A composite material consists of two phases: a primary matrix phase and a secondary reinforcing phase. Common matrix materials are polymers, metals, and ceramics, while common reinforcements include fibers, particles, and flakes. Fiber-reinforced plastics are an important type of polymer matrix composite, with glass, carbon, and Kevlar being common fiber types. Open mold processes are used to manufacture composites, with hand lay-up and spray-up being examples where resin and fibers are manually applied to a mold in layers before curing. Composites offer advantages over traditional materials like metals, including high strength and stiffness combined with low weight.
The document discusses composite materials and their manufacturing processes. It defines composites as consisting of two phases - a primary matrix and a secondary reinforcing agent. Common matrix materials are polymers, metals, and ceramics, while common reinforcements include fibers, particles, and flakes of materials like glass, carbon, and Kevlar. The document outlines different types of composites and describes their properties and applications in fields such as aerospace and automotive. It also discusses various manufacturing techniques for composites, including open mold, closed mold, filament winding, and pultrusion processes.
Composite materials are made from two or more constituent materials that form a single component. The matrix material holds the reinforcement materials together and allows load transfer between them. Common composite materials include fiber-reinforced plastics with polymer matrices and fibers such as carbon, glass or Kevlar. Composites provide advantages like high strength and stiffness to weight ratios, as well as design flexibility. They also have drawbacks like higher costs and difficulty in recycling. Composites are widely used in applications that require lightweight and high strength, such as aircrafts, ships, sports equipment and buildings.
This presentation summarizes key information about composite materials. It defines composites as materials composed of at least two elements that produce different properties than the individual elements. Composites have improved properties that cannot be achieved by the individual materials alone. Examples of composites include fiber reinforced plastics using fibers like carbon and glass, as well as metal matrix composites. Composites provide advantages like strength, stiffness, corrosion resistance, and low weight. Applications include use in aircraft, boats, automobiles, and construction.
This document discusses composite materials. It defines a composite as a material made from two or more constituent materials with different physical or chemical properties. Composites can be stronger and stiffer yet lighter than steel or aluminum. It classifies composites based on their matrix material (polymer, metal, ceramic, carbon) and reinforcement geometry (particulate, flake, fiber). It provides examples of different composites and their applications in aerospace, aircraft, automotive, and other industries due to properties like high strength and stiffness but low weight.
Composite materials are combinations of two or more materials that result in unique properties. They have advantages like high strength to weight ratio, energy efficiency, and corrosion resistance. Composites can be classified by their matrix, which can be a metal, ceramic, or polymer. Fiber reinforced polymer composites are commonly manufactured using techniques like hand layup, filament winding, resin transfer molding, and pultrusion. Proper fiber length, orientation and bonding with the matrix are important for composite strength and properties.
Composite material is made from two or more constituent materials that have different physical or chemical properties. When combined, they create a material with properties unlike the individual elements. Composites can be very strong and stiff yet light, with better fatigue and toughness properties than metals. They do not corrode like steel and allow combinations of properties not possible with single materials. Composites are commonly used in aircraft due to their strength, stiffness, and light weight.
This document provides an overview of composite materials. Composites are materials composed of two or more physically distinct phases whose combination produces properties that are different from the constituent materials. The document discusses the different types of composites including metal matrix composites, ceramic matrix composites, and polymer matrix composites. It describes the components that make up each type of composite including the matrix and reinforcing materials. Various applications of composites are also mentioned.
Composites consist of a combination of two or more materials, with a matrix and fiber reinforcement. The matrix holds the fibers together and typically transfers stress between fibers. Common matrix materials include polymers and metals. Fibers provide strength and stiffness and can be made of materials like glass, carbon, and Kevlar. Composites offer advantages over traditional materials like high strength to weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and anisotropic properties that allow for tailored designs. However, they also have disadvantages like higher costs and more complex manufacturing compared to metals.
The document discusses composite materials and their manufacturing processes. It defines composites as consisting of two phases - a primary matrix and a secondary reinforcing agent. Common matrix materials are polymers, metals, and ceramics, while common reinforcements include fibers, particles, and flakes of materials like glass, carbon, and Kevlar. The document outlines different types of composites and describes their properties and applications in fields such as aerospace and automotive. It also discusses various manufacturing techniques for composites, including open mold, closed mold, filament winding, and pultrusion processes.
Composite materials are made from two or more constituent materials that form a single component. The matrix material holds the reinforcement materials together and allows load transfer between them. Common composite materials include fiber-reinforced plastics with polymer matrices and fibers such as carbon, glass or Kevlar. Composites provide advantages like high strength and stiffness to weight ratios, as well as design flexibility. They also have drawbacks like higher costs and difficulty in recycling. Composites are widely used in applications that require lightweight and high strength, such as aircrafts, ships, sports equipment and buildings.
This presentation summarizes key information about composite materials. It defines composites as materials composed of at least two elements that produce different properties than the individual elements. Composites have improved properties that cannot be achieved by the individual materials alone. Examples of composites include fiber reinforced plastics using fibers like carbon and glass, as well as metal matrix composites. Composites provide advantages like strength, stiffness, corrosion resistance, and low weight. Applications include use in aircraft, boats, automobiles, and construction.
This document discusses composite materials. It defines a composite as a material made from two or more constituent materials with different physical or chemical properties. Composites can be stronger and stiffer yet lighter than steel or aluminum. It classifies composites based on their matrix material (polymer, metal, ceramic, carbon) and reinforcement geometry (particulate, flake, fiber). It provides examples of different composites and their applications in aerospace, aircraft, automotive, and other industries due to properties like high strength and stiffness but low weight.
