Computer vision as a non-invasive bio-sensing method provided opportunity to detect purity, total
phenol, and pH in Luwak coffee green bean. This study aimed to obtain the best Artificial Neural Network
(ANN) model to detect the percentage of purity, total phenol, and pH on Luwak coffee green bean by using
color features (red-green-blue, gray, hue-saturation-value, hue-saturation-lightness, L*a*b*), and Haralick
textural features with color co-occurrence matrix including entropy, energy, contrast, homogeneity, sum
mean, variance, correlation, maximum probability, inverse difference moment, and cluster tendency.
The best ANN structure was (5 inputs; 30 nodes in hidden layer 1; 40 nodes in hidden layer 2; and 3
outputs) which had training mean square error (MSE) of 0.0085 and validation MSE of 0.0442.
Image Analysis using Color Co-occurrence Matrix Textural Features for Predict...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
ย
This study aimed to determine the nitrogen content of spinach leaves by using computer imaging
technology. The application of Color Co-occurrence Matrix (CCM) texture analysis was used to recognize
the pattern of nitrogen content in spinach leaves. The texture analysis consisted of 40 CCM textural
features constructed from RGB and grey colors. From the 40 textural features, the best features-subset
was selected by using features selection method. Features selection method can increase the accuracy of
image analysis using ANN model to predict nitrogen content of spinach leaves. The combination of ANN
with Ant Colony Optimization resulted in the most optimal modelling with mean square error validation
value of 0.0000083 and the R2 testing-set data = 0.99 by using 10 CCM textural features as the input of
ANN. The computer vision method using ANN model which has been developed can be used as
non-invasive sensing device to predict nitrogen content of spinach and for guiding farmers in the accurate
application of their nitrogen fertilization strategies using low cost computer imaging technology.
Detection roasting level of Lintong coffee beans by using euclidean distancejournalBEEI
ย
Coffee roasting is the process by which raw coffee beans (green beans) are roasted until they reach a certain roast level. In general, the roast level of roasted coffee beans is divided into 3 levels, namely the roast level of light, medium and dark. One way to find out the roast level of roasted coffee beans is to see the color change of the coffee beans. However, it is very difficult to know the exact color conditions of each roast level of roasted coffee beans and this can be overcome by build an automatic coffee roasting equipment. In this research, an automatic coffee roaster was done with a system that is able to control the roasting temperature and stirring of coffee beans. This tool can also monitor the change in color of the coffee beans during the roasting process. The system that has been implemented can detect color changes and classify the level of dark roast of roasted coffee beans using the Euclidean distance algorithm. The Euclidean distance give a threshold to classified the roast level. The system accuracy for predicting coffee beans color at the level of dark roast is 90% and 80% for overall.
Color Distribution Analysis for Ripeness Prediction of Golden Apollo MelonTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
ย
Human visual perception on color of melon fruit for ripeness judgement is a complex
phenomenon that depends on many factors, making the judgement is often inaccurate and inconsistent.
The objective of this study is to develop an image processing algorithm that can be used for distinguishing
ripe melons from unripe ones based on their skin color. The image processing algorithm could then be
used as a pre-harvest tool to facilitate farmers with enough information for making decisions about whether
or not the melon is ready to harvest. Four sample groups of Golden Apollo melon were harvested at four
different age, with 55 fruits in each group. Using the color distribution as results of the image analysis, the
first two groups of the samples can be separated from other groups with minimal overlap, but they cannot
be separated in the other two groups. The color image analysis of the melons in combination with
discriminant analysis could be used to distiguish between harvesting age groups with an average accuracy
of 86%.
Image Analysis for Ethiopian Coffee Plant Diseases IdentificationCSCJournals
ย
Diseases in coffee plants cause major production and economic losses as well as reduction in both quality and quantity of agricultural products. Now a dayโs coffee plant diseases detection has received increasing attention in monitoring large field of crops. Farmers experience great difficulties in switching from one disease control policy to another. The naked eye observation of experts is the traditional approach adopted in practice for detection and identification of coffee plant diseases. This paper presents an automatic identification of Ethiopian coffee plant diseases which occurs on the leaf part and also provides suitable segmentation technique regarding the identifications of the three types of Ethiopian coffee diseases. In this paper different classifiers are used to classify such as artificial neural network (ANN), k-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Naรฏve and a hybrid of self organizing map (SOM) and Radial basis function (RBF) .We also used five different types of segmentation techniques i.e. Otsu, FCM, K-means, Gaussian distribution and the combinations of K-means and Gaussian distribution. We conduct an experiment for each segmentation technique to find the suitable one. In general, the overall result showed that the combined segmentation technique is better than Otsu, FCM, K-means and Gaussian distribution and the performance of the combined classifiers of RBF (Radial basis function) and SOM (Self organizing map) together with a combination of k-means and Gaussian distribution is 92.10%.
Classification of arecanut using machine learning techniques IJECEIAES
ย
In agricultural domain research, image processing and machine learning techniques play an important role. This paper provides a unique solution for classifying the good and defective arecanuts based on their color, texture, and density value. In the market different varieties of arecanut are available. Usually, qualitative sorting is done manually, and this can be replaced by applying machine vision techniques to grade the arecanut. Classification of arecanut based on quality is done using various machine learning techniques and it is observed that artificial neural networks give good results compared to other classifiers like logistic regression, k-nearest neighbor, naive Bayes classifiers, and support vector machine. A unique density feature is considered here for better classification. The result of classifiers without considering the density feature is compared with respect to the density feature and it is observed that artificial neural networks work better than the others. The proposed method works effectively for classifying arecanut with an accuracy of 98.8%.
Computer Vision based Model for Fruit Sorting using K-Nearest Neighbour clas...IJEEE
ย
This document presents a computer vision based model for fruit sorting using a K-nearest neighbor classifier. It uses color and morphological features extracted from images to classify six types of fruits (red apples, green apples, golden apples, oranges, bananas, and carrots). The methodology involves image segmentation using K-means clustering, followed by extraction of color features from RGB and HSI color spaces and morphological features. A K-nearest neighbor classifier with Euclidean distance metric is then used for classification. The system achieved 100% accuracy in classifying the six fruit types based on the extracted features.
Effect of different Altitudes in Qualitative and Quantitative Attributes of G...AI Publications
ย
A study entitled โEffect of different altitudes in qualitative and quantitative attributes of green coffee beans in Syangja districtโ was conducted to study the variation in quality and quantity of coffee produced within different altitude. The experiment was laid out with seven treatments with ranges of altitude as T1= (800-900) masl, T2 = (900-1000) masl, T3 =(1000-1100) masl, T4 = (1100-1200) masl, T5 = (1200-1300) masl, T6 = (1300-1400) masl and T7 = (1400-1500) masl and each was treated in four different clusters of coffee orchards which replicated the sample four times. From each cluster a sample of 500gm ripe cherries were taken for individual treatment and processed by wet method for Parchment formation followed by its dehulling to form green coffee beans. Parameters like 1000cherry weight, Parchment weight, Green bean weight, Bean density, Parchment recovery, Caffeine content, Productivity and Consumer preference were estimated from a total of 28coffee samples. It was observed that the altitude range of (1400-1500) masl showed maximum mean value of 1000 cherry weight (1989.25ยฑ104.19) gm, Parchment weight(126.5ยฑ2.38)gm, Green bean weight (105ยฑ2.954)gm, Green bean density(687.5 ยฑ8.18)kg/m 3 and Productivity (31.7ยฑ2.69) t/ha whereas minimum mean value of caffeine content (1.0285 ยฑ0.02)%. Maximum preference score (0.772) was observed in coffee sample of highest altitude (1400-1500) masl which was given by a team of five persons of coffee experts and consumers. However the effect of treatment seemed insignificant for parchment recovery. With increasing altitude, attributes that depict the quality and quantity of coffee was found to be increasing except the caffeine content. Hence, the higher altitude range 1200masl and above seemed to be instrumental for quality coffee production.
Image processing and machine learning based Ethiopian Coffee bean varieties .mollayirga2010
ย
The PowerPoint presentation outlines the research titled "Deep-Shallow Framework for automatic identification and classification of Ethiopian Coffee bean varieties using image processing." It discusses the use of hybrid feature mining to enhance accuracy and efficiency in identifying and classifying coffee bean varieties.
