Compare the views of Piaget and Vygotsky on school instruction in ab.pdf
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Compare the views of Piaget and Vygotsky on school instruction in abstract concepts. Solution Psychologist Vygotsky have illustrated that the prominent cultural mediation and child development and children deal with interpersonal communication. Vygotsky has described that how these psychological interactions are interacted to develop higher mental functions, and he explained the phenomenon a called internalization. In the early stages of child cognitive development Vygotsky observed a wide range of tasks with which a child used to do process of learning and how it will be completed. This zone was described by Vygotsky as “zone of proximal development” in children, a major part of school instruction in abstract concepts different from Piaget theory of instruction & development, in which not “inner speech or egocentric speech” has explained. Total three predominant phases were explained by Vygotsky to elucidate the child cognitive perspectives and also the relation between child learning and cognitive development 3 predominant positions: 1) Constructivism: Vygotsky defined this phenomenon as development always come first learning. This term illustrates that child must get a particular stage of maturation to go further with learning process. 2) Behaviorism: Cognitive development and learning need not be isolated but as a substitute, they can occur concurrently. Thereby he concluded that learning is nothing but development; 3) Gestaltism: Cognitive development and learning are both considered as interactive phenomenons. Piaget\'s theory of cognitive development: According to Piaget, cognitive reversibility is a tangible operation state in which children initially habituate and gain knowledge to understand the things how it works and alter they gain knowledge to return to their original state. Paiget illustrated children’s cognitive development in four stages They are 1. Sensory motor stage 2. Pre-operational stage (2 to7 years of old) 3. Concrete operational (children of 7 to 11 years old) 4. Formal operations (11 to 16 years adolescence stage) Preoperational stage defined as the stage at which children mainly habituate and gain knowledge to speak at the age of 2 to 7 years on school instruction in abstract concepts. In this stage child develops to use symbols initially and finally form enduring and manipulating symbols. In this stage, children do not develop logical thinking or reasoning. In concrete operational stage, children often develop logical thinking and efficient cognitive abilities. Preoperational stage includes the following stages of features on school instruction in abstract concepts with no \"inner speech or egocentric zone of proximal development\" but possess features such as such as a. animism; b. artificialism c. transductive reasoning. According Piaget conservation has illustrated as the process in which children at the age of 2 to seven are unable to think logically. But their logical thinking starts at the age of seven to el.
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TET-Child Development and Pedagogy.pptx
Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development suggests that intelligence changes as children grow. A child's cognitive development is not just about acquiring knowledge, the child has to develop or construct a mental model of the world.
Cognitive development occurs through the interaction of innate capacities and environmental events, and children pass through a series of stages.
Forum 4Based on what you’ve learned and your own experience.docx
Forum 4:
Based on what you’ve learned and your own experience, how does pretend play contribute to a child’s development?
What qualities and skills do you think are important for academic and vocational success? How many of those qualities and skill are assessed by traditional intelligence tests? What advice would you give to parents and teachers who want to nurture creativity and special talents with children?
Cognitive Development (Piaget) and Intelligence
The topic for this week is cognitive development and intelligence from the perspective of Piaget and Vygotsky. Additionally, we will learn definitions of intelligence, the predictive value of intelligence tests, variations in IQ, the role of early intervention in intellectual development, and the development of creativity.
Topics to be covered include:
· Cognitive Development: Piagetian, Core Knowledge, and Vygotskian Perspectives
· Role of Intelligence Testing in the Development of Educational Programs
· Case Studies Related to Intelligence
Cognitive Development
We will begin to examine cognitive development, or how the intellectual capabilities of infants transform into those of the child, adolescent, and adult. First, let us define cognition. Cognition refers to the inner processes and products of the mind that lead to “knowing.” In other words, how do we acquire, comprehend, and apply knowledge? What transformations must occur for individuals to develop increasingly sophisticated mental capacities?
JEAN PIAGET
You have likely heard the name of Swiss cognitive theorist, Jean Piaget. According to Piaget, people are not cognitive beings at birth; instead, they discover, or construct, all knowledge of the world through their own experiences. As they begin to construct knowledge, they refine and organize the information in order to effectively adapt to their environments. This theory of active construction of knowledge is known as the constructivist approach to cognitive development. This approach follows children through four invariant (fixed order) and universal (assumed to characterize all children) stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. Throughout these stages, infants’ investigative behaviors gradually transform into the abstract, rational intelligence of more mature individuals.
PIAGET'S STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
SENSORIMOTOR
PREOPERATIONAL
CONCRETE OPERATIONAL
FORMAL OPERATIONAL
Piaget identified specific psychological structures called schemes (organized ways of making sense of experiences) that change with age. Initially, schemes are patterns of action involving the senses and motor functions. For example, a baby may simply grab and release an object. As the baby gets older, this scheme becomes more deliberate, and she may begin to throw the object down the stairs, up in the air, or against walls. In other words, she is thinking before she acts. When there evidence of this, Piaget says the child has moved ...
Notes on theories of development
All the theories concerned with child development is tried to enumerate here.
Mentalist Theory By Jean Piaget. BS English (4th Semester) The Women Universi...
Psycholinguistics presentation on Jean Piaget's Theory of Mentalism
Jean Piaget’s Theory of Learning Process.pptx
Jean Piaget’s Theory of Learning Process
Jean Piaget, (Born August 9, 1896, Neuchâtel, Switzerland—died September 16, 1980, Geneva), Swiss psychologist who was the first to make a systematic study of the acquisition of understanding in children. He is thought by many to have been the major figure in 20th-century developmental psychology.
Today, Jean Piaget is best known for his research on children's cognitive development. Piaget studied the intellectual development of his own three children and created a theory that described the stages that children pass through in the development of intelligence and formal thought processes (Piaget, 1929).