Composite materials are combinations of two or more materials that result in unique properties. They have advantages like high strength to weight ratio, energy efficiency, and corrosion resistance. Composites can be classified by their matrix, which can be a metal, ceramic, or polymer. Fiber reinforced polymer composites are commonly manufactured using techniques like hand layup, filament winding, resin transfer molding, and pultrusion. Proper fiber length, orientation and bonding with the matrix are important for composite strength and properties.
Composite material is made from two or more constituent materials that have different physical or chemical properties. When combined, they create a material with properties unlike the individual elements. Composites can be very strong and stiff yet light, with better fatigue and toughness properties than metals. They do not corrode like steel and allow combinations of properties not possible with single materials. Composites are commonly used in aircraft due to their strength, stiffness, and light weight.
This document provides an overview of composite materials. Composites are materials composed of two or more physically distinct phases whose combination produces properties that are different from the constituent materials. The document discusses the different types of composites including metal matrix composites, ceramic matrix composites, and polymer matrix composites. It describes the components that make up each type of composite including the matrix and reinforcing materials. Various applications of composites are also mentioned.
Composites consist of a combination of two or more materials, with a matrix and fiber reinforcement. The matrix holds the fibers together and typically transfers stress between fibers. Common matrix materials include polymers and metals. Fibers provide strength and stiffness and can be made of materials like glass, carbon, and Kevlar. Composites offer advantages over traditional materials like high strength to weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and anisotropic properties that allow for tailored designs. However, they also have disadvantages like higher costs and more complex manufacturing compared to metals.
Image result for metal matrix composites
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A metal matrix composite (MMC) is composite material with at least two constituent parts, one being a metal necessarily, the other material may be a different metal or another material, such as a ceramic or organic compound. When at least three materials are present, it is called a hybrid composite.
The documents discuss composite materials, which are combinations of two or more materials that have improved properties over the individual components. Composite materials consist of a reinforcement and a matrix. Reinforcements provide strength and stiffness, while the matrix binds the reinforcements together and protects them. Common reinforcement materials include fibers of glass, carbon, and aramid. Matrix materials include polymers, metals, and ceramics. The documents describe different types of composites based on the matrix, such as polymer matrix composites, metal matrix composites, and ceramic matrix composites. Manufacturing methods for polymer matrix composites like hand lay-up, filament winding, and pultrusion are also summarized.
This presentation discusses textile composites. It begins with an introduction of the presenter and the department. The topic is then introduced as textile composites. The contents section outlines what will be covered, including definitions of composites, why they are used, constituents, classifications, manufacturing processes, applications, and properties. Composites are defined as combining two materials where one is usually a textile to produce a new material. They are preferred due to properties like strength, weight, and design flexibility. Composites are classified by their matrix as metal, ceramic, or polymer. Manufacturing processes include hand layup, molding, and filament winding. Applications include aerospace, automotive, sports equipment, and more
Composite materials are made from two or more constituent materials that differ in composition or form. Composites can be classified based on the matrix material, such as polymer matrix composites, metal matrix composites, and ceramic matrix composites. Another classification is based on the geometry of the reinforcements, including fiber reinforced composites, laminar composites, and particulate composites. Composites provide benefits such as high strength and stiffness with low density. Common applications of composites include use in aerospace, automotive, construction, medical, and other industrial sectors.
This document discusses composite materials, including their history, components, types, applications, advantages, and disadvantages. Composite materials are composed of two or more constituent materials that differ in composition and remain separate when combined. Historically, Egyptians used mud and straw composites in 1500 BC, while Mongols invented composite bows in the 1200s using wood, bone, and glue. Modern composites use plastics and fibers and have stronger, stiffer, and lighter properties than metals. They contain a matrix, such as polymer, metal, or ceramic, that is reinforced with fibers or particles. Common composites include fiberglass, carbon fiber, and Kevlar in various matrices. Their advantages include tailorable properties while disadvantages include cost
Composite materials are made from two or more materials combined to produce unique properties. The matrix binds the reinforcement to distribute stress. Most composites use polymer, ceramic, or metal matrices reinforced with particles, fibers, or whips. They offer advantages like strength, stiffness, corrosion resistance compared to their components alone. Common composite materials include concrete, wood, and advanced materials like carbon fiber composites used in racing equipment and aircraft.
Composite materials are made from two or more materials combined to produce unique properties. The materials remain separate within the composite. Most composites contain a matrix and reinforcement. The matrix binds the reinforcement and protects it while transferring stress. Composites can be classified by their matrix as polymer matrix, ceramic matrix, or metal matrix composites. Polymer matrix composites are the most common and use either thermoset or thermoplastic polymers as the matrix. Reinforcements include fibers, particles or flakes which improve the composite's mechanical properties. Composite materials are increasingly used in applications like transportation and construction due to advantages like high strength and corrosion resistance.
The document discusses different types of composite materials. It defines composites as materials made from two or more constituent materials with different physical properties. Composites are classified based on the matrix and geometry of reinforcements. The main types of matrices are polymer, metal, ceramic and carbon. Fiber reinforced, laminar and particulate composites are types based on reinforcement geometry. The document provides examples and images to explain different composite materials.
The document summarizes composites and their classification. It discusses that composites are made of two or more materials to produce new properties. Composites are classified based on the matrix and reinforcement geometry. The main matrix types are polymer, metal, ceramic. Reinforcements include fibers, sheets and particles. Fiber reinforced composites are widely used. Applications of composites include aerospace, automotive, construction, medical and more due to their high strength and stiffness but low density.
