Fermentation media must provide all nutrients needed for cell growth and metabolite production, including a carbon source, nitrogen source, minerals, vitamins and other factors. Industrial media uses low-cost raw materials that are uniform, available and can be easily disposed of. The media composition is designed based on the microorganism's nutritional requirements and the process objectives such as producing cell biomass or a specific product.

1. COMPONENTS OF MEDIA

2. Fermenter
design
pH variation
Oxidation-
reduction
potential
Foam
formation
Downstream
processing
Effluent
disposal
Prerequisites
of
culture
medium

3. Must provide all nutrients
For cell biomass
Metabolite production

4. C + Energy +N2 + O2 + Other req
Biomass + Product + CO2 +H2O +Heat
An ideal medium composition is developed from the
equation based on the stoichiometry for growth and
product formation.

5. Fermentation
medium
Liquid
media
Inoculum
Cell
biomass
Synthesis
of
products
Broth
Fermentation media must satisfy all the nutritional requirements of the
microorganism and fulfil the technical objectives of the process.

6. Composition
of
culture
media
ARTIFICIAL
CULTURE MEDIUM
NATURAL HABITAT
OF THE ORGANISM
pH and other
nutrients

7. Media for Industrial Fermentation
LABORATORY MEDIUM
Expensive
Contains high purity carbohydrates
(Monosaccharide's), protein source (peptone, meat
extracts), vitamins and other growth factors.
INDUSTRIAL MEDIUM
Low cost
Contains raw carbohydrates (disaccharides
and polysaccharides), protein source (soybean
waste), vitamins and natural minerals

10. CRITERIA FOR THE CHOICE OF RAW MATERIALS USED IN INDUSTRIAL
MEDIA
UNIFORMITY
IN QUALITY
COST
ADEQUATE
CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION
AVAILABILITY
EASE OF
DISPOSAL OF
WASTES

11. Substrates used for media design for
fermentation
Carbon
Water
Energy
source
Nitrogen
source
Special
growth
factors
Mineral
salts
 Nutrients should be formulated to promote the synthesis of the
target product, either cell biomass or a specific metabolite.

12. SAFE
DISPOSAL
OF
EFFLUENTS
STERILE
ESSENTIAL
REQUIREMENT
WATER
HEATING, COOLING, CLEANING etc

13. CARBON SOURCE
Required for
all
biosynthesis
Also serves
as energy
source
Cereal
grains,molasses,
malt, starch, etc

14. Molasses
Malted
barley
Sulphite
waste liquor
Oils and fats Starch &
Dextrins
SOURCES

15. Oxidation of medium
components
Carbohydrates,
Proteins , lipids
Microorganisms

16. Inorganic or Organic sources
Inorganic: ammonium salts & Nitrates
Organic : Amino acids,Proteins
Nitrogen
pH control

17. Vitamins
Minerals
Other
essential
components

18. • Supplements to growth
medium
• Synthesised from basic
elements
Vitamins
• Cobalt, iron, Manganese
Minerals

19. Substances added prior to or simultaneously with the fermentation
which are incorporated without any major change into the
fermentation product
and
generally serve to increase the yield or improve the quality of the
product
Precursors
Increase the yield or improve the quality of the

20. Chelators
Are added to form
complexes with
metal ions which are
gradually utilized by
microorganisms.
EDTA, Citric acid,
Phosphates

21. Foam may block air
filters
Antifoams
Foaming occurs due to media proteins that
become attached to the air-broth interface
where they denature to form a stable foam
“skin” that is not easily disrupted
Alteration of pH,
temperature,
aeration and agitation
MODIFICATIONS

22. Inhibitors
• Used to redirect metabolism towards
the target product
Cell
permeability
modifiers
• Increase cell permeability by modifying cell walls
and/or membranes
Inducers
• Must be incorporated into the culture medium