Chronological Summary of Piaget's Employment History:
Remarkable work of J.Piaget
Cognitive Theory
Piaget believed that learning proceeded by the interplay of assimilation (adjusting new experiences to fit prior concepts) and accommodation (adjusting concepts to fit new experiences). The to-and-fro of these two processes leads not only to short-term learning, but also to long-term developmental change. The long-term developments are really the main focus of Piaget’s cognitive theory. After observing children closely, Piaget proposed that cognition developed through distinct stages from birth through the end of adolescence.
Four Key features of Stages
The stages always happen in the same order:
• No stage is ever skipped.
• Each stage is a significant transformation of the stage before it.
• Each later stage incorporated the earlier stages into itself.
• Basically, this is a “staircase” model of development.
Educational Implications of Theory
1. Piaget's Influence on Education: Piaget's theory was not explicitly related to education, but later researchers applied his ideas to teaching and learning. He had a significant impact on educational policy and teaching practices.
2. Concrete Operational Stage in Education: The UK Piaget review considered the concrete stage as crucial in cognitive development. Concrete stage marks the beginning of logical or operational thought, where children can work things out internally.
3. Conservation in Primary Education: Children, by the concrete stage, can conserve number (age 6), mass (age 7), and weight (age 9). Conservation is the understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance.
4. Formal Operational Stage: Begins around age eleven and extends into adulthood. In this stage, individuals develop abstract thinking and the ability to logically test hypotheses.
5. Piaget's Influence on Government and Policy: The government in 1966 was strongly influenced by Piaget's theory.
6. Plowden Report (1967): Resulted from the UK Piaget review, emphasizing discovery learning. Discovery learning involves active exploration and doing, with a focus on individual learning, flexibility, play, environment, and progress evaluation.
Need to revise working code below,A good design means the applicat.pdf
Need to revise working code below,
A good design means the application should scale easily -- that is, the application should be
designed so that additional processing requirements can be added without making having to
rewrite the application each time. Revise code below to add the following design features:
Move the code to display the menu to it\'s own method.
Create a method to handle capturing the shape dimensions. One approach may be to pass to the
method the dimension to enter (\"base\", \"height\", \"side\" or \"radius\") as a String.
Processing for each of the shapes matched in the switch statement should also be moved to their
own methods.
Notes -
The program should \"look and feel\" like the code below.
The program should display the menu and prompt the user for a shape (or an exit).
If the user enters a value that corresponds to a shape, program control (via the switch statement)
should transfer control to a method specific to the shape that will pass control to prompt for the
appropriate dimensions to another method, then calculate the area and perimeter (circumference)
as directed in PLP06, and display the result.
The program should repeat from step 1 above.
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Pickashape {
//Declaring constant
public static final double PI = 3.14159;
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Declaring variable
int choice;
//Scanner class Obejct is used to read the inputs entered by the user
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
//This loop continues to execute until user enters choice \'5\'
do {
//Displaying the menu
System.out.println(\"\ \ Choose the shape\");
System.out.println(\"1. Square\");
System.out.println(\"2. Rectangle\");
System.out.println(\"3. Circle\");
System.out.println(\"4. Triangle\");
System.out.println(\"5. Quit\");
System.out.print(\"Enter your choice:\");
choice = sc.nextInt();
//Based on the User selection the corresponding case will be executed
switch (choice) {
//This case will calculate the area and perimeter of the square
case 1: {
//Declaring variables
double side, area, perimeter;
//Getting the side of the square entered by the user
System.out.print(\"Enter the side (as a decimal):\");
side = sc.nextDouble();
//calculating the area of the square
area = side * side;
//calculating the perimeter of the square
perimeter = 4 * side;
//Displaying the area of the square
System.out.println(\"The area is \" + area);
//Displaying the perimeter of the square;
System.out.println(\"The perimeter is \" + perimeter);
break;
}
case 2: {
//Declaring variables
double firstside, secondside, area, perimeter;
//Getting the first side of the rectangle
System.out.print(\"Enter the first side (as a decimal):\");
firstside = sc.nextDouble();
//Getting the second side of the rectangle
System.out.print(\"Enter the second side (as a decimal):\");
secondside = sc.nextDouble();
//Calculating the area of the rectangle
area = firstside * secondside;
//Calculating the perimeter of the rectangle
perimeter = 2 * fi.
MolluscaIdentify the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Moll.pdf
Mollusca
Identify the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Mollusca, in terms of body plan, embryonic
development, symmetry, organ systems, etc
Describe the process of torsion and identify which class of mollusk undergoes torsion
Describe differences among the different classes of mollusks as discussed in class, give examples
of each
What are the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Rotifera?
Understand the differences in cephalization among the mollusk classes and be able to give
reasons why.
Know the difference between external and internal fertilization.
Solution
Identify the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Mollusca, in terms of body plan, embryonic
development, symmetry, organ systems, etc
ANS: some characcteristic of phylum Mollusca are :
they have unsegmented and have bilateral symmetry,they have reduced coelom,have complete
digestive sysytem,have large complex metanephridia,Mantle for braething and excretion,head
foot and visceral mass.
Describe the process of torsion and identify which class of mollusk undergoes torsion
Ans: A visceral mass is present which starts twisting during development in such a way that one
side of the mass grows faster than the other side.This leads to the uneven growth.This uneven
growth rotates visceral mass and take to the position of 1800 relative to head.This is called
Torsion.This is a important or key characterictic of this group,along with a foot which is
modified for crawling.
Describe differences among the different classes of mollusks as discussed in class, give examples
of each
Ans: different classes of Mollusks are:
a) