Computer and Its type

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1. The document traces the history of computers from ancient calculating devices like the abacus to modern electronic computers. 2. Key developments included Pascal's mechanical calculator in 1642, the first true multiplying calculator in 1694 in Germany, and Thomas of Colmar's calculator that could perform all basic math operations. 3. The modern computer era began in 1942 with work by John Atanasoff, John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, and the concept of stored-program computers developed by John von Neumann in 1945.

SEMESTER: 1st year 1st semester
SUBMITTED BY: Sagor Ahamed
DEPARTMENT: Computer Science and Engineering

Electronic Device operating under the control of
instructions stored in its own memory.

 2000 years ago.-----invention of abacus
 pascal invented Pascaline,a hand Powered adding
machine in 1642
 In the 1694 true multiplying calculator appears in
Germany developed by Gottfried Liebnitz
 Thomas of Colmar created mechanical calculator that
could add,subtract,multiply, and divide

 After 1900 golden era started
 In1942,Jhon P.Eckert,Jhon W. Mauchly.
 Jhon Von Neuman in 1945
 In the 1960’s , efforts to develop the fastest possible
computer with the greatest capacity reached a turinig
point

 Computer….Latin word …compute
 Webster’s Dictonary defines “Computer” as any
programmable electronic device that can store,
retrieve, and process data.
 The basic idea of computing develops in the 1200’s.

1. Desktop Computers
2. Laptop Computer
3.Handheld Computers

The history of computers began with early calculating devices like the abacus. In the 17th-18th centuries, people developed mechanical aids for calculation like the slide rule. The first true calculating machines appeared in the 19th century using gears. Charles Babbage designed an "Analytical Engine" in the 1830s but it was never completed. In the 20th century, digital computers were developed using vacuum tubes and transistors, leading to generations of increasingly faster computers using integrated circuits. Today's fourth-generation computers are 50 times faster than third-generation computers.

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This document provides a timeline history of computers from ancient calculating devices like the abacus to modern personal computers and networks. It outlines the major eras and developments including: 1) The early pre-electronic era with mechanical calculating devices. 2) The first electronic digital computers in the 1940s-1950s that filled entire rooms and used vacuum tubes. 3) The development of programming languages and transistor-based "second generation" computers in the 1950s-1960s that began the transition to modern computers. 4) The rise of personal computers and computer networks in the 1970s-1990s driven by innovations like the microprocessor. 5) Continued advances to the present day including

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The first computers were human "computers", predominantly women, who performed complex calculations by hand. Early mechanical aids for calculations included the abacus and Napier's Bones. The first automatic calculating machines were gear-driven, including Pascal's calculator and Leibniz's stepped reckoner. Charles Babbage designed but never completed the Difference Engine, considered the first computer. Herman Hollerith's tabulating machine used punched cards to automate census counting, leading to the founding of IBM. The Mark I, completed in 1944, was the first programmable digital computer.

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Computer and Its type

1. SEMESTER: 1st year 1st semester SUBMITTED BY: Sagor Ahamed DEPARTMENT: Computer Science and Engineering

2. Electronic Device operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory.

3.  2000 years ago.-----invention of abacus  pascal invented Pascaline,a hand Powered adding machine in 1642  In the 1694 true multiplying calculator appears in Germany developed by Gottfried Liebnitz  Thomas of Colmar created mechanical calculator that could add,subtract,multiply, and divide

4.  After 1900 golden era started  In1942,Jhon P.Eckert,Jhon W. Mauchly.  Jhon Von Neuman in 1945  In the 1960’s , efforts to develop the fastest possible computer with the greatest capacity reached a turinig point

5.  Computer….Latin word …compute  Webster’s Dictonary defines “Computer” as any programmable electronic device that can store, retrieve, and process data.  The basic idea of computing develops in the 1200’s.

7. 1. Super Computers 2.Mainframe Computer

8. 3.Mini Computer 4. Micro Computer

9. 1. Desktop Computers 2. Laptop Computer 3.Handheld Computers

10. Advantages Disadvantages

Editor's Notes

There are three different types of computers according to the principles of operation. Those three types of computers are: 1.Analog 2.digital 3.hybrid Analog Computer is a computing device that works on continuous range of values. The results given by the analog computers will only be approximate since they deal with quantities that vary continuously. It generally deals with physical variables such as voltage, pressure, temperature, speed, etc. Digital Computers On the other hand a digital computer operates on digital data such as numbers. It uses binary number system in which there are only two digits 0 and 1. Each one is called a bit. The digital computer is designed using digital circuits in which there are two levels for an input or output signal. These two levels are known as logic 0 and logic 1. Digital Computers can give more accurate and faster results. Digital computer is well suited for solving complex problems in engineering and technology. Hence digital computers have an increasing use in the field of design, research and data processing. Hybrid Computers A hybrid computer combines the desirable features of analog and digital computers. It is mostly used for automatic operations of complicated physical processes and machines. Now-a-days analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters are used for transforming the data into suitable form for either type of computation. For example, in hospital’s ICU, analog devices might measure the patients temperature, blood pressure and other vital signs. These measurements which are in analog might then be converted into numbers and supplied to digital components in the system. These components are used to monitor the patient’s vital sign and send signals if any abnormal readings are detected. Hybrid computers are mainly used for specialized tasks.
There are four different types of computers when we classify them based on their performance and capacity. The four types are Super Computers Super Computer:a large very fast mainframe used especially for scientific computations best in terms of processing capacity and also the most expensive ones. These computers can process billions of instructions per second. uses of supercomputers are scientific simulations, (animated) graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, electronic design, and analysis of geological data (e.g. in petrochemical prospecting). Perhaps the best known super computer manufacturer is Cray Research. Some of the "traditional" companies which produce super computers are Cray, IBM and Hewlett-Packard. As of July 2009, the IBM Roadrunner, located at Los Alamos National Laboratory, is the fastest super computer in the world. Mainframe Computers Mainframe computers can also process data at very high speeds vi.e., hundreds of million instructions per second and they are also quite expensive. Normally, they are used in banking, airlines and railways etc for their applications.
Mini Computers Mini computers are lower to mainframe computers in terms of speed and storage capacity. They are also less expensive than mainframe computers. Some of the features of mainframes will not be available in mini computers. Hence, their performance also will be less than that of mainframes. Micro Computers a small computer that contains a microprocessor as its central processor. a small, relatively inexpensive computer whose central processing unit is a microprocessor: used in the home, small businesses, etc.
Micro Computers The invention of microprocessor (single chip CPU) gave birth to the much cheaper micro computers. They are further classified into Desktop Computers Laptop Computers Handheld Computers(PDAs) Desktop Computers Today the Desktop computers are the most popular computer systems.These desktop computers are also known as personal computers or simply PCs. They are usually easier to use and more affordable. They are normally intended for individual users for their word processing and other small application requirements. Laptop Computers Laptop computers are portable computers. They are lightweight computers with a thin screen. They are also called as notebook computers because of their small size. They can operate on batteries and hence are very popular with travellers. The screen folds down onto the keyboard when not in use. Handheld Computers Handheld computers or Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) are pen-based and also battery-powered. They are small and can be carried anywhere. They use a pen like stylus and accept handwritten input directly on the screen. They are not as powerful as desktops or laptops but they are used for scheduling appointments, storing addresses and playing games. They have touch screens which we use with a finger or a stylus.

Computer and Its type

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Editor's Notes