Computer hardware servicing nc ii module

Computer Hardware Servicing (Computer Troubleshooting and Networking)
Lecture in Computer Hardware Servicing - 1 -
Introduction to Computers
In this article
• What are computers?
• Types of computers
• What can you do with computers?
Are you new to computers? Do you wonder what they do and why you would want to use one?
Welcome—you're in the right place. This article gives an overview of computers: what they are, the
different types, and what you can do with them.
What are computers?
Computers are machines that perform tasks or calculations according to a set of instructions, or
programs. The first fully electronic computers, introduced in the 1940s, were huge machines that
required teams of people to operate. Compared to those early machines, today's computers are
amazing. Not only are they thousands of times faster, they can fit on your desk, in your lap, or even
in your pocket. (Computer – is an electronic device that helps people performs different tasks.)
Computers work through an interaction of hardware and software. Hardware refers to the parts of a
computer that you can see and touch, including the case and everything inside it. The most
important piece of hardware is a tiny rectangular chip inside your computer called the central processing
unit (CPU), or microprocessor. It's the "brain" of your computer—the part that translates instructions
and performs calculations. Hardware items such as your monitor, keyboard, mouse, printer, and
other components are often called hardware devices, or devices.
Software refers to the instructions, or programs, that tell the hardware what to do. A word processing
program that you can use to write letters on your computer is a type of software. The operating
system (OS) is software that manages your computer and the devices connected to it. Two well-
known operating systems are Windows and Macintosh operating system. Your computer uses the
Windows operating system. (Hardware – All tangible materials that composed your computer while Software –
All programs that composed your computer (intangible)
ENIAC
Introduced in 1946, ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the first general-
purpose electronic computer. It was built for the United States military to calculate the paths of
artillery shells. Physically, ENIAC was enormous, weighing more than 27,000 kilograms (60,000
pounds) and filling a large room. To process data, ENIAC used about 18,000 vacuum tubes, each
the size of a small light bulb. The tubes burned out easily and had to be constantly replaced.
Types of computers
Computers range in size and capability. At one end of the scale are supercomputers, very large
computers with thousands of linked microprocessors that perform extremely complex calculations.

Computer Hardware Servicing (Computer Troubleshooting and Networking
Lecture in Computer Hardware Servicing
At the other end are tiny computers embedded in cars, TVs, stereo systems, calculators, and
appliances. These computers are built to perform a limited number of tasks.
The personal computer, or PC, is designed to be used by one person at a time. Th
the various kinds of personal computers: desktops, laptops, handheld computers, and Tablet PCs.
Four Types of Computer
1. Microcomputer
2. Minicomputer
3. Mainframe
4. Supercomputer
Desktop computers
Desktop computers are designed for use at a desk or table. They are typically larger and more powerful
than other types of personal computers. Desktop computers are made up of separate components.
The main component, called the system unit
desk. Other components, such as the monitor, mouse, and keyboard, connect to the system unit.
Desktop computer
Laptop computers
Laptop computers are lightweight mobile PCs with a thin screen. They are often called
because of their small size. Laptops can operate on batteries, so you can take them anywhere. Unlike
desktops, laptops combine the CPU, screen, and keyboard in a single case. The screen folds down
onto the keyboard when not in use.
Hardware Servicing (Computer Troubleshooting and Networking
appliances. These computers are built to perform a limited number of tasks.
, is designed to be used by one person at a time. This section describes
Four Types of Computer
are designed for use at a desk or table. They are typically larger and more powerful
system unit, is usually a rectangular case that sits on or underneath a
are lightweight mobile PCs with a thin screen. They are often called
onto the keyboard when not in use.
Hardware Servicing (Computer Troubleshooting and Networking)
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is section describes
are designed for use at a desk or table. They are typically larger and more powerful
at sits on or underneath a
are lightweight mobile PCs with a thin screen. They are often called notebook computers

Laptop computer
Handheld computers
Handheld computers, also called personal digital assistants (PDAs)
enough to carry almost anywhere. Although not as powerful as desktops or laptops, handhelds are
useful for scheduling appointments, storing addresses and phone numbers, and playing games. Some
have more advanced capabilities, such as making telephone calls or accessing the Internet. Instead of
keyboards, handhelds have touch screens that you use with your finger or a
pointing tool).
Handheld computer
Tablet PCs
Tablet PCs are mobile PCs that com
powerful and have a built-in screen. Like handhelds, they allow you to write notes or draw pictures
on the screen, usually with a tablet pen
into typed text. Some Tablet PCs are “convertibles” with a screen that swivels and unfolds to reveal
a keyboard underneath.
personal digital assistants (PDAs), are battery-powered computers small
lities, such as making telephone calls or accessing the Internet. Instead of
keyboards, handhelds have touch screens that you use with your finger or a stylus
are mobile PCs that combine features of laptops and handhelds. Like laptops, they're
in screen. Like handhelds, they allow you to write notes or draw pictures
tablet pen instead of a stylus. They can also convert your handwriting
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powered computers small
lities, such as making telephone calls or accessing the Internet. Instead of
stylus (a pen-shaped
bine features of laptops and handhelds. Like laptops, they're
in screen. Like handhelds, they allow you to write notes or draw pictures
instead of a stylus. They can also convert your handwriting

Tablet PC
What can you do with computers?
In the workplace, many people use computers to keep records, analyze data, do research, and
manage projects. At home, you can use computers to find information, store pictures and music,
track finances, play games, and communicate with others
possibilities.
You can also use your computer to connect to the
the world. Internet access is available for a monthly fee in most urban areas
populated areas. With Internet access, you can communicate with people all over the world and find
a vast amount of information.
Here are some of the most popular things to do with computers:
The web
The World Wide Web (usually called
is the most popular part of the Internet, partly because it displays most information in a visually
appealing format. Headlines, text, and pictures can be combined on a single
page in a magazine—along with sounds and animation. A
web pages. The web contains millions of websites and billions of
Example of a webpage (Microsoft Game Studios)
What can you do with computers?
games, and communicate with others—and those are just a few of the
You can also use your computer to connect to the Internet, a network that links computers around
the world. Internet access is available for a monthly fee in most urban areas, and increasingly, in less
Here are some of the most popular things to do with computers:
called the Web, or web) is a gigantic storehouse of information. The web
appealing format. Headlines, text, and pictures can be combined on a single webpage
along with sounds and animation. A website is a collection of interconnected
. The web contains millions of websites and billions of web pages.
Example of a webpage (Microsoft Game Studios)
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and those are just a few of the
, a network that links computers around
, and increasingly, in less
) is a gigantic storehouse of information. The web
webpage—much like a
is a collection of interconnected

Surfing the web means exploring it. You can find information on the web about almost any topic
imaginable. For example, you can read news stories and movie reviews, check airline schedules, see
street maps, get the weather forecast for your city, or research a health condition. Most companies,
government agencies, museums, and libraries have websites with information about their products,
services, or collections. Reference sources, such as dictionaries and encyclopedias, are also widely
available.
The web is also a shopper's delight. You can browse and purchase products—books, music, toys,
clothing, electronics, and much more—at the websites of major retailers. You can also buy and sell
used items through websites that use auction-style bidding.
For information about how to explore the Internet and the web, see Exploring the Internet.
E-mail
E-mail (short for electronic mail) is a convenient way to communicate with others. When you send an
e-mail message, it arrives almost instantly in the recipient's e-mail inbox. You can send e-mail to
many people simultaneously, and you can save, print, and forward e-mail to others. You can send
almost any type of file in an e-mail message, including documents, pictures, and music files. And
with e-mail, you don't need a stamp! See Getting started with e-mail.
Instant messaging
Instant messaging is like having a real-time conversation with another person or a group of people.
When you type and send an instant message, the message is immediately visible to all participants.
Unlike e-mail, all participants have to be online (connected to the Internet) and in front of their
computers at the same time. Communicating by means of instant messaging is called chatting.
Pictures, music, and movies
If you have a digital camera, you can move your pictures from the camera to your computer. Then
you can print them, create slide shows, or share them with others by e-mail or by posting them on a
website. (To learn more about what you can do with photos, see Working with digital pictures .) You
can also listen to music on your computer, either by importing (transferring to your computer)
music from audio CDs or by purchasing songs from a music website. Or, tune in to one of the
thousands of radio stations that broadcast over the Internet. If your computer comes with a DVD
player, you can watch movies.
Gaming
Do you like to play games? Thousands of computer games in every conceivable category are
available to entertain you. Get behind the wheel of a race car, battle frightening creatures in a
dungeon, or control civilizations and empires! Many games allow you to compete with other players
around the world through the Internet. Windows includes a variety of card games, puzzle games,
and strategy games (see Learn about Windows games).

Parts of a Computer
In this article
• System unit
• Storage
• Mouse
• Keyboard
• Monitor
• Printer
• Speakers
• Modem
If you use a desktop computer, you might already know that there isn't any single p
"computer." A computer is really a system of many parts working together. The physical parts,
which you can see and touch, are collectively called
the instructions, or programs, that tell the
The illustration below shows the most common hardware in a desktop computer system. Your
system may look a little different, but it probably has most of these parts. A laptop computer has
similar parts but combines them into a single
Desktop computer system
If you use a desktop computer, you might already know that there isn't any single p
which you can see and touch, are collectively called hardware. (Software, on the other hand, refers to
the instructions, or programs, that tell the hardware what to do.)
similar parts but combines them into a single notebook-sized package.
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If you use a desktop computer, you might already know that there isn't any single part called the
, on the other hand, refers to

Let's take a look at each of these parts.
System unit
The system unit is the core of a computer system. Usually it's a rectangular box placed on or
underneath your desk. Inside this box are many electronic components that process information.
The most important of these components is the
acts as the "brain" of your computer. Another component is
temporarily stores information that the CPU uses while the computer is on. The information stored
in RAM is erased when the computer is turned
Almost every other part of your computer connects to the system unit using cables. The cables plug
into specific ports (openings), typically on the back of the system unit. Hardware that is not part of
the system unit is sometimes called a
System unit
Storage
Your computer has one or more
disk. The disk preserves the information even when your computer is turned off.
Hard disk drive
Your computer's hard disk drive stores information on a
with a magnetic surface. Because hard disks can hold massive amounts of information, they usually
Let's take a look at each of these parts.
is the core of a computer system. Usually it's a rectangular box placed on or
The most important of these components is the central processing unit (CPU), or mi
acts as the "brain" of your computer. Another component is random access memory (RAM)
in RAM is erased when the computer is turned off.
(openings), typically on the back of the system unit. Hardware that is not part of
the system unit is sometimes called a peripheral device or device.
Your computer has one or more disk drives—devices that store information on a metal or plastic
disk. The disk preserves the information even when your computer is turned off.
stores information on a hard disk, a rigid platter or stack of platters
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is the core of a computer system. Usually it's a rectangular box placed on or
microprocessor, which
random access memory (RAM), which
(openings), typically on the back of the system unit. Hardware that is not part of
devices that store information on a metal or plastic
, a rigid platter or stack of platters

serve as your computer's primary means of storage, holding almost all of yo
The hard disk drive is normally located inside the system unit.
Hard disk drive
CD and DVD drives
Nearly all computers today come equipped with a CD or DVD drive, usually located on the front of
the system unit. CD drives use lasers to read (retrieve) data from a CD, and many CD drives can
also write (record) data onto CDs. If you have a recordable disk drive, you can store copies of your
files on blank CDs. You can also use a CD drive to play music CDs on your computer.
CD
DVD drives can do everything that CD drives can, plus read DVDs. If you have a DVD drive, you
can watch movies on your computer. Many DVD drives can record data onto blank DVDs.
If you have a recordable CD or DVD drive, periodically back up (copy) your
CDs or DVDs. That way, if your hard disk ever fails, you won't lose your data.
serve as your computer's primary means of storage, holding almost all of your programs and files.
The hard disk drive is normally located inside the system unit.
lasers to read (retrieve) data from a CD, and many CD drives can
If you have a recordable CD or DVD drive, periodically back up (copy) your important files to
CDs or DVDs. That way, if your hard disk ever fails, you won't lose your data.
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ur programs and files.
lasers to read (retrieve) data from a CD, and many CD drives can
important files to

Floppy disk drive
Floppy disk drives store information on
and DVDs, floppy disks can store only a small amount of data. They also retrieve information more
slowly and are more prone to damage. For these reasons, floppy disk drives are less popular than
they used to be, although some computers still include them.
Floppy disk
Why are floppy disks "floppy"? Even though the outside is made of hard plastic, that's just the
sleeve. The disk inside is made of a thin, flexible vinyl material.
Mouse
A mouse is a small device used to point to and select items on your computer screen.
come in many shapes, the typical mouse does look a bit like an actual mouse. It's small, oblong, and
connected to the system unit by a long wire that resembles a tail. Some newer mice are wireless.
Mouse
A mouse usually has two buttons: a
Many mice also have a wheel between the two buttons, which allows you to scroll smoothly through
screens of information.
When you move the mouse with your hand, a pointer on your screen mov
same direction. (The pointer's appearance might change depending on where it's
positioned on your screen.) When you want to select an item, you point to the item
and then click (press and release) the primary button. Pointing and clicking with yo
main way to interact with your computer. For more information, see
Floppy disk drives store information on floppy disks, also called floppies or diskettes. Compared to CDs
store only a small amount of data. They also retrieve information more
they used to be, although some computers still include them.
sleeve. The disk inside is made of a thin, flexible vinyl material.
A mouse is a small device used to point to and select items on your computer screen.
A mouse usually has two buttons: a primary button (usually the left button) and a secondary button.
When you move the mouse with your hand, a pointer on your screen mov
(press and release) the primary button. Pointing and clicking with yo
main way to interact with your computer. For more information, see Using your mouse
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. Compared to CDs
store only a small amount of data. They also retrieve information more
A mouse is a small device used to point to and select items on your computer screen. Although mice
primary button (usually the left button) and a secondary button.
When you move the mouse with your hand, a pointer on your screen moves in the
(press and release) the primary button. Pointing and clicking with your mouse is the
Using your mouse.

Keyboard
A keyboard is used mainly for typ
has keys for letters and numbers, but it also has special keys:
•
The function keys, found on the top row, perform different functions depending on where they are
used.
•
The numeric keypad, located on the right side of most keyboards, allows you to enter numbers
quickly.
•
The navigation keys, such as the arrow keys, allow you to move your position within a document or
webpage.
Keyboard
You can also use your keyboard to perform many of the same tasks you can perform with a mouse.
For more information, see Using your keyboard
Monitor
A monitor displays information in visual form, using text and graphics. The portion of the monitor
that displays the information is called the
still or moving pictures.
There are two basic types of monitors:
display) monitors. Both types produce sharp images, but LCD monitors have the advantage of being
much thinner and lighter. CRT monitors, however, are generally m
A keyboard is used mainly for typing text into your computer. Like the keyboard on a typewriter, it
has keys for letters and numbers, but it also has special keys:
, found on the top row, perform different functions depending on where they are
, located on the right side of most keyboards, allows you to enter numbers
, such as the arrow keys, allow you to move your position within a document or
Using your keyboard.
displays information in visual form, using text and graphics. The portion of the monitor
that displays the information is called the screen. Like a television screen, a computer screen can show
There are two basic types of monitors: CRT (cathode ray tube) monitors and LCD
much thinner and lighter. CRT monitors, however, are generally more affordable.
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ing text into your computer. Like the keyboard on a typewriter, it
, found on the top row, perform different functions depending on where they are
, located on the right side of most keyboards, allows you to enter numbers
, such as the arrow keys, allow you to move your position within a document or
displays information in visual form, using text and graphics. The portion of the monitor
. Like a television screen, a computer screen can show
LCD (liquid crystal

