputer
25. FEATURE
OF SUPER
COMPUTER
1.
Large Number
of processing
units
2.
High capacity
of RAM &
Storage
3.
High-speed
connection
between nodes
4.
High-speed I/O
& file system
5.
Specialized
software &
Support
6.
Thermal
Management
26. MEASUREMENT OF SPEED
Supercomputers speed are measured in floating point operations
per second (FLOPS) in units of :
Megaflops (MFLOPS)
Gigaflops (GFLOPS)
Teraflops (TFLOPS
SIZE OF SUPER COMPUTER
The first super computer is about the size of four filing
cabinets.
Super computer has capacity of 200 to 300 gigabytes.
27. APPLICATIONS
Supercomputers are used to perform the most
compute-intensive tasks of modern times
Computational Science
weather Forecasting, Climate Research
nuclear explosion dynamics
Oil and Gas Exporation
credit card transaction processing
design and testing of modern aircraft
cryptology
28. Standard Computer Supercomputer
Single Processor Multiple processors
Single memory Multiple memories
Less Processing Speed & execution High Processing speed & execution
Measured in GHz Measured in FLOPS
Comparison Between Standard Computer
and Super computer
29. ADVANTAGES OF SUPER
COMPUTER
Super computer have large number of Processing units.
High speed
Great performance
High data transfer rate
Massive RAM & Large Storage capacity.
providing a virtualized testing environment for scientific and
medical researches.
30. DISADVANTAGES OF SUPER
COMPUTER
Super computer can be expansive.
Take up a lot of space.
May only be good for specific applications
Does not replace physical testing.
Requires trained staff.