This document provides an overview of computer fundamentals, including: - The basic elements of a computer system including input/output devices, processing and storage components. - Classifications of computers based on purpose, size, and data handling capabilities including general purpose, special purpose, microcomputers, mainframes, analog and digital computers. - Characteristics of computers such as speed, accuracy, reliability and storage capacity. - Common input devices like keyboards and mice, processing components like CPUs, and storage devices including RAM, ROM, hard disks.

1. Computer
Fundamentals

2. This presentation includes following points:
• Elements of a computer system:-
• Classification
• Characteristics
• Limitations
• Input and Output Devices
• Processing and Storages Devices

3. PROCESSING
DATA
OUTPUT
Definition
A computer is an electronic device that receives data as input, stores and
processes it, and gives the output according to the given instructions.

4. Elements of a Computer System
• Classification
• Characteristic
• Limitations

5. Classification of Computers
On the basis of Purpose/Use
• General Purpose Computers: Designed to
perform a range of tasks. They have the ability
to store numerous programs.
• Special Purpose Computers: Designed to
handle a specific problem or to perform a
specific task. A set of instructions is built into
the machine.

6. On the basis of Size:
• Microcomputers: Microcomputers are
connected to networks of other
computers. It is a small and general-
purpose computer. A single user can
interact with this computer at a time.
• Mini Computer: A small general-purpose
computer having more storage capacity
and speed. It is designed to
simultaneously handle the needs of
multiple users.

7. On the basis of Size
• Mainframe Computer: Large
computers, process data at very high
speed.
• Banks, manufacturers and airlines
are typical users.
• Super Computers: The largest
computers are Super Computers.
• Most powerful, most expensive
and fastest.
• Capable of processing trillions of
instructions per second.

8. On the basis of Functionality/Data Handling
• Analog Computers: A form of computer that uses
continuous physical phenomena such as electrical,
hydraulic, mechanical quantities. Measurements
are obtained and translated into data.
• Digital Computers: Performs calculations and
logical operations with quantities represented as
digits (0s and 1s).
• Hybrid Computers: A combination of computers,
capable of inputting and outputting in both digital
and analog signals. Incorporate the measuring
feature of an analog computer and counting feature
of a digital computer.

9. Characteristics of a Computer
• Speed
• Accuracy
• Diligence
• Reliability
• Storage Capacity
• Multitasking
• No Decision
• No Feeling

10. Components of a Computer
There are two components of a computer:
hardware and information stored on the
hardware (software).
• Hardware: Physical parts (Electronic
and mechanical): Key board, Mouse,
Monitor, Hard disk, Mother board and
Printer.
• Software: Data and computer
programs: Windows XP, Windows 10.

11. Devices of a Computer
There are four types of devices used in a computer:
• Input Devices
• Processing Devices/Unit
• Storage Devices
• Output Devices

12. Input Devices
Input devices are used to send data and instructions by the user or from
another computer
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Joystick
• Microphone
• Webcam
• Scanner
• Barcode Reader
• Touch Monitor

13. Processing Devices/Unit
• Processing devices are responsible
for processing of information within
the computer system.
• Example: CPU and motherboard.

14. Output Devices
Output devices return processed data to the user or another system
• Monitor
• Speaker
• Printer
• Projector

15. Storage Devices
Data is stored for later use on storage
media. Types of storage media are:
• Primary storage media: Random
Access Memory (RAM), ROM (Read
Only Memory)
• Secondary storage media: Compact
Disk (CD ROM), Floppy Disk,
Cartridge Tape, USB drive/Pen Drive,
Memory Stick, Hard Disk

16. About Memory Size
• 1 Nibble = 4 bits
• 1 Byte = 8 bits
• 1 Kilobyte (KB) = 1024 Bytes
• 1 Megabyte (MB) = 1024 KB
• 1 Gigabyte (GB) = 1024 MB
• 1 Terabyte (TB) = 1024 GB
• 1 Petabyte (PB) = 1024 TB
• 1 Exabyte (EB) = 1024 PB
• 1 Zettabyte = 1024 EB

17. Limitations of Computer
The computer is totally dependent on human.
• No common sense and feelings.
• No imagination.
• Cannot detect an error in logic.
• Only an expert user can work on it.
• Cannot take its own decisions.
• No Self-Intelligence and No Thinking.
• No Learning Power