LCD monitor (left); CRT monitor (right)
Printer
A printer transfers data from a computer onto paper. You don't need a printer to use your
computer, but having one allows you to print e
materials. Many people also like being able to print their own photos at home.
The two main types of printers are
printers for the home. They can print in black and white or in full c
quality photographs when used with special paper. Laser printers are faster and generally better able
to handle heavy use.
Inkjet printer (left); laser printer (right)
Speakers
Speakers are used to play sound. They may be
connected with cables. Speakers allow you to listen to music and hear sound
effects from your computer.
Computer Speaker
LCD monitor (left); CRT monitor (right)
computer, but having one allows you to print e-mail, cards, invitations, announcements, and other
materials. Many people also like being able to print their own photos at home.
The two main types of printers are inkjet printers and laser printers. Inkjet printers are the most popular
printers for the home. They can print in black and white or in full color and can produce high
Inkjet printer (left); laser printer (right)
Speakers are used to play sound. They may be built into the system unit or
effects from your computer.
Computer Speaker
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mail, cards, invitations, announcements, and other
. Inkjet printers are the most popular
olor and can produce high-
built into the system unit or

Modem
To connect your computer to the Internet, you need a
receives computer information over a telephone line or high
built into the system unit, but higher
Cable modem
3 FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS OF A COMPUTER
1. System Unit
2. Output Devices
3. Input Devices
An input device is any peripheral
and control signals to an information processing system (such as a
devices make up the hardware interface between a computer
PERIPHERAL DEVICES – component that is attached to your computer using cables.
An output device is any piece of
data processing carried out by an
world.
E.g. of Input devices: KEYBOARD, MOUSE, SCANNER, DIGICAM AND HANDYCAM
TRACKBALLS, TOUCH pads, TOUCH
digital cameras, MICROPHONES, USB
E.g. of Output devices: Monitor, PRINTER, SPEAKERS
diskettes, USB Flash Drive
To connect your computer to the Internet, you need a modem. A modem is a device that sends and
receives computer information over a telephone line or high-speed cable. Modems are sometimes
built into the system unit, but higher-speed modems are usually separate components.
3 FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS OF A COMPUTER
peripheral (piece of computer hardware equipment) used t
and control signals to an information processing system (such as a computer). Input and
make up the hardware interface between a computer
component that is attached to your computer using cables.
is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to communicate the results of
carried out by an information processing system (such as a computer
KEYBOARD, MOUSE, SCANNER, DIGICAM AND HANDYCAM
pads, TOUCH screens, PENS, Joy sticks, Scanners, Bar code
cameras, MICROPHONES, USB Flash Drive
Monitor, PRINTER, SPEAKERS- internal/external speakers,
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. A modem is a device that sends and
speed cable. Modems are sometimes
speed modems are usually separate components.
equipment) used to provide data
). Input and output
component that is attached to your computer using cables.
equipment used to communicate the results of
computer) to the outside
KEYBOARD, MOUSE, SCANNER, DIGICAM AND HANDYCAM,
readers, Video and
ternal/external speakers, DISK drives and

INPUT DEVICES
Using your mouse
In this article
• Basic parts
• Holding and moving the mouse
• Pointing, clicking, and dragging
• Using the scroll wheel
• Customizing your mouse
• Tips for using your mouse safely
Just as you would use your hands to interact with objects in the physical world, you can use your
mouse to interact with items on your computer screen. You can move objects, open them, change
them, throw them away, and perform other actions,
Basic parts
A mouse typically has two buttons: a
(usually the right button). The primary button is the one you will use most often. Most mice also
include a scroll wheel between the buttons to help you scroll through documents and
easily. On some mice, the scroll wheel can be pressed to act as a third button. Advanced mice might
have additional buttons that can perform other functions
Parts of a mouse
Holding and moving the mouse
Place your mouse beside your keyboard on a clean, smooth surface, such as a mouse
pad. Hold the mouse gently with your index finger resting on the primary button and
Using your mouse
Pointing, clicking, and dragging
mouse safely
them, throw them away, and perform other actions, all by pointing and clicking with your mouse.
A mouse typically has two buttons: a primary button (usually the left button) and a secondary button
between the buttons to help you scroll through documents and
have additional buttons that can perform other functions.
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all by pointing and clicking with your mouse.
secondary button
between the buttons to help you scroll through documents and web pages more

your thumb resting on the side. To
keep the front of the mouse aimed away from you. As you move the mouse, a pointer (see picture)
on your screen moves in the same direction. If you run out of room to move your mouse on your
desk or mouse pad, just pick up the mouse and bring it back closer to you.
Hold the mouse lightly, keeping your wrist straight
Pointing to an item on the screen means moving your mouse so the pointer appears to be touching
the item. When you point to something, a small box often appears that describes the item. For
example, when you point to the Recycle Bin on the
"Contains the files and folders that you have deleted."
Pointing to an object often reveals a descriptive mess
The pointer can change depending on what you're pointing to. For example, when you point to a
link in your web browser, the pointer changes from an arrow
Most mouse actions combine pointing with pressing one of the mouse buttons. There are four basic
ways to use your mouse buttons: clicking, double
Clicking (single-clicking)
To click an item, point to the item on the screen, and then press and release the primary button
(usually the left button).
your thumb resting on the side. To move the mouse, slide it slowly in any direction. Don't twist it
esk or mouse pad, just pick up the mouse and bring it back closer to you.
Hold the mouse lightly, keeping your wrist straight
to an item on the screen means moving your mouse so the pointer appears to be touching
example, when you point to the Recycle Bin on the desktop, a box appears with this information:
"Contains the files and folders that you have deleted."
Pointing to an object often reveals a descriptive message about it
, the pointer changes from an arrow to a hand with a pointing finger
ways to use your mouse buttons: clicking, double-clicking, right-clicking, and dragging.
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move the mouse, slide it slowly in any direction. Don't twist it—
to an item on the screen means moving your mouse so the pointer appears to be touching
, a box appears with this information:
to a hand with a pointing finger .
dragging.

Clicking is most often used to select
clicking or left-clicking.
Double-clicking
To double-click an item, point to the item on the screen, and then click twice quickly. If the two
clicks are spaced too far apart, they might be interpreted as two individual clicks rather than as one
double-click.
Double-clicking is most often used to open items on your desktop. For example, you can start a
program or open a folder by double
If you have trouble double-clicking, you can adjust the double
acceptable between clicks). Follow these steps:
1.
Open Mouse by clicking the Start
then clicking Mouse.
2.
Click the Buttons tab, and then, under
decrease the speed.
Right-clicking
To right-click an item, point to the item on the screen, and then press
button (usually the right button).
Right-clicking an item usually displays a list of things you can do with the item. For example, when
you right-click the Recycle Bin on your desktop, Windows displays a menu allowing you to open
empty it, delete it, or see its properties. If you're ever unsure of what to do with something, right
click it.
Right-clicking the Recycle Bin opens a menu of related commands
select (mark) an item or open a menu. This is sometimes called
click an item, point to the item on the screen, and then click twice quickly. If the two
clicking is most often used to open items on your desktop. For example, you can start a
program or open a folder by double-clicking its icon on the desktop.
clicking, you can adjust the double-click speed (the amount of time
acceptable between clicks). Follow these steps:
Start button , clicking Control Panel, clicking
tab, and then, under Double-click speed, move the slider to increase or
click an item, point to the item on the screen, and then press and release the secondary
clicking an item usually displays a list of things you can do with the item. For example, when
click the Recycle Bin on your desktop, Windows displays a menu allowing you to open
empty it, delete it, or see its properties. If you're ever unsure of what to do with something, right
clicking the Recycle Bin opens a menu of related commands
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(mark) an item or open a menu. This is sometimes called single-
click an item, point to the item on the screen, and then click twice quickly. If the two
clicking is most often used to open items on your desktop. For example, you can start a
click speed (the amount of time
, clicking Hardware, and
, move the slider to increase or
and release the secondary
clicking an item usually displays a list of things you can do with the item. For example, when
click the Recycle Bin on your desktop, Windows displays a menu allowing you to open it,
empty it, delete it, or see its properties. If you're ever unsure of what to do with something, right-