Image Analysis using Color Co-occurrence Matrix Textural Features for Predict...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
ย
This study aimed to determine the nitrogen content of spinach leaves by using computer imaging
technology. The application of Color Co-occurrence Matrix (CCM) texture analysis was used to recognize
the pattern of nitrogen content in spinach leaves. The texture analysis consisted of 40 CCM textural
features constructed from RGB and grey colors. From the 40 textural features, the best features-subset
was selected by using features selection method. Features selection method can increase the accuracy of
image analysis using ANN model to predict nitrogen content of spinach leaves. The combination of ANN
with Ant Colony Optimization resulted in the most optimal modelling with mean square error validation
value of 0.0000083 and the R2 testing-set data = 0.99 by using 10 CCM textural features as the input of
ANN. The computer vision method using ANN model which has been developed can be used as
non-invasive sensing device to predict nitrogen content of spinach and for guiding farmers in the accurate
application of their nitrogen fertilization strategies using low cost computer imaging technology.
Detection roasting level of Lintong coffee beans by using euclidean distancejournalBEEI
ย
Coffee roasting is the process by which raw coffee beans (green beans) are roasted until they reach a certain roast level. In general, the roast level of roasted coffee beans is divided into 3 levels, namely the roast level of light, medium and dark. One way to find out the roast level of roasted coffee beans is to see the color change of the coffee beans. However, it is very difficult to know the exact color conditions of each roast level of roasted coffee beans and this can be overcome by build an automatic coffee roasting equipment. In this research, an automatic coffee roaster was done with a system that is able to control the roasting temperature and stirring of coffee beans. This tool can also monitor the change in color of the coffee beans during the roasting process. The system that has been implemented can detect color changes and classify the level of dark roast of roasted coffee beans using the Euclidean distance algorithm. The Euclidean distance give a threshold to classified the roast level. The system accuracy for predicting coffee beans color at the level of dark roast is 90% and 80% for overall.
Color Distribution Analysis for Ripeness Prediction of Golden Apollo MelonTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
ย
Human visual perception on color of melon fruit for ripeness judgement is a complex
phenomenon that depends on many factors, making the judgement is often inaccurate and inconsistent.
The objective of this study is to develop an image processing algorithm that can be used for distinguishing
ripe melons from unripe ones based on their skin color. The image processing algorithm could then be
used as a pre-harvest tool to facilitate farmers with enough information for making decisions about whether
or not the melon is ready to harvest. Four sample groups of Golden Apollo melon were harvested at four
different age, with 55 fruits in each group. Using the color distribution as results of the image analysis, the
first two groups of the samples can be separated from other groups with minimal overlap, but they cannot
be separated in the other two groups. The color image analysis of the melons in combination with
discriminant analysis could be used to distiguish between harvesting age groups with an average accuracy
of 86%.
Image Analysis for Ethiopian Coffee Plant Diseases IdentificationCSCJournals
ย
Diseases in coffee plants cause major production and economic losses as well as reduction in both quality and quantity of agricultural products. Now a dayโs coffee plant diseases detection has received increasing attention in monitoring large field of crops. Farmers experience great difficulties in switching from one disease control policy to another. The naked eye observation of experts is the traditional approach adopted in practice for detection and identification of coffee plant diseases. This paper presents an automatic identification of Ethiopian coffee plant diseases which occurs on the leaf part and also provides suitable segmentation technique regarding the identifications of the three types of Ethiopian coffee diseases. In this paper different classifiers are used to classify such as artificial neural network (ANN), k-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Naรฏve and a hybrid of self organizing map (SOM) and Radial basis function (RBF) .We also used five different types of segmentation techniques i.e. Otsu, FCM, K-means, Gaussian distribution and the combinations of K-means and Gaussian distribution. We conduct an experiment for each segmentation technique to find the suitable one. In general, the overall result showed that the combined segmentation technique is better than Otsu, FCM, K-means and Gaussian distribution and the performance of the combined classifiers of RBF (Radial basis function) and SOM (Self organizing map) together with a combination of k-means and Gaussian distribution is 92.10%.
Classification of arecanut using machine learning techniques IJECEIAES
ย
In agricultural domain research, image processing and machine learning techniques play an important role. This paper provides a unique solution for classifying the good and defective arecanuts based on their color, texture, and density value. In the market different varieties of arecanut are available. Usually, qualitative sorting is done manually, and this can be replaced by applying machine vision techniques to grade the arecanut. Classification of arecanut based on quality is done using various machine learning techniques and it is observed that artificial neural networks give good results compared to other classifiers like logistic regression, k-nearest neighbor, naive Bayes classifiers, and support vector machine. A unique density feature is considered here for better classification. The result of classifiers without considering the density feature is compared with respect to the density feature and it is observed that artificial neural networks work better than the others. The proposed method works effectively for classifying arecanut with an accuracy of 98.8%.
Computer Vision based Model for Fruit Sorting using K-Nearest Neighbour clas...IJEEE
ย
This document presents a computer vision based model for fruit sorting using a K-nearest neighbor classifier. It uses color and morphological features extracted from images to classify six types of fruits (red apples, green apples, golden apples, oranges, bananas, and carrots). The methodology involves image segmentation using K-means clustering, followed by extraction of color features from RGB and HSI color spaces and morphological features. A K-nearest neighbor classifier with Euclidean distance metric is then used for classification. The system achieved 100% accuracy in classifying the six fruit types based on the extracted features.
Effect of different Altitudes in Qualitative and Quantitative Attributes of G...AI Publications
ย
A study entitled โEffect of different altitudes in qualitative and quantitative attributes of green coffee beans in Syangja districtโ was conducted to study the variation in quality and quantity of coffee produced within different altitude. The experiment was laid out with seven treatments with ranges of altitude as T1= (800-900) masl, T2 = (900-1000) masl, T3 =(1000-1100) masl, T4 = (1100-1200) masl, T5 = (1200-1300) masl, T6 = (1300-1400) masl and T7 = (1400-1500) masl and each was treated in four different clusters of coffee orchards which replicated the sample four times. From each cluster a sample of 500gm ripe cherries were taken for individual treatment and processed by wet method for Parchment formation followed by its dehulling to form green coffee beans. Parameters like 1000cherry weight, Parchment weight, Green bean weight, Bean density, Parchment recovery, Caffeine content, Productivity and Consumer preference were estimated from a total of 28coffee samples. It was observed that the altitude range of (1400-1500) masl showed maximum mean value of 1000 cherry weight (1989.25ยฑ104.19) gm, Parchment weight(126.5ยฑ2.38)gm, Green bean weight (105ยฑ2.954)gm, Green bean density(687.5 ยฑ8.18)kg/m 3 and Productivity (31.7ยฑ2.69) t/ha whereas minimum mean value of caffeine content (1.0285 ยฑ0.02)%. Maximum preference score (0.772) was observed in coffee sample of highest altitude (1400-1500) masl which was given by a team of five persons of coffee experts and consumers. However the effect of treatment seemed insignificant for parchment recovery. With increasing altitude, attributes that depict the quality and quantity of coffee was found to be increasing except the caffeine content. Hence, the higher altitude range 1200masl and above seemed to be instrumental for quality coffee production.
Image processing and machine learning based Ethiopian Coffee bean varieties .mollayirga2010
ย
The PowerPoint presentation outlines the research titled "Deep-Shallow Framework for automatic identification and classification of Ethiopian Coffee bean varieties using image processing." It discusses the use of hybrid feature mining to enhance accuracy and efficiency in identifying and classifying coffee bean varieties.
The Effects of Segmentation Techniques in Digital Image Based Identification ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
ย
This paper presents the effects of segmentation techniques in the identification of Ethiopian
coffee variety. In Ethiopia, coffee varieties are classified based on their growing region. The most widely
coffee growing regions in Ethiopia are Bale, Harar, Jimma, Limu, Sidamo and Welega. Coffee beans of
these regions very in color shape and texture. We investigated various segmentation techniques for
efficient coffee beans variety identification system. Images of six different coffee beans varieties in Oromia
and Southern Ethiopia were acquired and analyzed. For this study Otsu, Fuzzy-C-Means (FCM) and Kmeans
segmentation techniques are considered. For classification of the varieties of Ethiopian coffee
beans back propagation neural network (BPNN) is used. From the experiment 94.54% accuracy is
achieved when BPNN is used on FCM segmentation technique.
A MACHINE LEARNING METHOD FOR PREDICTION OF YOGURT QUALITY AND CONSUMERS PREF...mlaij
ย
Prediction of quality and consumersโ preferences is essential task for food producers to improve their
market share and reduce any gap in food safety standards. In this paper, we develop a machine learning
method to predict yogurt preferences based on the sensory attributes and analysis of samplesโ images
using image processing texture and color feature extraction techniques. We compare three unsupervised
ML feature selection techniques (Principal Component Analysis and Independent Component Analysis and
t-distributed Stochastic Neighbour Embedding) with one supervised ML feature selection technique
(Linear Discriminant Analysis) in terms of accuracy of classification. Results show the efficiency of the
supervised ML feature selection technique over the traditional feature selection techniques.