Composite materials are made by combining two or more materials with different properties to create a new material with unique characteristics. The document discusses the history, types, manufacturing, and applications of composite materials. It notes that composite materials are increasingly being used in industries like automotive and aerospace due to advantages like higher strength and stiffness compared to traditional materials, while remaining lightweight. New techniques like textile composites aim to lower costs and improve performance of composites.
The important points of composite materials are mentioned. This file includes, what is composite materials, its classifications, applications, advantages and disadvantages.
This document provides an overview of composite materials. It defines composites as materials made of two or more constituent materials with distinct properties. Composites consist of a reinforcement material embedded in a matrix to hold the reinforcements together. Common reinforcements include fibers, particles or flakes. The matrix materials are typically polymers, metals or ceramics. The document discusses various types of composites and their applications in areas like transportation, aerospace, sports equipment and infrastructure. Composites offer advantages like high strength, stiffness and corrosion resistance combined with lighter weight.
Polymer are long chains of small molecules called monomers. There are different types of polymers including thermoplastics, thermosets, and natural polymers like rubber. The physical properties of polymers depend on factors like chain length, side groups, branching, and cross-linking. Rubber is a natural polymer made of isoprene monomers. It is elastic, flexible, resistant to chemicals and heat, and a good insulator. The main uses of rubber include tires, footwear, seals, bearings, and expansion joints in construction.
This document discusses composite materials. It defines a composite material as a combination of two or more materials that results in improved properties over the individual components. Composites offer advantages like high strength and stiffness combined with low density. The document outlines different types of composites including natural, particulate, and cast metal particulate composites. It also discusses advantages such as high strength-to-weight ratio, disadvantages like anisotropic properties, and applications in industries like aerospace, automotive, and construction.
This document discusses metal matrix composites (MMC) and ceramic matrix composites (CMC). It defines composites as materials created by combining two or more materials, with fibers providing strength and stiffness. MMCs use a metal matrix reinforced with fibers or particles, while CMCs use a ceramic matrix. The matrix holds the reinforcements and transfers load. Common reinforcement types are particulate, continuous fiber, and discontinuous fiber. Applications of MMCs and CMCs include automotive parts, armor, aircraft components, and industrial systems due to their high strength, stiffness, temperature resistance. Manufacturing methods include powder blending, vapor deposition, and liquid infiltration.
This document provides an overview of metal matrix composites (MMC) and ceramic matrix composites (CMC). It defines composites as materials created by combining two or more materials, with fibers providing strength and stiffness. MMCs use a metal matrix such as aluminum reinforced with fibers like carbon fiber. The matrix holds the fibers and transfers load. CMCs use a ceramic matrix like silicon carbide reinforced with fibers like carbon fiber. Common applications of MMCs include automotive parts and bicycle frames due to their strength and light weight. CMCs are used in applications requiring heat resistance like rocket engine nozzles. Manufacturing methods for both include powder blending and liquid infiltration of the matrix around fibers.
Composite materials are made from two or more constituent materials that remain separate within the finished structure. They combine the strength of a reinforcement material like fibers with the toughness of a matrix material like polymer or metal. Common reinforcements include fibers, particles, and sheets, while matrix materials include polymer, metal, and ceramic. The arrangement and properties of the reinforcement and matrix provide composites with high strength, stiffness, corrosion resistance, and other desirable properties for applications in structures, aircraft, and vehicles.
Composite make them best contenders to be used in aviation industry. Composites have revolutionized the aircraft industry through their properties especially regarding their strength & light in weight nature.
Composite materials are made from two or more constituent materials that remain separate within the finished structure. They combine the strength of the reinforcement material with the toughness of the matrix material. Common reinforcement materials are fibers, particles, or sheets that are embedded in a matrix such as polymer, metal, or ceramic. The properties of the composite depend on the types and amounts of reinforcement and matrix used. Composites are used in many applications that require high strength and stiffness combined with low weight, such as buildings, bridges, boats, and aircraft.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Image result for metal matrix composites
www.slideshare.net
A metal matrix composite (MMC) is composite material with at least two constituent parts, one being a metal necessarily, the other material may be a different metal or another material, such as a ceramic or organic compound. When at least three materials are present, it is called a hybrid composite.
The documents discuss composite materials, which are combinations of two or more materials that have improved properties over the individual components. Composite materials consist of a reinforcement and a matrix. Reinforcements provide strength and stiffness, while the matrix binds the reinforcements together and protects them. Common reinforcement materials include fibers of glass, carbon, and aramid. Matrix materials include polymers, metals, and ceramics. The documents describe different types of composites based on the matrix, such as polymer matrix composites, metal matrix composites, and ceramic matrix composites. Manufacturing methods for polymer matrix composites like hand lay-up, filament winding, and pultrusion are also summarized.
This presentation discusses textile composites. It begins with an introduction of the presenter and the department. The topic is then introduced as textile composites. The contents section outlines what will be covered, including definitions of composites, why they are used, constituents, classifications, manufacturing processes, applications, and properties. Composites are defined as combining two materials where one is usually a textile to produce a new material. They are preferred due to properties like strength, weight, and design flexibility. Composites are classified by their matrix as metal, ceramic, or polymer. Manufacturing processes include hand layup, molding, and filament winding. Applications include aerospace, automotive, sports equipment, and more
Composite materials are made from two or more constituent materials that differ in composition or form. Composites can be classified based on the matrix material, such as polymer matrix composites, metal matrix composites, and ceramic matrix composites. Another classification is based on the geometry of the reinforcements, including fiber reinforced composites, laminar composites, and particulate composites. Composites provide benefits such as high strength and stiffness with low density. Common applications of composites include use in aerospace, automotive, construction, medical, and other industrial sectors.