Dragging
You can move items around your screen by dragging them. To drag an object, point to the object on
the screen, press and hold the primary button, move the object to a new location, and then release
the primary button.
Dragging (sometimes called dragging and dropping) is most often used to move files and folders to a
different location and to move windows and icons around on your screen.
Using the scroll wheel
If your mouse has a scroll wheel, you can use it to scroll through documents and web pages. To
scroll down, roll the wheel backward (toward you). To scroll up, roll the wheel forward (away from
you).
Customizing your mouse
You can change your mouse settings to suit your personal preferences. For example, you can change
how fast your mouse pointer moves around the screen, or change the pointer's appearance. If you're
left-handed, you can switch the primary button to be the right button. For more information, see
Change mouse settings.
MOUSE EVENTS
Mouse Event
Mouse
Pointer
What it means
1. Normal Select The mouse pointer in its normal state
2. Help Select This cursor appears in selecting an option on the help menu
3. Working in
background
Sometimes while the computer is working, you can complete
other tasks with the mouse. If this is the case, you will see
the Working in Background mouse icon. This icon shows an
arrow plus an hourglass.
4. Busy
If the computer is too busy to complete another task, your
pointer arrow will turn into a large hourglass, indicating the
computer is busy. Once the computer has completed the
task, and is no longer busy, the cursor will revert back to an
arrow.
5. Precision Select
Used for finer control of your mouse cursor at short
distances without losing the ability to move the pointer
quickly across the screen
6. Text Select
Used to highlight and select texts; This cursor is used in
writing texts inside the text box or text field.
7. Handwriting
Used when the mouse functions as a handwriting tool, i.e.,
PowerPoint Slides

8. Unavailable
Used when the one of the menus is not available for the user
to select
9. Vertical Resize
Horizontal Resize
Diagonal Resize
These cursors appear when the normal mouse cursor is
placed on the edge of an open window. These are used to
resize the open window by dragging the edges to the desired
dimension.
12. Move
This cursor appears when the MOVE command is chosen
from the menu. This enables the user to move the open
window within the desktop.
14. Link Select
This cursor appears when the normal mouse cursor is above
a link that can be clicked; usually happens when user is
browsing the internet
Mouse- is a pointing device, because it allows you to point to items on the screen and click them.
A mouse is a handheld computer pointing device, designed to sit under one hand of the user and
detect movement relative to its supporting surface. In addition, it usually features buttons and/or
other devices, such as "wheels", which allow performing various system-dependent operations.
Today’s operating systems including windows 98 now using a Graphical user interface. (GUI)
GUI- provides a “point and Shoot” interface in which options appear on the screen.
Tips for using your mouse safely
Holding and moving your mouse properly can help you avoid soreness or injury to your wrists,
hands, and arms, particularly if you use your computer for long periods of time. Here are some tips
to help you avoid problems:
• Place your mouse at elbow level. Your upper arms should fall relaxed at your sides.
• Don't squeeze or grip your mouse tightly. Hold it lightly.
•
Move the mouse by pivoting your arm at your elbow. Avoid bending your wrist up, down, or to
the sides.
• Use a light touch when clicking a mouse button.
• Keep your fingers relaxed. Don't allow them to hover just above the buttons.
• When you don't need to use the mouse, don't hold it.
• Take short breaks from computer use every 15 to 20 minutes.

Using your keyboard
In this article
• How the keys are organized
• Typing text
• Using keyboard shortcuts
• Using navigation keys
• Using the numeric keypad
• Three odd keys
• Other keys
• Tips for using your keyboar
Whether you're writing a letter or entering numerical data, your keyboard is the main way to enter
information into your computer. But did you know you can also use your keyboard to control your
computer? Learning just a few simple keyboard
you work more efficiently. This article covers the basics of keyboard operation and gets you started
with keyboard commands.
The set of typewriter like keys that enables you to enter data into a computer,
similar to electric typewriters.
The old - fashioned computer operating system such as DOS and UNIX used what’s called a
Command – Line Interfaced. (CLI)
Command – Line Interfaced –
computer what to do. Such as DIR *.exe/p then press enter to get a result.
How the keys are organized
The keys on your keyboard can be divided into several groups based on function:
•
Typing (alphanumeric) keys.
symbol keys found on a traditional typewriter.
•
Control keys. These keys are used alone or in combination with other keys to perform certain
actions. The most frequently used control keys are CTRL, ALT, the Windows logo key
ESC.
•
Function keys. The function keys are used to perform specific tasks. They are labeled as F1, F2,
F3, and so on, up to F12. The functionality of these keys differs from program to
•
Navigation keys. These keys are used for moving around in documents or web pages and
editing text. They include the arrow keys, HOME, END, PAGE UP, PAGE DOWN, DELETE,
and INSERT.
•
Numeric keypad. The numeric keypad is handy for entering
grouped together in a block like a conventional calculator or adding machine.
your keyboard
Using the numeric keypad
Tips for using your keyboard safely
computer? Learning just a few simple keyboard commands (instructions to your computer) can help
The set of typewriter like keys that enables you to enter data into a computer, Compute
fashioned computer operating system such as DOS and UNIX used what’s called a
Line Interfaced. (CLI)
it is a set of cryptic command or a set of instructions that tells the
computer what to do. Such as DIR *.exe/p then press enter to get a result.
The keys on your keyboard can be divided into several groups based on function:
Typing (alphanumeric) keys. These keys include the same letter, number, punctuation, and
symbol keys found on a traditional typewriter.
These keys are used alone or in combination with other keys to perform certain
uently used control keys are CTRL, ALT, the Windows logo key
The function keys are used to perform specific tasks. They are labeled as F1, F2,
F3, and so on, up to F12. The functionality of these keys differs from program to
These keys are used for moving around in documents or web pages and
The numeric keypad is handy for entering numbers quickly. The keys are
grouped together in a block like a conventional calculator or adding machine.
- 18 -
(instructions to your computer) can help
Computer keyboard are
fashioned computer operating system such as DOS and UNIX used what’s called a
it is a set of cryptic command or a set of instructions that tells the
These keys include the same letter, number, punctuation, and
These keys are used alone or in combination with other keys to perform certain
uently used control keys are CTRL, ALT, the Windows logo key , and
The function keys are used to perform specific tasks. They are labeled as F1, F2,
F3, and so on, up to F12. The functionality of these keys differs from program to program.
These keys are used for moving around in documents or web pages and
numbers quickly. The keys are