A MACHINE LEARNING METHOD FOR PREDICTION OF YOGURT QUALITY AND CONSUMERS PREF...mlaij
ย
Prediction of quality and consumersโ preferences is essential task for food producers to improve their
market share and reduce any gap in food safety standards. In this paper, we develop a machine learning
method to predict yogurt preferences based on the sensory attributes and analysis of samplesโ images
using image processing texture and color feature extraction techniques. We compare three unsupervised
ML feature selection techniques (Principal Component Analysis and Independent Component Analysis and
t-distributed Stochastic Neighbour Embedding) with one supervised ML feature selection technique
(Linear Discriminant Analysis) in terms of accuracy of classification. Results show the efficiency of the
supervised ML feature selection technique over the traditional feature selection techniques.
Abstract
Spectroscopy and its imaging techniques are now popular methods for quantitative and qualitative analysis in fields such as agricultural products and foods, and combined with various chemometric methods. In fact, this is the application basis for spectroscopy and spectral imaging techniques in other fields such as genetics and transgenic monitoring. To date, there has been considerable research using spectroscopy and its imaging techniques (especially NIR spectroscopy, hyperspectral imaging) for the effective identification of agricultural products and foods. There have been few comprehensive reviews that cover the use of spectroscopic and imaging methods in the identification of genetically modified organisms. Therefore, this paper focuses on the application of NIR spectroscopy and its imaging techniques (including NIR spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging techniques) in transgenic agricultural product and food detection and compares them with traditional detection methods. A large number of studies have shown that the application of NIR spectroscopy and imaging techniques in the detection of genetically modified foods is effective when compared to conventional approaches such as polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Keywords: chemometric analysis; transgenic agricultural products and foods; near-infrared spectroscopy; hyperspectral imaging
1. Introduction
Currently, genetics is widely used in various science fields. Transgenic technology is used to transfer the genes with known functional traits, such as high yield, resistance to disease and insects, and improvement of nutritional quality, into the target organism through modern scientific and technological means, so that new varieties and products are produced by adding new functional characteristics to the recipient organism. Many countries regard transgenic technology as a strategic choice to support development. Transgenics has become a strategic focus for countries to seize the commanding heights of science and technology, and to enhance the international competitiveness of agriculture.
At present, applications of transgenic technology in various fields, including to improve crops, produce vaccines, food, etc., are experiencing a very high growth rate. As a result, genetically modified (GM) production is increasing on the global market. Genetically modified crops are cultivated in 29 countries, with an area under cultivation of 190.4 million hectares [1]. Although GM crops have advantages such as insect resistance, weed resistance, disease resistance, improved nutritional value, and increased yield [2], the use of GM technology may have unintended negative effects on food and environmental safety, and therefore, GM foods have been severely restricted in most parts of the world due to legal pressure from regulatory agencies to control the production of GM products. Thus, it is a very necessary and important task to identify GM products.
Today, several me
Identification of Cocoa Pods with Image Processing and Artificial Neural Netw...IJAEMSJORNAL
ย
Cocoa pods harvest is a process where peasant makes use of his experience to select the ripe fruit. During harvest, the color of the pods is a ripening indicator and is related to the quality of the cocoa bean. This paper proposes an algorithm capable of identifying ripe cocoa pods through the processing of images and artificial neural networks. The input image pass in a sequence of filters and morphological transformations to obtain the features of objects present in the image. From these features, the artificial neural network identifies ripe pods. The neural network is trained using the scaled conjugate gradient method. The proposed algorithm, developed in MATLAB ยฎ, obtained a 91% of assertiveness in the identification of the pods. Features used to identify the pods were not affected by the capture distance of the image. The criterion for selecting pods can be modified to get similar samples with each other. For correct identification of the pods, it is necessary to take care of illumination and shadows in the images. In the same way, for accurate discrimination, the morphology of the pod was important.
SADCNN-ORBM: a hybrid deep learning model based citrus disease detection and ...IJECEIAES
ย
Citrus disease has a significant influence on agricultural productivity these days, so technology based on artificial intelligence has been developed for creating computer vision (CV) models. By spotting disease in its early stages and enabling necessary productivity actions, CV in agriculture improves the production of agricultural goods. In this paper, we developed a CV-based citrus disease detection model called the self-attention dilated convolutional neural networkโoptimized restricted Boltzmann machine (SADCNNORBM) model, which consists of two crucial parts: a SADCNN for disease segmentation and an ORBM optimized by the self-adaptive coati optimization (SACO) algorithm to improve the classification performance of diseases, which successfully divides the disease type into three groups: anthracnose, melanose, and brown spot. Numerous feature sets, such as texture features, three-channel red, green, blue (RGB) features, local binary pattern (LBP) features, and speeded-up robust features (SURF) features, are combined and given as input into the classification layer in the proposed model. We compare our proposed model's performance with existing methods by using several evaluation metrics. The findings demonstrate the SADCNN-ORBM model's superiority in precisely recognizing and classifying citrus illnesses, outperforming all available techniques.
Robusta coffee leaf diseases detection based on MobileNetV2 modelIJECEIAES
ย
Indonesia is a major exporter and producer of coffee, and coffee cultivation adds to the nation's economy. Despite this, coffee remains vulnerable to several plant diseases that may result in significant financial losses for the agricultural industry. Traditionally, plant diseases are detected by expert observation with the naked eye. Traditional methods for managing such diseases are arduous, time-consuming, and costly, especially when dealing with expansive territories. Using a model based on transfer learning and deep learning model, we present in this study a technique for classifying Robusta coffee leaf disease photos into healthy and unhealthy classes. The MobileNetV2 network serves as the model since its network design is simple. Therefore, it is likely that the suggested approach will be deployed further on mobile devices. In addition, the transfer learning and experimental learning paradigms. Because it is such a lightweight net, the MobileNetV2 system serves as the foundational model. Results on Robusta coffee leaf disease datasets indicate that the suggested technique can achieve a high level of accuracy, up to 99.93%. The accuracy of other architectures besides MobileNetV2 such as DenseNet169 is 99.74%, ResNet50 architecture is 99.41%, and InceptionResNetV2 architecture is 99.09%.
Optical fiber tip sensor for glucose-adulterated honey detectionTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
ย
This document describes research on developing an optical fiber tip sensor to detect adulterated honey. Specifically:
1. The sensor uses a standard single mode fiber tip to measure the refractive index of honey samples adulterated with different percentages of glucose (0-40%).
2. Testing found the sensor achieved an average sensitivity of 0.29 dBm/% with a linear regression value of 0.97 when measuring adulterated honey samples.
3. The sensor works by measuring changes in Fresnel reflection at the fiber tip interface caused by variations in the refractive index of different adulterated honey solutions.
This document discusses a study on the effects of civet coffee isolate concentration and fermentation time on the protein profiles of Robusta coffee. Robusta coffee beans were fermented in vitro using different concentrations of civet coffee microbial isolates from feces and incubation times ranging from 24 to 60 hours. The protein concentration and molecular weight profiles of the fermented coffee beans were then analyzed. The results showed that the protein concentration decreased with longer fermentation times and higher isolate concentrations, with the lowest concentration at 50.95 ฮผg/mL after 60 hours of fermentation with the highest isolate concentration. The number of protein bands also increased with higher isolate concentrations.
Two degree of freedom PID based inferential control of continuous bioreactor ...ISA Interchange
ย
This article presents the development of inferential control scheme based on Adaptive linear neural network (ADALINE) soft sensor for the control of fermentation process. The ethanol concentration of bioreactor is estimated from temperature pro๏ฌle of the process using soft sensor. The prediction accuracy of ADALINE is enhanced by retraining it with immediate past measurements. The ADALINE and retrained ADALINE are used along with PID and 2-DOF-PID leading to APID, A2PID, RAPID and RA2PID inferential controllers. Further the parameters of 2-DOF-PID are optimized using Non-dominated sorted genetic algorithm-II and used with retrained ADALINE soft sensor which leads to RAN2PID inferential controller. Simulation results demonstrate that performance of proposed RAN2PID controller is better in comparison to other designed controllers in terms of qualitative and quantitative performance indices.
The effects of multiple layers feed-forward neural network transfer function ...IJECEIAES
ย
In the area of machine learning performance analysis is the major task in order to get a better performance both in training and testing model. In addition, performance analysis of machine learning techniques helps to identify how the machine is performing on the given input and also to find any improvements needed to make on the learning model. Feed-forward neural network (FFNN) has different area of applications, but the epoch convergences of the network differs from the usage of transfer function. In this study, to build the model for classification and moisture prediction of soil, rectified linear units (ReLU), Sigmoid, hyperbolic tangent (Tanh) and Gaussian transfer function of feed-forward neural network had been analyzed to identify an appropriate transfer function. Color, texture, shape and brisk local feature descriptor are used as a feature vector of FFNN in the input layer and 4 hidden layers were considered in this study. In each hidden layer 26 neurons are used. From the experiment, Gaussian transfer function outperforms than ReLU, sigmoid and tanh transfer function. But the convergence rate of Gaussian transfer function took more epoch than ReLU, Sigmoid and tanh.
This document describes a proposed method for detecting the quality of vegetables using artificial neural networks (ANN) and image processing techniques. The key steps are:
1) Capturing images of vegetable samples and extracting features like color, shape, and size.
2) Training an ANN model on the extracted features to classify vegetable quality.
3) Testing the ability of the trained ANN to detect vegetable quality by inputting new sample images and extracted features.
The goal is to use ANN to more accurately classify vegetable quality based on color, shape, and size features, as compared to traditional human inspection methods. The proposed system aims to overcome issues with manual techniques by automating the quality detection process.
IRJET- Identify Quality Index of the Fruit Vegetable by Non Destructive or wi...IRJET Journal
ย
This document presents a literature review and proposed system for identifying the quality of fruits and vegetables using non-destructive image processing techniques. It discusses using computer vision algorithms like filtering, segmentation, feature extraction and classification to analyze images of fruits and determine quality metrics like size, shape, color and defects. The proposed system would capture images, preprocess them, extract features and classify fruits as good or defective quality without damaging the fruits. This could help automate quality inspection and grading of agricultural produce.
This document summarizes a study comparing the life cycle assessment of traditional, semi-mechanized, and mechanized sugar beet production systems in Iran. The study developed a life cycle inventory from 93 sugar beet farms to analyze environmental impacts. It found that mechanized sugar beet farms had lower impacts across all categories than traditional and semi-mechanized farms. Irrigation, field emissions, and chemical fertilizer production contributed most to environmental impacts. Results showed environmental impacts in Iran were 2 to 40 times higher than in Switzerland. The study aims to provide a comprehensive inventory to enable life cycle assessments of sugar beet production and identify opportunities to improve environmental and economic sustainability.
This document presents a research project report on the optimization of pectinase production from different organic wastes. The researchers aimed to optimize pectinase production using varying ratios of wheat bran and citrus peels as a substrate for the growth of Aspergillus brasiliensis, a microbe responsible for pectinase production. They extracted pectinase from cultures using orange, mausambi, and keenuh peels mixed with wheat bran in ratios of 1:2, 1:3, and 3:4. The enzyme activity of extracted pectinase was determined using a dinitrosalicylic acid assay to estimate reducing sugars formed after pectin breakdown. The highest p
Digital image processing methods for estimating leaf area of cucumber plantsnooriasukmaningtyas
ย
Increasingly emerging technologies in agriculture such as computer vision, artificial intelligence technology, not only make it possible to increase production. To minimize the negative impact on climate and the environment but also to conserve resources. A key task of these technologies is to monitor the growth of plants online with a high accuracy rate and in non-destructive manners. It is known that leaf area (LA) is one of the most important growth indexes in plant growth monitoring system. Unfortunately, to estimate the LA in natural outdoor scenes (the presence of occlusion or overlap area) with a high accuracy rate is not easy and it still remains a big challenge in eco-physiological studies. In this paper, two accurate and non-destructive approaches for estimating the LA were proposed with top-view and side-view images, respectively. The proposed approaches successfully extract the skeleton of cucumber plants in red, green, and blue (RGB) images and estimate the LA of cucumber plants with high precision. The results were validated by comparing with manual measurements. The experimental results of our proposed algorithms achieve 97.64% accuracy in leaf segmentation, and the relative error in LA estimation varies from 3.76% to 13.00%, which could meet the requirements of plant growth monitoring systems.
An evaluation of machine learning algorithms coupled to an electronic olfact...IJECEIAES
ย
The aim of this investigatation is to compare the utility of machine learning algorithms in distinguishing between untreated and processed mint beside in predicting the spray day of the insecticide. Within seven days, mint treated samples with the malathion insecticide are collected, and their aromas are Studied using a laboratory-manufactured sensor array system based on commercial metallic semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors. To distinguish the mint type, some results of machine learning algorithms were compared to know the decision trees (DT), Naive Bayes, support vector machines (SVM), and ensemble classifier. Furthermore, to predict the treatment day support vector machines regression (SVMR) and partial least squares regression (PLSR) were compared. Regarding the best results, in the discrimination case, a success rate of 92.9% was achieved by the ensemble classifier while in the prediction case, a correlation coefficient of R=0.82 was reached by the SVMR. Good results are achieved if the right gas sensor array system is designed and realized coupled with a good choice of the appropriate machine learning algorithms.
Suitability analysis of rice varieties using learning vector quantization and...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
ย
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the suitability of different rice varieties for cultivation using remote sensing images and machine learning. The study used Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ), a neural network method, to classify images based on extracted features like NDVI, NDSI, NDWI and BI. The study aimed to determine the best combination of these features and LVQ hyperparameters to accurately classify images as suitable for one of three superior rice varieties: INPARA, INPARI or INPAGO. The results found that NDWI and BI standard deviation provided the best features, with a learning rate of 0.001 and epsilon of 0.1 achieving 56% accuracy in variety classification.
Foliage Measurement Using Image Processing TechniquesIJTET Journal
ย
Automatic detection of fruit and leaf diseases is essential to automatically detect the symptoms of diseases as early as they appear on the growing stage. This system helps to detect the diseases on fruit during farming , right from plan and easily monitoring the diseases of grapes leaf and apple fruit. By using this system we can avoid the economical loss due to various diseases in agriculture production. K-means clustering technique is used for segmentation. The features are extracted from the segmented image and artificial neural network is used for training the image database and classified their performance to the respective disease categories. The experimental results express that what type of disease can be affected in the fruit and leaf .
Amazon products reviews classification based on machine learning, deep learni...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
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In recent times, the trend of online shopping through e-commerce stores and websites has grown to a huge extent. Whenever a product is purchased on an e-commerce platform, people leave their reviews about the product. These reviews are very helpful for the store owners and the productโs manufacturers for the betterment of their work process as well as product quality. An automated system is proposed in this work that operates on two datasets D1 and D2 obtained from Amazon. After certain preprocessing steps, N-gram and word embedding-based features are extracted using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), bag of words (BoW) and global vectors (GloVe), and Word2vec, respectively. Four machine learning (ML) models support vector machines (SVM), logistic regression (RF), logistic regression (LR), multinomial Naรฏve Bayes (MNB), two deep learning (DL) models convolutional neural network (CNN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and standalone bidirectional encoder representations (BERT) are used to classify reviews as either positive or negative. The results obtained by the standard ML, DL models and BERT are evaluated using certain performance evaluation measures. BERT turns out to be the best-performing model in the case of D1 with an accuracy of 90% on features derived by word embedding models while the CNN provides the best accuracy of 97% upon word embedding features in the case of D2. The proposed model shows better overall performance on D2 as compared to D1.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
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In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
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Abstract
Spectroscopy and its imaging techniques are now popular methods for quantitative and qualitative analysis in fields such as agricultural products and foods, and combined with various chemometric methods. In fact, this is the application basis for spectroscopy and spectral imaging techniques in other fields such as genetics and transgenic monitoring. To date, there has been considerable research using spectroscopy and its imaging techniques (especially NIR spectroscopy, hyperspectral imaging) for the effective identification of agricultural products and foods. There have been few comprehensive reviews that cover the use of spectroscopic and imaging methods in the identification of genetically modified organisms. Therefore, this paper focuses on the application of NIR spectroscopy and its imaging techniques (including NIR spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging techniques) in transgenic agricultural product and food detection and compares them with traditional detection methods. A large number of studies have shown that the application of NIR spectroscopy and imaging techniques in the detection of genetically modified foods is effective when compared to conventional approaches such as polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Keywords: chemometric analysis; transgenic agricultural products and foods; near-infrared spectroscopy; hyperspectral imaging
1. Introduction
Currently, genetics is widely used in various science fields. Transgenic technology is used to transfer the genes with known functional traits, such as high yield, resistance to disease and insects, and improvement of nutritional quality, into the target organism through modern scientific and technological means, so that new varieties and products are produced by adding new functional characteristics to the recipient organism. Many countries regard transgenic technology as a strategic choice to support development. Transgenics has become a strategic focus for countries to seize the commanding heights of science and technology, and to enhance the international competitiveness of agriculture.
At present, applications of transgenic technology in various fields, including to improve crops, produce vaccines, food, etc., are experiencing a very high growth rate. As a result, genetically modified (GM) production is increasing on the global market. Genetically modified crops are cultivated in 29 countries, with an area under cultivation of 190.4 million hectares [1]. Although GM crops have advantages such as insect resistance, weed resistance, disease resistance, improved nutritional value, and increased yield [2], the use of GM technology may have unintended negative effects on food and environmental safety, and therefore, GM foods have been severely restricted in most parts of the world due to legal pressure from regulatory agencies to control the production of GM products. Thus, it is a very necessary and important task to identify GM products.
Today, several me
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This document discusses a study on the effects of civet coffee isolate concentration and fermentation time on the protein profiles of Robusta coffee. Robusta coffee beans were fermented in vitro using different concentrations of civet coffee microbial isolates from feces and incubation times ranging from 24 to 60 hours. The protein concentration and molecular weight profiles of the fermented coffee beans were then analyzed. The results showed that the protein concentration decreased with longer fermentation times and higher isolate concentrations, with the lowest concentration at 50.95 ฮผg/mL after 60 hours of fermentation with the highest isolate concentration. The number of protein bands also increased with higher isolate concentrations.
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Foliage Measurement Using Image Processing TechniquesIJTET Journal
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Automatic detection of fruit and leaf diseases is essential to automatically detect the symptoms of diseases as early as they appear on the growing stage. This system helps to detect the diseases on fruit during farming , right from plan and easily monitoring the diseases of grapes leaf and apple fruit. By using this system we can avoid the economical loss due to various diseases in agriculture production. K-means clustering technique is used for segmentation. The features are extracted from the segmented image and artificial neural network is used for training the image database and classified their performance to the respective disease categories. The experimental results express that what type of disease can be affected in the fruit and leaf .
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A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is where one or more computers attack or target a server computer, by flooding internet traffic to the server. As a result, the server cannot be accessed by legitimate users. A result of this attack causes enormous losses for a company because it can reduce the level of user trust, and reduce the companyโs reputation to lose customers due to downtime. One of the services at the application layer that can be accessed by users is a web-based lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) service that can provide safe and easy services to access directory applications. We used a deep learning approach to detect DDoS attacks on the CICDDoS 2019 dataset on a complex computer network at the application layer to get fast and accurate results for dealing with unbalanced data. Based on the results obtained, it is observed that DDoS attack detection using a deep learning approach on imbalanced data performs better when implemented using synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) method for binary classes. On the other hand, the proposed deep learning approach performs better for detecting DDoS attacks in multiclass when implemented using the adaptive synthetic (ADASYN) method.
The appearance of uncertainties and disturbances often effects the characteristics of either linear or nonlinear systems. Plus, the stabilization process may be deteriorated thus incurring a catastrophic effect to the system performance. As such, this manuscript addresses the concept of matching condition for the systems that are suffering from miss-match uncertainties and exogeneous disturbances. The perturbation towards the system at hand is assumed to be known and unbounded. To reach this outcome, uncertainties and their classifications are reviewed thoroughly. The structural matching condition is proposed and tabulated in the proposition 1. Two types of mathematical expressions are presented to distinguish the system with matched uncertainty and the system with miss-matched uncertainty. Lastly, two-dimensional numerical expressions are provided to practice the proposed proposition. The outcome shows that matching condition has the ability to change the system to a design-friendly model for asymptotic stabilization.
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Evaluation of the weighted-overlap add model with massive MIMO in a 5G systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
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The flaw in 5G orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) becomes apparent in high-speed situations. Because the doppler effect causes frequency shifts, the orthogonality of OFDM subcarriers is broken, lowering both their bit error rate (BER) and throughput output. As part of this research, we use a novel design that combines massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and weighted overlap and add (WOLA) to improve the performance of 5G systems. To determine which design is superior, throughput and BER are calculated for both the proposed design and OFDM. The results of the improved system show a massive improvement in performance ver the conventional system and significant improvements with massive MIMO, including the best throughput and BER. When compared to conventional systems, the improved system has a throughput that is around 22% higher and the best performance in terms of BER, but it still has around 25% less error than OFDM.
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Computer vision for purity, phenol, and pH detection of Luwak Coffee green bean
1. TELKOMNIKA, Vol.17, No.6, December 2019, pp.3073~3085
ISSN: 1693-6930, accredited First Grade by Kemenristekdikti, Decree No: 21/E/KPT/2018
DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v17i6.12689 โผ 3073
Received March 15, 2019; Revised July 2, 2019; Accepted July 18, 2019
Computer vision for purity, phenol, and pH detection
of Luwak Coffee green bean
Yusuf Hendrawan*1
, Shinta Widyaningtyas2
, Sucipto Sucipto3
1
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Technology Faculty, Universitas Brawijaya,
Veteran St., Malang, Indonesia, telp/fax: +62-341-580106/+62-341-568917
2
Department of Agroindustrial Technology, Agricultural Technology Faculty, Universitas Brawijaya,
Veteran St., Malang, Indonesia
3
Halal and Qualified Industry Development (HAL-Q ID), Universitas Brawijaya,
Veteran St., Malang, Indonesia
*Corresponding author, e-mail: yusufhendrawan@gmail.com1
,
shintawidya1435@gmail.com2
, ciptotip@ub.ac.id3
Abstract
Computer vision as a non-invasive bio-sensing method provided opportunity to detect purity, total
phenol, and pH in Luwak coffee green bean. This study aimed to obtain the best Artificial Neural Network
(ANN) model to detect the percentage of purity, total phenol, and pH on Luwak coffee green bean by using
color features (red-green-blue, gray, hue-saturation-value, hue-saturation-lightness, L*a*b*), and Haralick
textural features with color co-occurrence matrix including entropy, energy, contrast, homogeneity, sum
mean, variance, correlation, maximum probability, inverse difference moment, and cluster tendency.
The best ANN structure was (5 inputs; 30 nodes in hidden layer 1; 40 nodes in hidden layer 2; and 3
outputs) which had training mean square error (MSE) of 0.0085 and validation MSE of 0.0442.
Keywords: artificial neural network, computer vision, Luwak coffee
Copyright ยฉ 2019 Universitas Ahmad Dahlan. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
In the last two decades, global coffee consumption growth has continued to grow, as
driven by coffee-based products and beverage formulations and the increasing number of
coffee shops [1]. One type of coffee, known to be expensive and rare in the world is Luwak
(civet) coffee [2]. As a high-priced commodity, Luwak coffee is prone to be mixed with regular
coffee beans. At present, an internationally recognized method of distinguishing Luwak and
regular coffee, remains unnoticed. This, therefore gives the opportunity to design a simple, fast,
accurate, and non-destructive equipment, capable of detecting the percentage of mixed portion
between Luwak coffee and regular coffee. The study results of Jumhawan [3] found out that
the tastes of roasted Luwak coffee and regular roasted coffee are citric acid and malic acid.
Research on the Luwak coffee green bean has never been conducted, albeit about 75% of
Indonesian coffee exports are in the form of green bean. In addition to detecting Luwak coffee
mixtures in regular coffee, this study also measures total phenol as an antioxidant and pH to
measure the coffee acidity. Coffee becomes a source of antioxidants to ward off free radicals
that are beneficial for health. The largest antioxidant component in coffee is phenol [4, 5]. At
present, consumption of green bean extract becomes a new trend due to its low calorie
content [6]. Measuring total phenol in green bean, helps measure the antioxidant activity. In
addition, coffee has an acidic taste that is identical to its pH content. The trend of consuming
green beans extract requires a study of pH, due to consumer sensitivity of coffee acidity,
especially in arabica coffee. This research is utilized as one of the stages in designing tools for
coffee inspection. Computer vision technology has been widely applied in identifying and
copying coffee as an example of research as conducted by Oliveira [7], applying computer
vision and computational intelligence to classify green bean coffee. The results show the
performance of computer vision which achieves classification accuracy of up to 100%.
Nansen [8] applied computer vision by using hyperspectral imaging to identify commercial
roasted coffee brands based on their quality. Caporaso [9] detect moisture content in single
green bean coffee by using computer vision. The results show optimal results for moisture
2. โผ ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Vol. 17, No. 6, December 2019: 3073-3085
3074
content detection in single green bean coffee and successfully classify the types of coffee
(Arabica and Robusta). Navarro [10] employed digital imaging technology to model the quality of
coffee during the roasting process. The results present good performance in using a
combination of digital imaging with adaptive network based fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) to
monitor coffee color during the roasting process. The use of artificial intelligent modeling such
as artificial neural network (ANN) has been successfully applied in various coffee identification
studies [11, 12]. However, there have been no studies that have observed light computer vision
and artificial intelligent modeling performance to identify the purity of green bean coffee for
Luwak coffee type.
Image analysis is identified as a fast, non-destructive and low-cost method for
assessing the quality of food products [13, 14]. According to Patel [15], machine vision
development is based on the inspection of the food quality and agricultural products,
unfortunately faced several obstacles which later requires such an accurate, fast and objective
technique in determining the quality of the measured material. This technology appears in
the development of automated machinery in the agriculture and food industries [16]. Several
studies [17-20] depict optimal results in machine vision application when using a combination of
ANN modeling with color features (RGB, grey, HSL, HSV, L*a*b*) and Haralick textural
feature [21].
In this study, the green bean image data as derived from a mixture of Luwak coffee and
regular coffee are identified by using color features, such as: Red(RGB), Green(RGB), Blue(RGB),
grey, Hue, Saturation(HSL), Lightness(HSL), Saturation(HSV), Value(HSV), L*, a*, b*, and textural
features in each type of color (including entropy, energy, contrast, homogeneity, sum mean,
variance, correlation, maximum probability, inverse different moment and cluster tendency).
In addition, all the color and textural features in this study to select the best feature-subset
combination are classified by using the feature selection method (filter method) before being
used as input in ANN modeling. The selected color and textural features are then modeled by
using ANN to estimate the percentage of pH, total phenol and purity of Luwak coffee with
the lowest parameter value of Mean Square Error (MSE).
2. Research Method
This study utilizes green bean of arabica Luwak (civet) coffee and regular arabica
coffee from Indonesian Plantation Company (PT Perkebunan Nusantara XII), Banyuwangi,
Indonesia. Arabica Luwak coffee used in the research is Longan Luwak coffee. Regular arabica
coffee is processed by using wet processing method. The tool for capturing pictures is digital
camera (with specification of: Nikon Coolpix A10, 16 megapixels, Japan) placed in a black box,
with the background of black surface, with constant fluorescent lighting and evenly distributed
throughout the green bean coffee surface, and directly placed under a vertically mounted
camera. The image data processing tool applies an Intel (R) Core (TM) i3 of 32 bit CPU
computer 2.10 Ghz. Software used is by Windows 7 32 bit Operating System, with a self-built
visual basic 6.0 based color and textural analysis software, equipped with Waikato Environment
for Knowledge Analysis (WEKA) 3.8 [22], and with Matlab R2012a [23]. Green bean with
a predetermined percentage, is placed on a platform with an area of 256 cm2. The image format
used is a bitmap. The image acquisition design is depicted in Figure 1. This study utilizes
the green bean of arabica Luwak coffee and regular arabica coffee as the research object.
Each data collection is gathered by using 160 coffee beans, while calculating the percentage of
the mixture is performed in unit of seeds. Mixed proportions consist of: 0%, 10%, 30%, 40%,
50%, 70%, 90%, and 100% of Luwak coffee as shown in Figure 2. Total phenol test was
measured using the Folin Ciocalteu method [24]. The pH measurement was carried out on
coffee extract using a pH meter.
The image is converted from RGB colour space to grey, HSL, HSV and L*a*b* colour
spaces [25]. The result of feature extraction is the color co-occurrence matrix (CCM) in each
color group (Red(RGB), Green(RGB), Blue(RGB), grey, Hue, Saturation(HSL), Lightness(HSL),
Saturation(HSV), Value(HSV), L*, a*, and b*). AlQaisi [26] developed different methods used to
extract texture features from a color image. Texture values extracted in each type of color based
on Haralickโs texture analysis. The results of image data acquisition produce the 120 color and
textural features. Haralickโs textural equations are as follows:
3. TELKOMNIKA ISSN: 1693-6930 โผ
Computer vision for purity, phenol, and pH detection of Luwak Coffee... (Yusuf Hendrawan)
3075
๐ธ๐๐๐๐๐ฆ = โ โ ๐2[๐, ๐]
๐
๐
๐
๐
(1)
๐ธ๐๐ก๐๐๐๐ฆ = โ โ โ ๐2[๐, ๐]
๐
๐
๐
๐
(2)
๐ถ๐๐๐ก๐๐๐ ๐ก = โ โ(๐ โ ๐)2
๐[๐, ๐]
๐
๐
๐
๐
(3)
๐ป๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ก๐ฆ = โ โ
๐[๐, ๐]
1 + |๐ โ ๐|
๐
๐
๐
๐
(4)
๐ผ๐๐ฃ๐๐๐ ๐ ๐ท๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ก = โ โ
๐[๐, ๐]
|๐ โ ๐| ๐
๐ โ ๐
๐
๐
๐
๐
(5)
๐ถ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ก๐๐๐ = โ โ
(๐ โ ๐)(๐ โ ๐)๐[๐, ๐]
๐2
๐
๐
๐
๐
(6)
๐๐ข๐ ๐๐๐๐ =
1
2
โ โ(๐๐[๐, ๐] + ๐๐[๐, ๐])
๐
๐
๐
๐
(7)
๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ =
1
2
โ โ((๐ โ ๐)2
๐[๐, ๐] + (๐ โ ๐)2
๐[๐, ๐])
๐
๐
๐
๐
(8)
๐ถ๐๐ข๐ ๐ก๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ฆ = โ โ(๐ + ๐ โ 2๐) ๐
๐[๐, ๐]
๐
๐
๐
๐
(9)
๐๐๐ฅ๐๐๐ข๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ก๐ฆ =
NM
ji
Max
,
,
๐[๐, ๐] (10)
where: P(i,j) is the (i,j)th element of a normalized co-occurrence matrix, and ฮผ and ฯ are
the mean and standard deviation of the pixel element given by the following relationships:
๐[๐, ๐] =
๐(๐, ๐)
๐
(11)
๐ = โ ๐ โ ๐[๐, ๐]
๐
๐
๐
๐
(12)
๐ = โ(๐ โ ๐)2
โ ๐[๐, ๐]
๐
๐
๐
๐
(13)
where: N(i,j) is the number counts in the image with pixel intensity i followed by pixel
intensity j at one pixel displacement to the left, and M is the total number of pixels.
ANN topology optimization is conducted by using Matlab R2012a software. The results
of data acquisition of digital image processing methods obtaine 528 images at a predetermined
percentage. Image data is divided into 66.67% as training data and 33.33% as validation data.
The distribution of training data and validation data is the initial stage in ANN [27]. Training data
is applied to update weights, biases and study data patterns. The accuracy of the model uses
validation data to find out the ability of the network to identify new data patterns [28]. ANN
4. โผ ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Vol. 17, No. 6, December 2019: 3073-3085
3076
modeling applies the backpropagation neural network (BPNN) algorithm, which is a popular
algorithm, widely used in ANN [29, 30]. Before performing ANN modeling, input and output data
are normalized to range of -1 and 1.
Input layers include colors and textural features. The output layer expresses
the percentage of purity, total phenol and pH in Luwak coffee. Designing the best ANN topology
is accomplished through sensitivity analysis with a variety of learning functions; activation
function; learning rate and momentum (0.1, 0.5, 0.9); hidden layer (1, 2); hidden layer node (10,
20, 30, 40) with the lowest validation of MSE parameter. This study formulates the 3 activation
functions i.e. purelin, tansig, and logsig [31].
Figure 1. Design of image acquisition system
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(e) (f) (g) (h)
Figure 2. Mixture of Luwak (civet) coffee and regular coffee:
(a) 0%; (b) 10%; (c) 30%; (d) 40%; (e) 50%; (f) 70%; (g) 90%; (h) 100%
3. Results and Analysis
The feature extraction results in 120 colors and textural features which represent
information related to the image (a mixture of Luwak coffee and regular green bean in various
percentages). The main problem emerges that not all color and textural features are capable of
predicting dependent variable or objective function. This stage is intended to find out
the features affecting either dependent variable or objective function. Feature selection is
conducted by preprocessing data in data mining. Selection of features becomes an important
stage to speed up the modeling process and to facilitate the design of tools. The main purpose
of feature selection is to prevent overfitting, as characterized by high MSE validation; to reduce
training time and to improve model accuracy [32-34]. The research results of the Karabulut [35]
presented that feature selection might increase accuracy by 15.55% in ANN, Naive Bayes, and
J48 Decision Tree modeling. This study employs 6 attribute evaluators, such as: Cfs Subset,
Correlation Attribute, One R Attribute, ReliefF, Gain Ratio Attribute, and Gain Info Attribute. This
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study applies filter model to find out the feature selection. The filter model which is fast and
simple, assesses relevant features by knowing the intrinsic nature of data. Filter method
algorithms rank features based on their proximity to the class. The filter method has
the advantages of being a fast and simple computing method [36, 37].