This document discusses composite materials, including their history, components, types, applications, advantages, and disadvantages. Composite materials are composed of two or more constituent materials that differ in composition and remain separate when combined. Historically, Egyptians used mud and straw composites in 1500 BC, while Mongols invented composite bows in the 1200s using wood, bone, and glue. Modern composites use plastics and fibers and have stronger, stiffer, and lighter properties than metals. They contain a matrix, such as polymer, metal, or ceramic, that is reinforced with fibers or particles. Common composites include fiberglass, carbon fiber, and Kevlar in various matrices. Their advantages include tailorable properties while disadvantages include cost
Composite materials are made from two or more materials combined to produce unique properties. The matrix binds the reinforcement to distribute stress. Most composites use polymer, ceramic, or metal matrices reinforced with particles, fibers, or whips. They offer advantages like strength, stiffness, corrosion resistance compared to their components alone. Common composite materials include concrete, wood, and advanced materials like carbon fiber composites used in racing equipment and aircraft.
Composite materials are made from two or more materials combined to produce unique properties. The materials remain separate within the composite. Most composites contain a matrix and reinforcement. The matrix binds the reinforcement and protects it while transferring stress. Composites can be classified by their matrix as polymer matrix, ceramic matrix, or metal matrix composites. Polymer matrix composites are the most common and use either thermoset or thermoplastic polymers as the matrix. Reinforcements include fibers, particles or flakes which improve the composite's mechanical properties. Composite materials are increasingly used in applications like transportation and construction due to advantages like high strength and corrosion resistance.
The document discusses different types of composite materials. It defines composites as materials made from two or more constituent materials with different physical properties. Composites are classified based on the matrix and geometry of reinforcements. The main types of matrices are polymer, metal, ceramic and carbon. Fiber reinforced, laminar and particulate composites are types based on reinforcement geometry. The document provides examples and images to explain different composite materials.
The document summarizes composites and their classification. It discusses that composites are made of two or more materials to produce new properties. Composites are classified based on the matrix and reinforcement geometry. The main matrix types are polymer, metal, ceramic. Reinforcements include fibers, sheets and particles. Fiber reinforced composites are widely used. Applications of composites include aerospace, automotive, construction, medical and more due to their high strength and stiffness but low density.
Composite materials are made by combining two or more materials with different properties to create a new material with unique characteristics. The document discusses the history, types, manufacturing, and applications of composite materials. It notes that composite materials are increasingly being used in industries like automotive and aerospace due to advantages like higher strength and stiffness compared to traditional materials, while remaining lightweight. New techniques like textile composites aim to lower costs and improve performance of composites.
The important points of composite materials are mentioned. This file includes, what is composite materials, its classifications, applications, advantages and disadvantages.
This document provides an overview of composite materials. It defines composites as materials made of two or more constituent materials with distinct properties. Composites consist of a reinforcement material embedded in a matrix to hold the reinforcements together. Common reinforcements include fibers, particles or flakes. The matrix materials are typically polymers, metals or ceramics. The document discusses various types of composites and their applications in areas like transportation, aerospace, sports equipment and infrastructure. Composites offer advantages like high strength, stiffness and corrosion resistance combined with lighter weight.
Polymer are long chains of small molecules called monomers. There are different types of polymers including thermoplastics, thermosets, and natural polymers like rubber. The physical properties of polymers depend on factors like chain length, side groups, branching, and cross-linking. Rubber is a natural polymer made of isoprene monomers. It is elastic, flexible, resistant to chemicals and heat, and a good insulator. The main uses of rubber include tires, footwear, seals, bearings, and expansion joints in construction.
This document discusses composite materials. It defines a composite material as a combination of two or more materials that results in improved properties over the individual components. Composites offer advantages like high strength and stiffness combined with low density. The document outlines different types of composites including natural, particulate, and cast metal particulate composites. It also discusses advantages such as high strength-to-weight ratio, disadvantages like anisotropic properties, and applications in industries like aerospace, automotive, and construction.
This document discusses metal matrix composites (MMC) and ceramic matrix composites (CMC). It defines composites as materials created by combining two or more materials, with fibers providing strength and stiffness. MMCs use a metal matrix reinforced with fibers or particles, while CMCs use a ceramic matrix. The matrix holds the reinforcements and transfers load. Common reinforcement types are particulate, continuous fiber, and discontinuous fiber. Applications of MMCs and CMCs include automotive parts, armor, aircraft components, and industrial systems due to their high strength, stiffness, temperature resistance. Manufacturing methods include powder blending, vapor deposition, and liquid infiltration.
This document provides an overview of metal matrix composites (MMC) and ceramic matrix composites (CMC). It defines composites as materials created by combining two or more materials, with fibers providing strength and stiffness. MMCs use a metal matrix such as aluminum reinforced with fibers like carbon fiber. The matrix holds the fibers and transfers load. CMCs use a ceramic matrix like silicon carbide reinforced with fibers like carbon fiber. Common applications of MMCs include automotive parts and bicycle frames due to their strength and light weight. CMCs are used in applications requiring heat resistance like rocket engine nozzles. Manufacturing methods for both include powder blending and liquid infiltration of the matrix around fibers.
Composite materials are made from two or more constituent materials that remain separate within the finished structure. They combine the strength of a reinforcement material like fibers with the toughness of a matrix material like polymer or metal. Common reinforcements include fibers, particles, and sheets, while matrix materials include polymer, metal, and ceramic. The arrangement and properties of the reinforcement and matrix provide composites with high strength, stiffness, corrosion resistance, and other desirable properties for applications in structures, aircraft, and vehicles.
Composite make them best contenders to be used in aviation industry. Composites have revolutionized the aircraft industry through their properties especially regarding their strength & light in weight nature.
Composite materials are made from two or more constituent materials that remain separate within the finished structure. They combine the strength of the reinforcement material with the toughness of the matrix material. Common reinforcement materials are fibers, particles, or sheets that are embedded in a matrix such as polymer, metal, or ceramic. The properties of the composite depend on the types and amounts of reinforcement and matrix used. Composites are used in many applications that require high strength and stiffness combined with low weight, such as buildings, bridges, boats, and aircraft.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
3. What is a composite Material?
• Two or more chemically distinct materials
combined to have improved properties
– Natural/synthetic
– Wood is a natural composite of cellulose fiber and
lignin.
• Cellulose provides strength and the lignin is the "glue" that bonds and
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ME 338: Manufacturing Processes II
Instructor: Ramesh Singh; Notes: Prof. Singh/ Ganesh Soni
• Cellulose provides strength and the lignin is the "glue" that bonds and
stabilizes the fiber.
• Bamboo is a wood with hollow cylindrical shape which results in a very
light yet stiff structure. Composite fishing poles and golf club shafts
copy this design.
– The ancient Egyptians manufactured composites!
• Adobe bricks are a good example which was a combination of mud
and straw
4. COMPOSITES
A composite material consists of two phases:
• Primary
– Forms the matrix within which the secondary phase is imbedded
– Any of three basic material types: polymers, metals, or ceramics
• Secondary
– Referred to as the imbedded phase or called the reinforcing
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ME 338: Manufacturing Processes II
Instructor: Ramesh Singh; Notes: Prof. Singh/ Ganesh Soni
– Referred to as the imbedded phase or called the reinforcing
agent
– Serves to strengthen the composite (fibers, particles, etc.)
– Can be one of the three basic materials or an element such as
carbon or boron
5. Types of composite materials
There are five basic types of composite
materials: Fiber, particle, flake, laminar or
layered and filled composites.
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ME 338: Manufacturing Processes II
Instructor: Ramesh Singh; Notes: Prof. Singh/ Ganesh Soni
6. Classification of composite
material
• Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs)
– Mixtures of ceramics and metals, such as cemented carbides and
other cermets
– Aluminum or magnesium reinforced by strong, high stiffness fibers
• Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs)
– Least common composite matrix
– Aluminum oxide and silicon carbide are materials that can be
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ME 338: Manufacturing Processes II
Instructor: Ramesh Singh; Notes: Prof. Singh/ Ganesh Soni
– Aluminum oxide and silicon carbide are materials that can be
imbedded with fibers for improved properties, especially in high
temperature applications
• Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs)
– Thermosetting resins are the most widely used polymers in PMCs.
– Epoxy and polyester are commonly mixed with fiber reinforcement
7. Classification of composite
material
• Matrix material serves several functions in the
composite
– Provides the bulk form of the part or product
– Holds the imbedded phase in place
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ME 338: Manufacturing Processes II
Instructor: Ramesh Singh; Notes: Prof. Singh/ Ganesh Soni
– Holds the imbedded phase in place
– Shares the load with the secondary phase
8. The reinforcing phase
• The imbedded phase is most commonly one of the
following shapes:
– Fibers, particles, flakes
• Orientation of fibers:
– One-dimensional: maximum strength and stiffness are obtained
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– One-dimensional: maximum strength and stiffness are obtained
in the direction of the fiber
– Planar: in the form of two-dimensional woven fabric
– Random or three-dimensional: the composite material tends to
posses isotropic properties
9. The reinforcing phase
Types of phases
• Currently, the most common fibers used in composites
are glass, graphite (carbon), boron and Kevlar 49.
– Glass – most widely used fiber in polymer compositescalled
glass fiber-reinforced plastic (GFRP)
• E-glass – strong and low cost, but modulus is less than other
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• E-glass – strong and low cost, but modulus is less than other
(500,000 psi)
• S-glass – highest tensile strength of all fiber materials
(650,000 psi). UTS~ 5 X steel ; ρ ∼ 1/3 x steel
11. The reinforcing phase
• Carbon/Graphite –Graphite has a tensile strength three to five times
stronger than steel and has a density that is one-fourth that of steel.
• Boron – Very high elastic modulus, but its high cost limits its
application to aerospace components
• Ceramics – Silicon carbide (SiC) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) are
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ME 338: Manufacturing Processes II
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• Ceramics – Silicon carbide (SiC) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) are
the main fiber materials among ceramics. Both have high elastic
moduli and can be used to strengthen low-density, low- modulus
metals such as aluminum and magnesium
• Metal – Steel filaments, used as reinforcing fiber in plastics
12. Polymer matrix composites
• Fiber Reinforced Plastics (FRP) are most closely identified
with the term composite.
FRP
• A composite material consisting of a polymer matrix
imbedded with high-strength fibers
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imbedded with high-strength fibers
• Widely used in rubber products such as tires and conveyor
belts
• Principle fiber materials are: glass, carbon, and Kevlar
• Advanced composites use boron, carbon, Kevlar as the
reinforcing fibers with epoxy as the matrix
13. Polymer matrix composites
Hybrids
When two or more fibers materials are combined in the
composite.
– Intraply hybrids (within) - Alternate strands of different fibers in
a single layer or ply
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a single layer or ply
– Interply hybrid (across) – Different plies of different fibers
• The most widely used form if a laminar structure, made
by stacking and bonding thin layers of fiber and polymer
until the desired thickness is obtained.
14. POLYMER MATRIX
COMPOSITES
Attractive features of FRP:
– high strength-to-weight ratio
– high modulus-to-weight ratio
– low specific gravity
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– low specific gravity
– good fatigue strength
– good corrosion resistance, although
polymers are soluble in various chemicals
– low thermal expansion, leading to good
dimensional stability
– significant anisotropy in properties
– These features make them attractive in aircraft, cars, trucks,
boats, and sports equipment
22. 22
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Ken Youssefi
23. Application of Composites in
Aircraft Industry
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20% more fuel
efficiency and 35,000
lbs. lighter
25. Application of Composites
Lance Armstrong’s 2-
lb. Trek bike, 2004
Tour de France
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Pedestrian bridge in
Denmark, 130 feet
long (1997)
Swedish Navy,
Stealth (2005)
27. Why Composites are Important
• Composites can be very strong and stiff, yet very light in
weight, so ratios of strength-to-weight and
stiffness-to-weight are several times greater than steel or
aluminum
• Fatigue properties are generally better than for common
engineering metals
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engineering metals
• Toughness is often greater than most of the metals
• Composites can be designed that do not corrode like steel
• Possible to achieve combinations of properties not
attainable with metals, ceramics, or polymers alone
28. Disadvantages and Limitations
of Composite Materials
• Properties of many important composites are anisotropic
• Many of the polymer-based composites are subject to
attack by chemicals or solvents
• Composite materials are generally expensive
• Manufacturing methods for shaping composite materials
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• Manufacturing methods for shaping composite materials
are often slow and costly
29. Disadvantages of Composites
In November 1999, America’s Cup boat “Young America” broke in
two due to debonding face/core in the sandwich structure.
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30. 1. Open Mold Processes- some of the original FRP
manual procedures for laying resins and fibers onto
forms
2. Closed Mold Processes- much the same as those used
in plastic molding
3. Filament Winding- continuous filaments are dipped in
Manufacturing of composites
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ME 338: Manufacturing Processes II
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3. Filament Winding- continuous filaments are dipped in
liquid resin and wrapped around a rotating mandrel,
producing a rigid, hollow, cylindrical shape
4. Pultrusion Processes- similar to extrusion only adapted
to include continuous fiber reinforcement
5. Other PMC Shaping Processes
31. Overview of polymer matrix
composite
• A polymer matrix composite (PMC) is a composite
material consisting of a polymer imbedded with a
reinforcing phase such as fibers or powders
• FRP composites can be designed with very high
strength-to-weight and modulus-to-weight ratios
• These features make them attractive in aircraft, cars,
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• These features make them attractive in aircraft, cars,
trucks, boats, and sports equipment
32. Classification of FRP Processes
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33. Polymer Matrix
• Thermosetting (TS) polymers are the most common
matrix materials
• Principal TS polymers are:
• Phenolics – used with particulate reinforcing
phases
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phases
• Polyesters and epoxies - most closely
associated with FRPs
• Thermoplastic molding compounds include fillers or
reinforcing agents
• Nearly all rubbers are reinforced with carbon black
34. Fibers as the Reinforcing Phase
• Common fiber materials: glass, carbon, and Kevlar (a
polymer)
• In some fabrication processes, the filaments are
continuous, while in others, they are chopped into short
lengths
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lengths
• The most familiar form of continuous fiber is a cloth - a
fabric of woven yarns
35. Mats and Pre-forms as
Reinforcements
• Fibers can also be in a mat form - a felt consisting of
randomly oriented short fibers held loosely together with
a binder
– Mats are commercially available as blankets of
various weights, thicknesses, and widths
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various weights, thicknesses, and widths
– Mats can be cut and shaped for use as preforms in
some of the closed mold processes
• During molding, the resin impregnates the preform and
then cures, thus yielding a fiber-reinforced molding
36. Combining Matrix and
Reinforcement
1. The starting materials arrive at the fabrication operation
as separate entities and are combined into the
composite during shaping
– Filament winding and pultrusion, in which reinforcing
phase is continuous fibers
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phase is continuous fibers
2. The two component materials are combined into some
starting form that is convenient for use in the shaping
process
– Molding compounds
– Prepregs
37. Molding Compounds
FRP composite molding compounds consist of the resin
matrix with short randomly dispersed fibers, similar to
those used in plastic molding
• Most molding compounds for composite processing are
thermosetting polymers
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thermosetting polymers
• Since they are designed for molding, they must be
capable of flowing
– Accordingly, they have not been cured prior to shape
processing
– Curing is done during and/or after final shaping
38. Prepregs
Fibers impregnated with partially cured TS resins to
facilitate shape processing
• Available as tapes or cross-plied sheets or fabrics
• Curing is completed during and/or after shaping
• Advantage: prepregs are fabricated with continuous
38
ME 338: Manufacturing Processes II
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• Advantage: prepregs are fabricated with continuous
filaments rather than chopped random fibers, thus
increasing strength and modulus
39. Open Mold Processes
Family of FRP shaping processes that use a single positive
or negative mold surface to produce laminated FRP
structures
• The starting materials (resins, fibers, mats, and woven
rovings) are applied to the mold in layers, building up to
39
ME 338: Manufacturing Processes II
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rovings) are applied to the mold in layers, building up to
the desired thickness
• This is followed by curing and part removal
• Common resins are unsaturated polyesters and epoxies,
using fiberglass as the reinforcement
40. Open Mold FRP Processes
1. Hand lay-up
2. Spray-up
3. Vacuum Bagging – uses hand-lay-up, uses atmospheric
pressure to compact laminate.
