means and methods to prepare compost from farm waste.

1. Institute of Agricultural Sciences
Banaras Hindu University
Department of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry
ASSIGNMENT ON COMPOST PREPARATION FROM CEREAL WASTE.
RURAL AWARENESS WORK EXPERIENCE
SUBMITTED TO:
PROF. P.K SHARMA
DR. A. RAKSHIT
DR. Y. V. SINGH
DR. R. A MEENA
Submitted by:
Rabinrda nath Mishra(14103)
Rabiya parveen(14104)
Rahul barwa(14105)
Raj bhavesh(14107)
Raj Kumar(14108)
Rajveer dhakad(14109)
Ramakant lodhi(14113)
Ratnesh Kumar(14115)

2. 1 Introduction
2 Principle
3 Site selection
4 Material required
5 Pit formation
6 Pit filling
7 Culture (Microbial consortium )
8 Turning
9 Processing and packaging
10 Conclusions
Index
2

3. 3Introduction
• Soil fertility decline occurs when the quantities of nutrients removed from the soil in harvested
products exceed the quantities of nutrients being applied.
• In this situation, the nutrient requirements of the crop are met from soil reserves until these reserves
cannot meet crop demands. This results in a reduction of plant growth and yield.
• Nutrients may be removed from the soil by:
1. growing crops
2. soil erosion
3. leachings

4. 4

5. 5

6. 6

7. 7

8. 8

9. 9

10. 10

11. 11

12. 12

13. Principles of Composting
• A NATURAL PROCESS.
• ORGANIC COMPOUND INGORGANIC (HUMUS)
• A BALANCED, HEALTHY COMPOST DEPENDS UPON FIVE THINGS:
1. OXYGEN
2. TEMPERATURE
3. MOISTURE
4. SURFACE AREA
5. C/N RATIO
C/N RATIO
• HIGH:- SLOW PROCESS LESS MICROBIAL ACTIVITY
• LESS :- COMPERATIVELY FAST VOLATILISE AS NH3
MOISTURE
• 35-40 % :- SLOW DECOMPOSITION
• BELOW 30 % :- ESSENTIALLY STOP
• EXCESS (ABOVE 60%) :- ANAEROBIC CONDITION
30:1Ideal ratio

14. Oxygen
Sufficient :- Proper Decomposition
Insufficient :- Anaerobic Decomposition
Temperature
Optimal Temperature :- 21-38 °C Proper Decomposition
Worst Temperature :- Below 15 °C slow or stop completely
Surface area
More Surface Area Faster the decomposition
Less Surface Area Slower the decomposition
Remedy Insert Probe
14

15. 15

16. 16

17. Overall Process
17

18. Graphical Representation
18

19. 19

20. Site Selection
Criteria :-
• Waste land
• Shady Place
• No Flooding Situation
• Near to Source of Raw Material
• Near to Sink
20

21. 21
• Shady place
• Near to source
• Near to sink
• High land

22. Material Required
1. Cereal Wastes
2. Cow Dung
3. Cow Urine
4. Culture (Trichoderma & Aspergillus)
5. Soil
6. Water
7. Probe
8. Farm tools
22

23. Pit Formation
Date :- 22/09/2017
Dimension :- 2 X 2 X 1 (m)
23
2 metre
1metre

24. Pit Filling
1st Layer :- Dried Cereal waste
2nd Layer :- Green Cereal Waste
3rd Layer :- Cow Dung & Urine
4th Layer :- Soil
24

25. Microbial Consortium
Trichoderma
25

26. 26

27. Turning
Why ?
• Proper aeration so that uniform & fast decomposition occur.
• No anaerobic decomposition.
• No unpleasant smell.
When ?
• At interval of 10 – 12 days
How ?
• By spade.
• Layers are inverted.
27

28. 28
Turning Date
1st 07/10/2017
2nd 19/10/2017
3rd 02/11/2017
4th 15/11/2017
Harvesting 22/11/2017

29. Harvesting, Processing & Packaging
29
Why ?
• Separate undecomposed Components
• Fine Compost Texture
• Qualitative Material

30. 30

31. Conclusion
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• INSTEAD OF BURNING THE CEREAL WASTE IT CAN BE USED IN THE PREPARATION OF MANURE.
• COMPOSTING CAN BE DONE TO PRODUCE HIGH QUALITY OF MANURE .
• NOT ONLY THE FERTILITY STATUS OF THE SOIL IS ENHANCES ALSO THE RESIDUAL WASTE IS USED, WHICH
HELPS IN OVERCOMING THE POLLUTION PROBLEMS.
• DEPENDENCE ON THE CHEMICAL FERTILIZER CAN BE REDUCED, ALONG WITH THE BETTER YIELD A DESIRABLE
SOIL HEALTH CAN BE ATTAINED.
• LOW COST IS INVOLVED IN THE MANUFACTURING OF THE COMPOST MANURE AS COMPARED TO CHEMICAL
FERTILIZERS.
• SOIL FLORA AND FAUNA GET A BETTER ENVIRONMENT, OTHER PROBLEMS LIKE BASICITY, ACIDITY ETC. ARE
ALSO GET RESOLVED.

32. 32
PIT DIGGING FILLING THE PIT
COW DUNG AND
URINE
LAYER
FORMATION
TURNING
FINAL
PRODUCT

33. 33