The feature selection output for digital image data is in the top 10 rank for efficiency and
simplification of ANN input. After obtaining the top 10 rank, the input data is then modeled by
using ANN to select the input which produces the lowest MSE validation. ANN structures used
are: the 40 nodes in 1st hidden layer and 40 nodes in 2nd hidden layer; activation function used
in hidden layer and output layer was tansig; trainlm as learning function; learning rate of 0.1 and
momentum of 0.9.
Table 1 shows the Red(RGB) sum mean, which has a strong correlation with
the percentage of regular coffee mixtures in Luwak coffee weighing of 0.23599. After obtaining
the weights and ratings, the data in Table 1 are modeled by using ANN to find out features
which can predict total phenol, pH, and the percentage of regular coffee mixes in Luwak coffee
with the lowest MSE validation parameter. ANN output for digital image data feature selection in
Table 2 shows that when the 120 color and textural features are used as ANN inputs, there is
no value due to network errors. This is due to incompatibility of the trainlm learning function with
the amount of input data. Thus, feature selection remains necessary to be performed.
The results of feature selection, present 5 data inputs correlating with the percentage of
regular coffee mixes in Luwak coffee. The five data results from feature selection are labeled as
texture features. Extraction of image features is based on CCM. The frequently applied
conventional method in texture analysis is the gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM), which is
a popular method for representing texture features as developed by Harralick.
Figure 3 depicts the relationship of regular coffee mixture percentage in Luwak coffee
with Red(RGB) sum mean. The results show that the Red(RGB) sum mean decreases along with
the increasing percentage of Luwak coffee. The value of the textural feature Red(RGB) sum mean
states the average number of red values in the image (the higher the value of Red(RGB) sum
mean, the average number of reds in the textural feature will be greater). Figure 3 shows
the textural feature Red(RGB) sum mean of 100% Luwak coffee was lower than 0% Luwak coffee.
Figure 4 shows Value(HSV) sum mean in which the value decreases with the increase in
the percentage of Luwak coffee. Textural feature Value(HSV) sum mean value states the average
number of value in the image (the higher the value, the textural feature will be greater).
The texture value states the amount of light received by the eye regardless of the color. This is
in accordance with the color of Luwak coffee and regular coffee which can be observed visually.
Luwak coffee used in the study has a darker color than in regular coffee, affecting the value sum
mean to decrease along with the increase in the percentage of Luwak coffee. Figure 5 shows
Saturation(HSL) sum mean in which the value decreases along with the increase in
the percentage of Luwak coffee. Saturation(HSL) sum mean value states the average number of
saturation value in the image (the higher the value, the greater the amount of saturation).
Figure 6 shows Blue(RGB) variance which decreases with the increase in the percentage of
Luwak coffee. Blue(RGB) variance shows variations in co-occurrence matrix elements. Images
with small color degree transitions will have little variance. If the variance value is high,
the degree of color of the image will spread. Variance is the sum of squares of differences in
intensity among the neighboring pixels. Figure 6 shows that Luwak (civet) coffee green bean
(100%) have a less diffused blue color, while green bean in Luwak coffee (0%) has a diffused
blue color. Figure 7 shows the Hue variance which increases along with the increase in
the percentage of Luwak coffee. From the graph, it is obvious that Luwak coffee (100%) has a
more diffused Hue color than the Luwak coffee (0%).
ANN modeling produces predictive output, weight and bias which is optimal in
estimating the percentage of purity, total phenol and pH. The most important step in designing
ANN structure is the selection of optimal weights and biases among neurons with high
generalizations [38]. The selected ANN struecture is presented in Figure 8. The initial stage in
designing ANN structure is a training error of the learning function. Learning function plays
a role in changing weights and biases during training. ANN modeling results consist of weights
and biases that affect MSE validation. For this reason, a training error of the learning function is
carried out. The research results of Sharma and Venugopulan [39] and Aggarwal and
Rajendra [40] point out that the learning function influences ANN performance.
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Table 1. Feature Selection of Digital Image Data
No. Attribute Evaluator Search Method Image Features Weight Rank
1. Cfs Subset Evaluator Best First Red(RGB) Entropy - 1
Hue Contrast - 2
Hue Inverse - 3
Hue Correlation - 4
Saturation(HSL) Correlation - 5
Saturation(HSV) Correlation - 6
Red(RGB) Sum Mean - 7
Hue Sum Mean - 8
Saturation(HSL) Sum Mean - 9
Saturation(HSV) Sum Mean - 10
Greedy Stepwise Red(RGB) Entropy - 1
Hue Contrast - 2
Hue Inverse - 3
Saturation(HSL) Correlation - 4
Saturation(HSV) Correlation - 5
Red(RGB) Sum Mean - 6
Hue Sum Mean - 7
Saturation(HSL) Sum Mean - 8
Saturation(HSV) Sum Mean - 9
Blue(RGB) Variance - 10
2. Correlation Attribute
Evaluator
Ranker Green(RGB) Sum Mean 0.324 1
Grey Sum Mean 0.324 2
Red(RGB) Sum Mean 0.323 3
Value(HSV) Sum Mean 0.323 4
Lightness(HSL) Sum Mean 0.323 5
L(Lab) Mean 0.318 6
Blue(RGB) Variance 0.317 7
Lightness(HSL) Variance 0.317 8
Blue(RGB) Cluster 0.316 9
Grey Variance 0.316 10
3. One R Attribute Ranker Saturation(HSL) Sum Mean 65.530 1
Hue Homogeneity 61.932 2
Hue Inverse 61.932 3
Hue Energy 61.932 4
Hue Contrast 60.795 5
Hue Sum Mean 60.606 6
Hue Entropy 59.848 7
Hue Variance 57.576 8
Blue(RGB) Variance 56.061 9
Hue Cluster 55.303 10
4. ReliefF Ranker Red(RGB) Sum Mean 0.236 1
Value(HSV) Sum Mean 0.235 2
Saturation(HSL) Sum Mean 0.234 3
Blue(RGB) Variance 0.231 4
Hue Variance 0.231 5
Grey Sum Mean 0.227 6
Lightness(HSL) Variance 0.227 7
Grey Variance 0.225 8
Green(RGB) Variance 0.225 9
Green(RGB) Sum Mean 0.223 10
5. Gain Ratio Attribute
Evaluator
Ranker Grey Sum Mean 0.716 1
Red(RGB) Sum Mean 0.698 2
Lightness(HSL) Sum Mean 0.688 3
Value(HSV) Sum Mean 0.683 4
Green(RGB) Sum Mean 0.682 5
Value(HSV) Variance 0.665 6
Saturation(HSL) Sum Mean 0.663 7
Lightness(HSL) Variance 0.662 8
Grey Variance 0.643 9
Grey Cluster 0.640 10
6. Info Gain Attribute
Evaluator
Ranker Saturation(HSL) Sum Mean 2.082 1
Hue Inverse 2.010 2
Hue Contrast 1.919 3
Hue Energy 1.919 4
Hue Entropy 1.908 5
Hue Homogeneity 1.883 6
Hue Correlation 1.872 7
Hue Sum Mean 1.852 8
Hue Variance 1.838 9
Hue Cluster 1.808 10
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Figure 3. The relationship of Luwak coffee purity to red(RGB) sum mean
Figure 4. Relationship of Luwak coffee purity to value(HSV) sum mean
Figure 5. The relationship of Luwak coffee purity to saturation(HSL) sum mean
Figure 6. Relationship of Luwak coffee purity to blue(RGB) variance
137,86
135,25 134,24 133,72
131,95
128,09
123,22 122,07
0% 10% 30% 40% 50% 70% 90% 100%
Red(RGB)SumMean
Percentage of Civet Coffee
137,54
134,98 133,98 133,49 131,75
127,93
123,11 121,97
0% 10% 30% 40% 50% 70% 90% 100%
Value(HSV)SumMean
Percentage of Civet Coffee
51,74
49,77 49,01
47,88 47,09
44,70
42,47
40,95
0% 10% 30% 40% 50% 70% 90% 100%
Saturation(HSL)Sum
Mean
Percentage of Civet Coffee
889,99 876,28 861,70 857,65
831,06
789,26
717,56
682,41
0% 10% 30% 40% 50% 70% 90% 100%
Blue(RGB)Variance
Percentage of Civet Coffee
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Figure 7. Relationship of luwak (civet) coffee purity to hue variance
Figure 8. ANN structure with 5 selected input parameter images for estimating the percentage of
Luwak (civet) coffee mixture, total phenol and pH
Table 3 presents trainlm as the selected learning function which produces the lowest
MSE validation. Trainlm is a learning function that updates the weights and biases based on
Lavenberg Marquadt optimization. Trainlm is categorized as the fastest algorithm and is
recommended as the first supervision algorithm despite entailing more memory than other
algorithms. Trainlm is proceeded by using Jacobian Matrix calculations, while network
performance is measured from MSE. Trainlm is designed to have a two-level training speed,
which is faster without calculating the Hessian matrix. After obtaining the best learning function
that gives the lowest MSE validation, then training error is managed in the activation function as
illustrated in Table 4.