4. Automated tape-laying machines
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4. Automated tape-laying machines
The differences are in the methods of applying the
laminations to the mold, alternative curing techniques,
and other differences
41. Hand Lay-up/Spray-up
• MAX SIZE: Unlimited
• PART GEOMETRY: Simple - Complex
• PRODUCTION VOLUME: Low - Med
• CYCLE TIME: Slow
• SURFACE FINISH: Good - Excellent
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• SURFACE FINISH: Good - Excellent
• TOOLING COST: Low
• EQUIPMENT COST: Low
42. Hand Lay-Up Method
Open mold shaping method in which successive layers of
resin and reinforcement are manually applied to an open
mold to build the laminated FRP composite structure
• Labor-intensive
• Finished molding must usually be trimmed with a power
42
ME 338: Manufacturing Processes II
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• Finished molding must usually be trimmed with a power
saw to size outside edges
• Oldest open mold method for FRP laminates, dating to
the 1940s when it was first used for boat hulls
43. Hand Lay-up
Hand lay–up, or contact molding, is the oldest and
simplest way of making fiberglass–resin composites.
Applications are standard wind turbine blades, boats,
etc.)
43
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44. Hand Lay-Up Method schematic
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ME 338: Manufacturing Processes II
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Hand lay-up : (1) mold is treated with mold release agent; (2) thin gel coat (resin)
is applied, to the outside surface of molding; (3) when gel coat has partially
set, layers of resin and fiber are applied, the fiber is in the form of mat or cloth;
each layer is rolled to impregnate the fiber with resin and remove air; (4) part
is cured; (5) fully hardened part is removed from mold.
45. Products Made by Hand Lay-Up
• Generally large in size but low in production quantity -
not economical for high production
• Applications:
– Boat hulls
– Swimming pools
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– Swimming pools
– Large container tanks
– Movie and stage props
– Other formed sheets
• The largest molding ever made was ship hulls for the
British Royal Navy: 85 m (280 ft) long
46. Spray-Up Method
Liquid resin and chopped fibers are sprayed onto an open
mold to build successive FRP laminations
• Attempt to mechanize application of resin-fiber layers
and reduce lay-up time
• Alternative for step (3) in the hand lay-up procedure
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ME 338: Manufacturing Processes II
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• Alternative for step (3) in the hand lay-up procedure
47. Spray-up Method
In Spray–up process, chopped fibers and resins are
sprayed simultaneously into or onto the mold. Applications
are lightly loaded structural panels, e.g. caravan bodies,
truck fairings, bathtubes, small boats, etc.
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48. Spray-Up Method Schematic
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ME 338: Manufacturing Processes II
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Spray-up method
49. Vacuum-Bag Molding
The vacuum–bag process was developed for making
a variety of components, including relatively large
parts with complex shapes. Applications are large
cruising boats, racecar components, etc.
49
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50. Vacuum Bagging Schematic
Lay up sequence for bagging operation
50
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Use atmospheric pressure to suck air from under vacuum
bag, to compact composite layers down and make a
high quality laminate
• Layers from bottom include: mold, mold release,
composite, peel-ply, breather cloth, vacuum bag, also
need vacuum valve, sealing tape.
Lay up sequence for bagging operation
51. Pressure-Bag Molding
Pressure–bag process is virtually a mirror image of
vacuum–bag molding. Applications are sonar domes,
antenna housings, aircraft fairings, etc.
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52. Thermal Expansion Molding
• Prepreg layers are wrapped around rubber blocks
and then placed in a metal mold.
• As the entire assembly is heated, the rubber
expands more than the metal, putting pressure on
the laminate.
• Complex shapes can be made reducing the need for
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• Complex shapes can be made reducing the need for
later joining and fastening operations
53. Autoclave Molding
Autoclave molding is similar to both vacuum–bag and
pressure–bag molding. Applications are lighter, faster
and more agile fighter aircraft, motor sport vehicles.
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54. Automated Tape-Laying
Machines
Automated tape-laying machines operate by dispensing a
prepreg tape onto an open mold following a programmed
path
• Typical machine consists of overhead gantry to which
the dispensing head is attached
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the dispensing head is attached
• The gantry permits x-y-z travel of the head, for
positioning and following a defined continuous path
55. 55
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Automated tape-laying machine (photo courtesy of
Cincinnati Milacron).