The following illustration shows how these keys are arranged on a typical keyboard. Your keyboard
layout may differ.
How the keys are arranged on a keyboard
Typing text
Whenever you need to type something in a program, e
blinking vertical line ( ). That's the
you type will begin. You can move the cursor by clicking in the desired location with the mouse, or
by using the navigation keys (see the "Using navigation keys" section of this article).
In addition to letters, numerals, punctuation marks, and symbols, the typing keys also includ
SHIFT, CAPS LOCK, the TAB key, ENTER, the SPACEBAR, and BACKSPACE.
Key name How to use it
SHIFT Press SHIFT in combination with a letter to type an uppercase letter. Press
SHIFT in combination with another key to type the symbol shown on the
upper part of that key.
CAPS LOCK Press CAPS LOCK once to type all letters as uppercase. Press CAPS LOCK
again to turn this function off. Your keyboard may have a light indicating
whether CAPS LOCK is on.
TAB Press the TAB key to move the cursor several spaces for
press the TAB key to move to the next text box on a form.
ENTER Press ENTER to move the cursor to the beginning of the next line. In a
dialog box, press ENTER to select the highlighted button.
SPACEBAR Press the SPACEBAR to move the cursor one space forward.
BACKSPACE Press BACKSPACE to delete the character before the cursor, or the
selected text.
Using keyboard shortcuts
on a keyboard
Whenever you need to type something in a program, e-mail message, or text box, you'll see a
). That's the cursor, also called the insertion point. It shows where the text that
can move the cursor by clicking in the desired location with the mouse, or
In addition to letters, numerals, punctuation marks, and symbols, the typing keys also includ
How to use it
Press SHIFT in combination with a letter to type an uppercase letter. Press
of that key.
Press CAPS LOCK once to type all letters as uppercase. Press CAPS LOCK
whether CAPS LOCK is on.
Press the TAB key to move the cursor several spaces forward. You can also
press the TAB key to move to the next text box on a form.
Press ENTER to move the cursor to the beginning of the next line. In a
, press ENTER to select the highlighted button.
Press the SPACEBAR to move the cursor one space forward.
Press BACKSPACE to delete the character before the cursor, or the
shortcuts
- 19 -
mail message, or text box, you'll see a
. It shows where the text that
can move the cursor by clicking in the desired location with the mouse, or
In addition to letters, numerals, punctuation marks, and symbols, the typing keys also include
Press SHIFT in combination with a letter to type an uppercase letter. Press
Press CAPS LOCK once to type all letters as uppercase. Press CAPS LOCK
ward. You can also
Press ENTER to move the cursor to the beginning of the next line. In a
Press BACKSPACE to delete the character before the cursor, or the

Keyboard shortcuts are ways to perform actions by using your keyboard. They're called shortcuts
because they help you work faster. In fact, almost any action or command you can perform with a
mouse can be performed faster using one or more keys o
In Help topics, a plus sign (+) between two or more keys indicates that those keys should be pressed
in combination. For example, CTRL+A means to press and hold CTRL and then press A.
CTRL+SHIFT+A means to press and hold CTRL and SHIFT and
Find program shortcuts
You can do things in most programs by using the keyboard. To see which commands have keyboard
shortcuts, open a menu. The shortcuts (if available) are shown next to the menu items.
Keyboard shortcuts appear next to
Choose menus, commands, and options
You can open menus and choose commands and other options using your keyboard. When you
press ALT in a program with menus, one letter in each of the menu names becomes underlined.
Press an underlined letter to open the corresponding menu. Press the underlined letter in a menu
item to choose that command.
are ways to perform actions by using your keyboard. They're called shortcuts
mouse can be performed faster using one or more keys on your keyboard.
CTRL+SHIFT+A means to press and hold CTRL and SHIFT and then press A.
Keyboard shortcuts appear next to menu items
Choose menus, commands, and options
open the corresponding menu. Press the underlined letter in a menu
- 20 -
are ways to perform actions by using your keyboard. They're called shortcuts
open the corresponding menu. Press the underlined letter in a menu

Press ALT+F to open the File menu, then press P to choose the Print command
This trick works in dialog boxes too. Whenever you see an underlined letter
a dialog box, it means you can press ALT plus that letter to choose that option.
Useful shortcuts
The following table lists some of the most useful keyboard shortcuts. For a more detailed list, see
Keyboard shortcuts.
Press this To do this
Windows logo key Open the Start menu
ALT+TAB Switch between open programs or windows
ALT+F4 Close the active item, or exit the
CTRL+S Save the current file or document (works in most programs)
CTRL+C Copy the selected item
CTRL+X Cut the selected item
CTRL+V Paste the selected item
CTRL+Z Undo an action
CTRL+A Select all items in a document or window
F1 Display Help for a program or Windows
Windows logo key
+F1
Display Windows Help and Support
ESC Cancel the current task
Application key Open a menu of commands related to a selection in a program. Equivalent to
right-clicking the selection.
Using navigation keys
Press ALT+F to open the File menu, then press P to choose the Print command
This trick works in dialog boxes too. Whenever you see an underlined letter attached to an option in
a dialog box, it means you can press ALT plus that letter to choose that option.
Open the Start menu
Switch between open programs or windows
Close the active item, or exit the active program
Save the current file or document (works in most programs)
Copy the selected item
Cut the selected item
Paste the selected item
Undo an action
Select all items in a document or window
Display Help for a program or Windows
Display Windows Help and Support
Cancel the current task
Open a menu of commands related to a selection in a program. Equivalent to
clicking the selection.
navigation keys
- 21 -
attached to an option in
Open a menu of commands related to a selection in a program. Equivalent to

The navigation keys allow you to move the cursor, move around in documents and webpages, and
edit text. The following table lists some common functions of these keys.
Press this
LEFT ARROW, RIGHT
ARROW, UP ARROW, or
DOWN ARROW
HOME
END
CTRL+HOME
CTRL+END
PAGE UP
PAGE DOWN
DELETE
INSERT
The numeric keypad arranges the numerals 0 though 9, the arithmetic operators
(subtraction), * (multiplication), and
calculator or adding machine. These characters are duplicated elsewhere on the keyboard, of course,
but the keypad arrangement allows you to rapidly enter numerical data or mathematical operation
with one hand.
Numeric keypad
edit text. The following table lists some common functions of these keys.
To do this
Move the cursor or selection one space or line in the direction of
the arrow, or scroll a webpage in the direction of the arrow
Move the cursor to the beginning of a line or move to the top of
a webpage
Move the cursor to the end of a line or move to the bottom of a
webpage
Move to the top of a document
Move to the bottom of a document
Move the cursor or page up one screen
Move the cursor or page down one screen
Delete the character after the cursor, or the selected text; in
Windows, delete the selected item and move it to the Recycle Bin
Turn Insert mode off or on. When Insert mode is on, text that
you type is inserted at the cursor. When Insert mode is off, text
that you type replaces existing characters.
The numeric keypad arranges the numerals 0 though 9, the arithmetic operators + (addition),
(multiplication), and / (division), and the decimal point as they would appear on a
but the keypad arrangement allows you to rapidly enter numerical data or mathematical operation
- 22 -
Move the cursor or selection one space or line in the direction of
the arrow, or scroll a webpage in the direction of the arrow
Move the cursor to the beginning of a line or move to the top of
ove to the bottom of a
cursor, or the selected text; in
Windows, delete the selected item and move it to the Recycle Bin
Turn Insert mode off or on. When Insert mode is on, text that
you type is inserted at the cursor. When Insert mode is off, text
(addition), -
(division), and the decimal point as they would appear on a
but the keypad arrangement allows you to rapidly enter numerical data or mathematical operations