The results of the training error show that the tansig function in the hidden layer and
purelin in the output layer gives the lowest MSE validation. Purelin activation function is only
used in the output layer. Purelin produces y=x, which cannot solve non-linear problems on
hidden layer nodes. ANN model is identical to finding the relationship of non-linear data
between input and output. For this reason, activation functions such as tansig and logsig are
recommended in the hidden layer. Training error activation function is performed because it
affects MSE validation. Research by Chang and Chung [41] shows that the results of
the sensitivity analysis in the activation function, affect the performance of ANN in producing
266,56
340,99 365,20
412,95 453,30
521,96
614,55 639,29
0% 10% 30% 40% 50% 70% 90% 100%
HueVariance
Percentage of Civet Coffee
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the lowest MSE validation. The unsuitable activation function causes an increase in MSE
validation. After obtaining the best activation function, ANN structure is further designed with a
variety of learning rates, hidden layer nodes, and the number of hidden layers.
Table 5 shows the best structure which is the 5-30-40-3 with learning rate of 0.1 and
momentum of 0.5, which produces MSE validation of 0.0442. Determination of the number of
hidden layer nodes and the number of hidden layers plays as the most important stage in
designing ANN structure. The results show that two hidden layers can predict the output
variable which is better than 1 hidden layer, due to the 2-hidden-layer ability to solve non-linear
problems which is better than 1 hidden layer. However, more hidden layers hinder the computer
running. Therefore, the hidden layer sensitivity analysis is needed. In this study, the maximum
number of hidden layers is determined, as Karsoliya [42] stated that the 2-hidden-layers can
solve non-linear problems. Sensitivity analysis of learning rate and momentum is required
because both of these indicators play a role in changes of weight and bias during training.
Table 3. Training Error based on Learning Function
No. Learning Function
R
training
R
validation
MSE
training
MSE
validation
1. Traincgb (Conjugate Gradient BP with Powell โ Beale Restart) 0.98891 0.98231 0.0100 0.0482
2. Traincgf (Conjugate Gradient BP with Fletcher Reeves Update) 0.98882 0.98849 0.0100 0.0517
3. Traincgp (Conjugate Gradient BP with Polak Ribiere Update) 0.98885 0.98713 0.0100 0.0488
4. Traingd (Gradient Descent BP) 0.98306 0.98884 0.0151 0.0509
5. Traingda (Gradient Descent with Adaptive Learning Rate BP) 0.98302 0.98792 0.0152 0.0518
6. Traingdm (Gradient Descent with Momentum BP) 0.98883 0.98836 0.0096 0.0534
7. Traingdx (Gradient Descent with Momentum Adaptive Learning
Rate BP)
0.98680 0.98876 0.0118 0.0508
8. Trainlm (Lavenberg Marquadt BP) 0.99085 0.98932 0.0092 0.0464
9. Trainoss (One Step Secant BP) 0.98887 0.98772 0.0100 0.0542
10. Trainrp (Resilient BP) 0.98885 0.98729 0.0100 0.0474
11. Trainscg (Scaled Conjugate Gradient BP) 0.98887 0.98650 0.0100 0.0539
Table 4. Training Error based on Activation Function
Learning
function
Activation function
R training R validation
MSE
training
MSE
validation
Hidden
Layer 1
Hidden
Layer 2
Output
Layer
TRAINLM
Tansig Tansig Purelin 0.99085 0.98932 0.0092 0.0464
Tansig Tansig Tansig 0.99085 0.98932 0.0092 0.0579
Tansig Tansig Logsig 0.88223 0.86926 0.2300 0.2671
Logsig Logsig Purelin 0.98915 0.97422 0.0097 0.0596
Logsig Logsig Tansig 0.98925 0.85381 0.0100 0.2136
Logsig Logsig Logsig 0.42882 0.86914 0.3747 0.3791
Table 5. Accuracy and MSE of ANN Performance based on Learning Rate and Momentum
Learning Rate Momentum ANN Structure R training R validation MSE training MSE validation
0.1 0.5 5-30-3 0.98895 0.97281 0.0099 0.0684
5-40-3 0.98900 0.98386 0.0098 0.0445
5-30-30-3 0.99178 0.97802 0.0075 0.0540
5-30-40-3 0.99052 0.97933 0.0085 0.0442
5-40-40-3 0.98894 0.97398 0.0099 0.0516
0.1 0.9 5-30-3 0.98910 0.96839 0.0098 0.0684
5-40-3 0.98896 0.96914 0.0099 0.0546
5-30-30-3 0.98887 0.97890 0.0100 0.0509
5-30-40-3 0.98929 0.98191 0.0096 0.0476
5-40-40-3 0.98894 0.97398 0.0099 0.0516
Figure 9 shows three descriptions, which are: the blue line representing the training,
the blue dashed line representing the best, and the black dashed line representing the goal.
The training shows an iterative relationship to MSE during training. Figure 9 shows decreasing
error along with increasing iteration due to the stable network ability to recognize data patterns.
ANN is a "black box" modeling that is often used in dealing with non-linear problems. ANN has
the ability to learn from iterations, which is widely used in various fields of science.
The advantages of ANN are being able to adopt, study and generalize [43, 44]. The advantages
of ANN are also to quickly and accurately study data patterns compared to conventional
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mathematical modeling [45]. The blue dash line represents the best which shows
the convergent network at iteration 9 and MSE of 0.008536. Figure 9 shows the network
reaching the goal in iteration 9. The maximum number of iterations is 10,000 with a goal of 0.01,
meaning that the training will stop at 10,000 iterations or when the goal has reached 0.01. MSE
validation reaches 0.01 goal because the network is considered accurate in predicting
the objective function or variable โyโ. Setting a MSE goal which is too small, results in overfitting
the model. Determination of the number of iterations and goals are obligatory to avoid overfitting
the model. Overfitting occurs when the model is very exclusive in recognizing training data
patterns affecting the generalization to decrease, as indicated by the high MSE validation.
Figure 9. Relationship of the number of iterations with MSE in the ANN training process for
identification of Luwak (civet) coffee purity
Figure 10 shows a regression plot which has the blue line marking a training simulation
while the red line shows a validation simulation. In the regression plot, the data distribution
training approaches the linear fit line which indicates the prediction is getting closer to the actual
value, as notified from the training R value of 0.99052. The validation regression plot can be
seen from the deviant data distribution points in linear fit, causing a low R validation. The value
of R indicates the correlation between input and output variables. The closer it is to 1,
the correlation becomes stronger. Based on the results of the research, the value of R
approaches 1 indicating that the relationship of textural feature data, which are (Red(RGB) sum
mean, Value(HSV) sum mean, Saturation(HSL) sum mean, Blue(RGB) variance, Hue variance) to
the percentage of total phenol, pH, and Luwak (civet) coffee purity is very strong.
(a) (b)
Figure 10. The regression plot of the simulation results: (a) training data (b) validation data
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4. Conclusion
The detection results of the regular coffee mixes in Luwak (civet) coffee, total phenol
and pH applying the digital images present that the 5 features of the image are selected as ANN
inputs, which are: Red(RGB) sum mean, Value(HSV) sum mean, Saturation(HSL) sum mean,
Blue(RGB) variance, and Hue variance by using the feature selection filter technique with the relief
method. Image data using ANN produces selected structure of 5-30-40-3 (5 inputs, 30 nodes in
1st hidden layer, 40 nodes in 2nd hidden layer, 3 outputs) with a learning rate of 0.1 and
momentum of 0.5 trainlm learning function, tansig activation function in hidden layer and purelin
at the output layer. Selected ANN structure produces R training of 0.99502; R validation of
0.97933 and MSE training of 0.0085; and MSE validation of 0.0442. The results indicate that
digital image processing and ANN model are potential to be a sensor in detecting
the percentage of total phenol, pH, and Luwak coffee purity.
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