56. Curing in Open Mold Processes
• Curing is required of all thermosetting resins used in
FRP laminated composites
• Curing cross-links the polymer, transforming it from its
liquid or highly plastic condition into a hardened product
• Three principal process parameters in curing:
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• Three principal process parameters in curing:
1. Time
2. Temperature
3. Pressure
57. Curing at Room Temperature
• Curing normally occurs at room temperature for the TS
resins used in hand lay-up and spray-up procedures
– Moldings made by these processes are often large
(e.g., boat hulls), and heating would be difficult due to
product size
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product size
– In some cases, days are required before room
temperature curing is sufficiently complete to remove
the part
58. Closed Mold Processes
• Performed in molds consisting of two sections that open
and close each molding cycle
• Tooling cost is more than twice the cost of a comparable
open mold due to the more complex equipment required
in these processes
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in these processes
• Advantages of a closed mold are: (1) good finish on all
part surfaces, (2) higher production rates, (3) closer
control over tolerances, and (4) more complex
three-dimensional shapes are possible
59. Classification of Closed Mold
Processes
• Three classes based on their counterparts in
conventional plastic molding:
1. Compression molding
2. Transfer molding
3. Injection molding
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3. Injection molding
• The terminology is often different when polymer matrix
composites are molded
60. Compression Molding PMC
Processes
A charge is placed in lower mold section, and the sections
are brought together under pressure, causing charge to
take the shape of the cavity
• Mold halves are heated to cure TS polymer
– When molding is sufficiently cured, the mold is
60
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– When molding is sufficiently cured, the mold is
opened and part is removed
• Several shaping processes for PMCs based on
compression molding
– The differences are mostly in the form of the starting
materials
61. Transfer Molding PMC
Processes
A charge of thermosetting resin with short fibers is
placed in a pot or chamber, heated, and squeezed by
ram action into one or more mold cavities
• The mold is heated to cure the resin
• Name of the process derives from the fact that the fluid
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• Name of the process derives from the fact that the fluid
polymer is transferred from a pot into a mold
62. Injection Molding PMC
Processes
• Injection molding is noted for low cost production of
plastic parts in large quantities
• Although most closely associated with thermoplastics,
the process can also be adapted to thermosets
• Processes of interest in the context of PMCs:
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• Processes of interest in the context of PMCs:
– Conventional injection molding
– Reinforced reaction injection molding
63. Conventional Injection Molding
• Used for both TP and TS type FRPs
• Virtually all TPs can be reinforced with fibers
• Chopped fibers must be used
– Continuous fibers would be reduced by the action of
the rotating screw in the barrel
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the rotating screw in the barrel
• During injection into the mold cavity, fibers tend to
become aligned as they pass the nozzle
– Part designers can sometimes exploit this feature to
optimize directional properties in the part
64. Reinforced Reaction Injection
Molding
Reaction injection molding (RIM) - two reactive
ingredients are mixed and injected into a mold cavity
where curing and solidification occur due to chemical
reaction
Reinforced reaction injection molding (RRIM) - similar to
RIM but includes reinforcing fibers, typically glass
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RIM but includes reinforcing fibers, typically glass
fibers, in the mixture
• Advantages: similar to RIM (e.g., no heat energy
required, lower cost mold), with the added benefit of
fiber-reinforcement
• Products: auto body, truck cab applications for
bumpers, fenders, and other body parts
65. Filament Winding
Resin-impregnated continuous fibers are wrapped around a
rotating mandrel that has the internal shape of the desired
FRP product; the resin is then cured and the mandrel
removed
• The fiber rovings are pulled through a resin bath
immediately before being wound in a helical pattern onto
65
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immediately before being wound in a helical pattern onto
the mandrel
• The operation is repeated to form additional layers, each
having a criss-cross pattern with the previous, until the
desired part thickness has been obtained
66. Manufacturing - Filament
Winding
• Highly automated
– low manufacturing costs
if high throughput
– e.g., Glass fiber pipe,
sailboard masts
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sailboard masts
67. Filament Winding
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Filament winding.
69. Filament Winding Machine
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Filament winding machine (photo courtesy of Cincinnati
Milacron).
70. Products made form filament
winding process
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71. Pultrusion Processes
Similar to extrusion (hence the name similarity) but
workpiece is pulled through die (so prefix "pul-" in place
of "ex-")
• Like extrusion, pultrusion produces continuous straight
sections of constant cross section
• Developed around 1950 for making fishing rods of glass
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• Developed around 1950 for making fishing rods of glass
fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP)
• A related process, called pulforming, is used to make
parts that are curved and which may have variations in
cross section throughout their lengths
72. Pultrusion-process
Continuous fiber rovings are dipped into a resin bath and
pulled through a shaping die where the impregnated
resin cures
• The sections produced are reinforced throughout their
length by continuous fibers
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length by continuous fibers
• Like extrusion, the pieces have a constant cross section,
whose profile is determined by the shape of the die
opening
• The cured product is cut into long straight sections
73. Pultrusion Process
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Pultrusion process
76. Pulforming
Pultrusion with additional steps to form the length into a
semicircular contour and alter the cross section at one or
more locations along the length
• Pultrusion is limited to straight sections of constant cross
section
• There is also a need for long parts with continuous fiber
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• There is also a need for long parts with continuous fiber
reinforcement that are curved rather than straight and
whose cross sections may vary throughout length
– Pulforming is suited to these less regular shapes
77. Pulforming Process
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Pulforming process (not shown in the sketch is the
cut-off of the pulformed part).
78. Prepregs
• Prepreg and prepreg layup
– “prepreg” - partially cured mixture of fiber and resin
• Unidirectional prepreg tape with paper backing
wound on spools
Cut and stacked
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Cut and stacked
– Curing conditions
• Typical temperature and pressure in autoclave is
120-200C, 100 psi
80. Other PMC making Processes
• Centrifugal casting
• Tube rolling
• Continuous laminating
• Cutting of FRPs
• In addition, many traditional thermoplastic shaping
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• In addition, many traditional thermoplastic shaping
processes are applicable to FRPs with short fibers based
on TP polymers
– Blow molding
– Thermoforming
– Extrusion
81. Cutting Methods
• Cutting of FRP laminated composites is required in both
uncured and cured states
• Uncured materials (prepregs, preforms, SMCs, and other
starting forms) must be cut to size for lay-up, molding,
etc.
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etc.
– Typical cutting tools: knives, scissors, power shears,
and steel-rule blanking dies
– Nontraditional methods are also used, such as laser
beam cutting and water jet cutting
82. Cutting Methods
• Cured FRPs are hard, tough, abrasive, and
difficult-to-cut
– Cutting of FRPs is required to trim excess
material, cut holes and outlines, and so on
– For glass FRPs, cemented carbide cutting tools
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– For glass FRPs, cemented carbide cutting tools
and high speed steel saw blades can be used
– For some advanced composites (e.g.,
boron-epoxy), diamond cutting tools cut best
– Water jet cutting is also used, to reduce dust and
noise problems with conventional sawing methods