To use the numeric keypad to enter numbers, press NUM LOCK. Most keyboards have a light that
indicates whether NUM LOCK is on or off. When NUM LOCK is off, the numeric keypad
functions as a second set of navigation keys
numerals or symbols).
You can use your numeric keypad to perform simple calculations with Calculator.
Operate Calculator with the numeric keypad
1.
Open Calculator by clicking the
and then clicking Calculator.
2.Check your keyboard light to see if NUM LOCK is on.
3.Using the numeric keypad, type the first number in the calculation.
4.On the keypad, type + to add, -
5.Type the next number in the calculation.
6.Press ENTER to complete the calculation.
Three odd keys
So far, we've discussed almost every key you're likely to use. But for the truly inquisitive, let's explore
the three most mysterious keys on the keyboard: PRINT SCREEN, SCROLL LOCK, and
PAUSE/BREAK.
PRINT SCREEN (or PRT SCN)
A long time ago, this key actually did what it says
Nowadays, pressing PRINT SCREEN captures an image of your entire screen (a "screen shot") and
copies it to the Clipboard in your computer's memory. From there you can paste it (CTRL+V) into
Microsoft Paint or another program and, if you want, print it from that program
More obscure is SYS RQ, which shares the key with PRINT SCREEN on some keyboards.
Historically, SYS RQ was designed to be a "system request," but this command is not enabled in
Windows.
Press ALT+PRINT SCREEN to capture an image of just the active wind
entire screen.
functions as a second set of navigation keys (these functions are printed on the keys next to the
You can use your numeric keypad to perform simple calculations with Calculator.
Operate Calculator with the numeric keypad
Open Calculator by clicking the Start button , clicking All Programs, clicking
Check your keyboard light to see if NUM LOCK is on. If it isn't, press NUM LOCK.
Using the numeric keypad, type the first number in the calculation.
- to subtract, * to multiply, or / to divide.
Type the next number in the calculation.
complete the calculation.
(or PRT SCN)
A long time ago, this key actually did what it says—it sent the current screen of text to your printer.
in your computer's memory. From there you can paste it (CTRL+V) into
Microsoft Paint or another program and, if you want, print it from that program.
Press ALT+PRINT SCREEN to capture an image of just the active window, instead of the
- 23 -
(these functions are printed on the keys next to the
, clicking Accessories,
If it isn't, press NUM LOCK.
it sent the current screen of text to your printer.
in your computer's memory. From there you can paste it (CTRL+V) into
ow, instead of the

SCROLL LOCK (or SCR LK)
In most programs, pressing SCROLL LOCK has no effect. In a few programs, pressing SCROLL
LOCK changes the behavior of the arrow keys and the PAGE UP and PAGE DOWN keys;
pressing these keys causes the document to scroll without changing the position of the cursor or
selection. Your keyboard might have a light indicating whether SCROLL LOCK is on.
PAUSE/BREAK
This key is rarely used. In some older programs, pressing this key pauses the program or, in
combination with CTRL, stops it from running.
Other keys
Some modern keyboards come with "hot keys" or buttons that give you quick, one-press access to
programs, files, or commands. Other models have volume controls, scroll wheels, zoom wheels, and
other gadgets. For details about these features, check the information that came with your keyboard
or computer, or go to the manufacturer's website.
Tips for using your keyboard safely
Using your keyboard properly can help avoid soreness or injury to your wrists, hands, and arms,
particularly if you use your computer for long periods of time. Here are some tips to help you avoid
problems:
• Place your keyboard at elbow level. Your upper arms should be relaxed at your sides.
•
Center your keyboard in front of you. If your keyboard has a numeric keypad, you can use the
spacebar as the centering point.
•
Type with your hands and wrists floating above the keyboard, so that you can use your whole arm
to reach for distant keys instead of stretching your fingers.
•
Avoid resting your palms or wrists on any type of surface while typing. If your keyboard has a
palm rest, use it only during breaks from typing.
• While typing, use a light touch and keep your wrists straight.
• When you're not typing, relax your arms and hands.
• Take short breaks from computer use every 15 to 20 minutes.

Keyboard shortcuts
Keyboard shortcuts can make it easier to interact with your computer because you don't need to use
the mouse as often.
Ease of Access keyboard shortcuts
The following table contains keyboard shortcuts that can help make your computer easier to use.
Press this key
Right SHIFT for eight seconds
Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN (or PRTSCRN)
Left ALT+left SHIFT+NUM LOCK
SHIFT five times
NUM LOCK for five seconds
Windows logo key +U
General keyboard shortcuts
The following table contains general keyboard shortcuts.
Press this key To do this
F1 Display Help
CTRL+C Copy the selected item
CTRL+X Cut the selected item
CTRL+V Paste the selected item
CTRL+Z Undo an action
CTRL+Y Redo
DELETE Delete the selected item and move it to the Recycle Bin
SHIFT+DELETE Delete the selected item without moving it to the Recycle Bin first
F2 Rename the selected item
CTRL+RIGHT ARROW Move the cursor to the beginning of the next word
CTRL+LEFT ARROW Move the cursor to the beginning of the previous word
CTRL+DOWN ARROW Move the cursor to the beginning of the next paragraph
CTRL+UP ARROW Move the cursor to the beginning of the previous paragraph
CTRL+SHIFT with an arrow
key
Select a
SHIFT with any arrow key Select more than one item in a window or on the
Keyboard shortcuts
Ease of Access keyboard shortcuts
To do this
Turn Filter Keys on and off
Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN (or PRTSCRN) Turn High Contrast on or off
Left ALT+left SHIFT+NUM LOCK Turn Mouse Keys on or off
Turn Sticky Keys on or off
Turn Toggle Keys on or off
Open the Ease of Access Center
keyboard shortcuts
The following table contains general keyboard shortcuts.
To do this
Display Help
Copy the selected item
Cut the selected item
Paste the selected item
Undo an action
Redo an action
Delete the selected item and move it to the Recycle Bin
Delete the selected item without moving it to the Recycle Bin first
Rename the selected item
Move the cursor to the beginning of the next word
Move the cursor to the beginning of the previous word
Move the cursor to the beginning of the next paragraph
Move the cursor to the beginning of the previous paragraph
Select a block of text
Select more than one item in a window or on the desktop
- 25 -
Turn Filter Keys on and off
Turn High Contrast on or off
Turn Mouse Keys on or off
on or off
Turn Toggle Keys on or off
Open the Ease of Access Center
Delete the selected item and move it to the Recycle Bin
Delete the selected item without moving it to the Recycle Bin first
Move the cursor to the beginning of the next word
Move the cursor to the beginning of the previous word
Move the cursor to the beginning of the next paragraph
Move the cursor to the beginning of the previous paragraph
desktop, or select

text within a document
CTRL with any arrow
key+SPACEBAR
Select multiple individual items in a window or on the desktop
CTRL+A Select all items in a document or
F3 Search for a file or folder
ALT+ENTER Display properties for the selected item
ALT+F4 Close the active item, or exit the active program
ALT+SPACEBAR Open the shortcut menu for the active window
CTRL+F4 Close the active document (in
multiple documents open simultaneously)
ALT+TAB Switch between open items
CTRL+ALT+TAB Use the arrow keys to switch between open items
CTRL+Mouse scroll wheel Change the size of icons on the desktop
Windows logo key +TAB Cycle through programs on the
CTRL+Windows logo key
+TAB
Use the arrow keys to cycle through
using Windows Flip 3
ALT+ESC Cycle through items in the order in which they were opened
F6 Cycle through screen elements in a window or on the desktop
F4 Display the Address bar list in Windows Explorer
SHIFT+F10 Display th
CTRL+ESC Open the Start menu
ALT+underlined letter Display the corresponding menu
ALT+underlined letter Perform the menu command (or other underlined command)
F10 Activate the menu bar in the active program
RIGHT ARROW Open the next menu to the right, or open a submenu
LEFT ARROW Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu
F5 Refresh the active window
ALT+UP ARROW View the folder one level up in Windows Explorer
ESC Cancel the current task
CTRL+SHIFT+ESC Open Task Manager
SHIFT when you insert a CD Prevent the CD from automatically playing
Dialog box keyboard shortcuts
The following table contains keyboard shortcuts for use in dialog boxes.
CTRL+TAB Move forward through tabs
CTRL+SHIFT+TAB Move back through tabs
TAB Move forward through options
SHIFT+TAB Move back through
ALT+underlined
letter
Perform the command (or select the option) that goes with that letter
ENTER Replaces clicking the mouse for many selected commands
text within a document
Select all items in a document or window
Search for a file or folder
Display properties for the selected item
Close the active item, or exit the active program
Open the shortcut menu for the active window
Close the active document (in programs that allow you to have
multiple documents open simultaneously)
Switch between open items
Use the arrow keys to switch between open items
Change the size of icons on the desktop
Cycle through programs on the taskbar by using Windows Flip 3
Use the arrow keys to cycle through programs on the taskbar by
using Windows Flip 3-D
Cycle through items in the order in which they were opened
Cycle through screen elements in a window or on the desktop
Display the Address bar list in Windows Explorer
Display the shortcut menu for the selected item
Open the Start menu
Display the corresponding menu
Perform the menu command (or other underlined command)
Activate the menu bar in the active program
Open the next menu to the right, or open a submenu
Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu
Refresh the active window
View the folder one level up in Windows Explorer
Cancel the current task
Open Task Manager
Prevent the CD from automatically playing
shortcuts
The following table contains keyboard shortcuts for use in dialog boxes.
Move forward through tabs
Move back through tabs
Move forward through options
Move back through options
Replaces clicking the mouse for many selected commands
- 26 -
programs that allow you to have
by using Windows Flip 3-D
programs on the taskbar by
Cycle through items in the order in which they were opened
Cycle through screen elements in a window or on the desktop
Perform the menu command (or other underlined command)
Open the next menu to the right, or open a submenu
Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu
View the folder one level up in Windows Explorer

SPACEBAR Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box
Arrow keys Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons
F1 Display Help
F4 Display the items in the active list
BACKSPACE Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As or Open
dialog box
Microsoft keyboard shortcuts
The following table contains keyboard shortcuts for use with Microsoft keyboards.
Windows logo key Open or close the Start menu
Windows logo key
+PAUSE
Display the System Properties dialog box
Windows logo key +D Display the desktop
Windows logo key +M Minimize all windows
Windows logo key
+SHIFT+M
Restore
Windows logo key +E Open Computer
Windows logo key +F Search for a file or folder
+F
Search for computers (if you are on a
Windows logo key +L Lock your computer or switch users
Windows logo key +R Open the Run dialog box
Windows logo key +T Cycle through programs on the taskbar
Windows logo key
+TAB
D
+TAB
using Windows Flip 3
Windows logo key
+SPACEBAR
Bring all gadgets to the front and select Windows Sidebar
Windows logo key +G Cycle through Sidebar gadgets
Windows logo key +U Open Ease of Access Center
Windows logo key +X Open Windows Mobility Center
Windows logo key with
any number key
Open the Quick Launch shortcut that is in the position that
corresponds to the number. For example, Windows logo key
+1 to launch the first shortcut in the Quick Launch menu.
Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box
Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons
Display Help
Display the items in the active list
Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As or Open
Microsoft keyboard shortcuts
The following table contains keyboard shortcuts for use with Microsoft keyboards.
To do this
Open or close the Start menu
Display the System Properties dialog box
Display the desktop
Minimize all windows
Restore minimized windows to the desktop
Open Computer
Search for a file or folder
Search for computers (if you are on a network)
Lock your computer or switch users
Open the Run dialog box
ycle through programs on the taskbar
using Windows Flip 3-D
Cycle through Sidebar gadgets
Open Ease of Access Center
Open Windows Mobility Center
- 27 -
Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box
Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons
Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As or Open
Cycle through programs on the taskbar by using Windows Flip 3-

Windows Explorer keyboard shortcuts
The following table contains keyboard shortcuts for working with Windows Explorer windows
folders.
Press this key
CTRL+N
END
HOME
F11
NUM LOCK+ASTERISK (*) on numeric
keypad
NUM LOCK+PLUS SIGN (+) on
numeric keypad
NUM LOCK+MINUS SIGN (-) on
numeric keypad
LEFT ARROW
ALT+LEFT ARROW
RIGHT ARROW
ALT+RIGHT ARROW
CTRL+Mouse scroll wheel
ALT+D
Windows Sidebar keyboard shortcuts
The following table contains keyboard shortcuts for working with Windows Sidebar.
Press this key
Windows logo key +SPACEBAR
Windows logo key +G
TAB
Windows Photo Gallery keyboard shortcuts
The following table contains keyboard shortcuts for working with Windows
Windows Explorer keyboard shortcuts
The following table contains keyboard shortcuts for working with Windows Explorer windows
To do this
Open a new window
Display the bottom of the active window
Display the top of the active window
Maximize or minimize the active window
NUM LOCK+ASTERISK (*) on numeric Display all subfolders under the selected folder
NUM LOCK+PLUS SIGN (+) on Display the contents of the selected folder
) on Collapse the selected folder
Collapse the current selection (if it is expanded), or
select the parent folder
View the previous folder
Display the current selection (if it is collapsed), or select
the first subfolder
View the next folder
Change the size and appearance of file and folder icons
Select the Address bar
Windows Sidebar keyboard shortcuts
table contains keyboard shortcuts for working with Windows Sidebar.
To do this
+SPACEBAR Bring all gadgets to the front and select Sidebar
Cycle through Sidebar gadgets
Cycle through Sidebar controls
Windows Photo Gallery keyboard shortcuts
The following table contains keyboard shortcuts for working with Windows Photo Gallery.
- 28 -
The following table contains keyboard shortcuts for working with Windows Explorer windows or
Display the bottom of the active window
Maximize or minimize the active window
subfolders under the selected folder
Display the contents of the selected folder
expanded), or
Display the current selection (if it is collapsed), or select
and appearance of file and folder icons
table contains keyboard shortcuts for working with Windows Sidebar.
Bring all gadgets to the front and select Sidebar
Photo Gallery.

CTRL+F Open the Fix pane
CTRL+P Print the selected picture
ENTER View the selected picture at a larger size
CTRL+I Open or close the Details pane
CTRL+PERIOD (.) Rotate the picture clockwise
CTRL+COMMA (,) Rotate the picture counter-clockwise
F2 Rename the selected item
CTRL+E Search for an item
ALT+LEFT ARROW Go back
ALT+RIGHT ARROW Go forward
PLUS SIGN (+) Zoom in or resize the picture thumbnail
MINUS SIGN (-) Zoom out or resize the picture thumbnail
CTRL+Mouse scroll wheel Change the size of the picture thumbnail
CTRL+B Best fit
LEFT ARROW Select the previous item
DOWN ARROW Select the next item or row
UP ARROW Previous item (Easel) or previous row (Thumbnail)
PAGE UP Previous screen
PAGE DOWN Next screen
HOME Select the first item
END Select the last item
DELETE Move the selected item to the Recycle Bin
SHIFT+DELETE Permanently delete the selected item
LEFT ARROW Collapse node
RIGHT ARROW Expand node
Keyboard shortcuts for working with videos
J Move back one frame
K Pause the playback
L Move forward one frame
I Set the start trim point
O Set the end trim point
M Split a clip
HOME Stop and rewind all the way back to the start trim point
ALT+RIGHT ARROW Advance to the next frame
ALT+LEFT ARROW Go back to the previous frame
CTRL+K Stop and rewind playback
CTRL+P Play from the current location
HOME Move the start trim point
END Move to the end trim point
PAGE UP Seek to nearest split point before the current location
PAGE DOWN Seek to nearest split point after the current location

Windows Help viewer keyboard shortcuts
The following table contains keyboard shortcuts for working with the Help viewer.
ALT+C Display the Table of Contents
ALT+N Display the Connection Settings menu
F10 Display the Options menu
ALT+LEFT ARROW Move back to the previously viewed topic
ALT+RIGHT ARROW Move forward to the next (previously viewed) topic
ALT+A Display the customer support page
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CONNECTING THE KEYBOARD AND THE MOUSE TO THE UNIT
A cable often attaches external devices to the system unit. A port is the interface, or point of
attachment, to the system unit. Ports have different types of connectors, which are used to join a
cable to a device. Male connectors have one or more exposed pins, while female connectors have
matching holes to accept the pins.
Most computers have three types of ports: serial, parallel, and USB:
(1) serial port is a type of interface that connects a device to the system unit by transmitting data
only one bit at a time. Serial ports usually connect devices that do not require fast data
transmission rates, such as a mouse, keyboard, or modem.
(2) parallel port is an interface that connects devices by transferring more than one bit at a time.
Many printers connect to the system unit using a parallel port.
(3) universal serial bus (USB) port can connect up to 127 different peripheral devices with a
single connector type, greatly simplifying the process of attaching devices to a personal
computer.

serial port is a type of interface that connects a device to the system unit by transmitting data
only one bit at a time. Serial port
parallel port is an interface that connects devices by transferring more than one bit at a time.
Many printers connect to the system unit usi
universal serial bus (USB) port can connect up to 127 different peripheral devices with a single
connector type, greatly simplifying the process of attaching devices to a personal computer.
PS2 ports connect the
PS2 plugs of keyboard
and mouse to the CPU
USB (universal serial bus) ports connect the USB plug
of scanners, digital cameras, webcams,
is a type of interface that connects a device to the system unit by transmitting data
only one bit at a time. Serial ports usually connect devices that do not require fast data
is an interface that connects devices by transferring more than one bit at a time.
Many printers connect to the system unit using a parallel port.
) port can connect up to 127 different peripheral devices with a single
SERIAL ports connect
the SERIAL plugs of the
monitor to the CPU
PARALLEL po
the PARALLEL plug
printer
USB (universal serial bus) ports connect the USB plug
of scanners, digital cameras, webcams, flash disks,
and other USB devices to the CPU.
- 31 -
is a type of interface that connects a device to the system unit by transmitting data
s usually connect devices that do not require fast data
is an interface that connects devices by transferring more than one bit at a time.
) port can connect up to 127 different peripheral devices with a single
SERIAL ports connect
the SERIAL plugs of the
monitor to the CPU
PARALLEL ports connect
the PARALLEL plug of the
printer to the CPU

USB PS2 SERIAL PARALLEL
Ports
A port is an interface on a computer to which you can connect a device. Most ports are located at
the back of the computer. Some ports are physically part of the motherboard or are connected
directly to the motherboard, whereas other ports are physically part of or connected directly to
expansion cards.
To identify the capabilities of the system and to identify an expansion ca
the port by sight. PC 99 is a specification for PCs jointly developed by Microsoft and Intel in 1998.
Its aim was to encourage the standardization of PC hardware to aid Windows compatibility. The PC
99 specification set out the color code for the various standard types of plugs and connectors used
on PCs. Because many of the connectors look very similar, particular to a novice PC user, the color
scheme made it far easier for people to connect peripherals to the correct ports on
code was gradually adopted by almost all PC, motherboard, and peripheral manufacturers.
USB – Universal Serial Bus
Identify the colors typically used for the following ports:
Keyboard: Purple
PS/2 Mouse: Green
Parallel Port: Pink
VGA: Blue
Digital Monitor: White
Speakers (Main): Lime Green
Microphone (input): Pink
Identify the following as serial port or parallel port:
Also known as IEEE 1284: Parallel Port
Also known as RS-232: Serial Port
Connects external peripheral devices such as
Maximum length of cable is 10 feet (3 m): Parallel Port
Maximum length of cable is 50 feet (15.2 m): Serial Port
Transmits data, multiple bits at a time: Parallel Port
Transmits data, one bit at a time: Serial Port
Used primarily to connect printers: Parallel Port
Identify the following as USB 1.1, USB 2.0, or IEEE 1394:
Also known as FireWire: IEEE 1394
The maximum data transfer rate speed is 12 Mbps: USB 1.1
The maximum data transfer rate speed of is 480 Mbps: USB 2.0
Has a data transfer rate of 400 Mbps and supports up to 63 devices: IEEE 1394
Supports up to 127 devices: USB 1.1/USB 2.0
Some ports are physically part of the motherboard or are connected
To identify the capabilities of the system and to identify an expansion card, you will need to identify
e color code for the various standard types of plugs and connectors used
scheme made it far easier for people to connect peripherals to the correct ports on
Identify the colors typically used for the following ports:
Identify the following as serial port or parallel port:
Connects external peripheral devices such as modems and mice: Serial Port
Maximum length of cable is 10 feet (3 m): Parallel Port
Maximum length of cable is 50 feet (15.2 m): Serial Port
Transmits data, multiple bits at a time: Parallel Port
Transmits data, one bit at a time: Serial Port
ly to connect printers: Parallel Port
Identify the following as USB 1.1, USB 2.0, or IEEE 1394:
The maximum data transfer rate speed is 12 Mbps: USB 1.1
The maximum data transfer rate speed of is 480 Mbps: USB 2.0
data transfer rate of 400 Mbps and supports up to 63 devices: IEEE 1394
Supports up to 127 devices: USB 1.1/USB 2.0
- 32 -
Some ports are physically part of the motherboard or are connected
rd, you will need to identify
e color code for the various standard types of plugs and connectors used
scheme made it far easier for people to connect peripherals to the correct ports on a PC. This color

- 33 -

MONITOR and DISPLAYS
In this article
• What is Monitor?
• Classification of Monitor
• Kinds of flat panel display
• Parts of CRT
• Parts of LCD
Monitor- is the complete box that adds support circuitry to the displays.
Display- is the image producing device itself, the screen that you see.
Most of desktop computers used systems based on cathode ray tube technology (CRT).
Laptop and other devices chiefly use liquid crystal displays. Occasionally a desktop or portable
system may be equipped with a Gas-plasma display.
Classification of Monitors
• CRT (Cathode Ray Tubes)
CRT monitors describing the technology inside traditional computer monitor or television.
The devise is based on a special form of vacuum tube, a glass bottle that’s been partially evaluated
and filled with an inert gas with a very low pressure.
Another name for Cathode: Negative electrode of the tube shoots a beam or ray of electrons towards a
positively charged electrode, the anode. The primary colors are: RED, BLUE and GREEN.
How It Works?
Inside a CRT monitor is a picture tube that narrows at the rear into a bottleneck. In the
bottleneck is a negative charged filament or cathode enclosed in a vacuum. When electricity is
supplied, the filament heats up and a stream or “ray” of electrons pour off the element into the
vacuum. The negatively charged electrons are attracted to positively charged anodes which focus the
particles into three narrow beams, accelerating them to strike the phosphor-coated screen. Phosphor
will glow when exposed to any kind of radiation, absorbing ultraviolet light and emitting visible light
of fluorescent color. Phosphors that emit red, green and blue light are used in a color monitor,
arranged as “stripes” made up of dots of color. The three beams are used to excite the three colors
in the combinations needed to create the various hues that form the picture.

The CRT monitor creates a picture out of many rows or lines of tiny colored dots
The Cathode of a CRT is often called an electron gun.
Refresh rate indicates how many times per second the screen is repainted. Though monitors differ
in their capabilities, lower resolutions normally have higher refresh rates because it takes less time to
paint a lower resolution.
Another specification regarding CRT monitors is “dot pitch” which relates to the tightness or
sharpness of the picture. A lower dot pitch such as .25 is preferable over a higher dot pitch.
CRT comes with Flat Screen.
CRTs are very suitable for video and gaming, (i.e. fast moving pictures), and because the color
they display is consistent from any viewing angle, CRTs uphold the standard for graphics
professionals.
• PHOSPHORS
Phosphor will glow when exposed to any kind of radiation, absorbing ultraviolet light and
emitting visible light of fluorescent color. Phosphors that emit red, green and blue light are used in a
color monitor, arranged as “stripes” made up of dots of color. The three beams are used to excite
the three colors in the combinations needed to create the various hues that form the picture.
The electrons flow to the tube’s wide flat face where a layer of phosphorous compound lies.
Phosphorous compounds - it glows when struck by an electron beam.
FLAT PANEL DISPLAY SYSTEM
• LED (Light Emitting Diodes)
LED’s consume extraordinary amounts of power. Consider a normal full sized LED can draw 10 to
100 miliwatts of full brilliance and that you need 100,000.
LED suffers the problem that they tend to wash out in bright light and are relatively expensive to
fabricate in large arrays.
• Gas-Plasma Screen
A Gas Plasma Screen Display- Consist of three sheets of glass separated by a gas called Plasma.

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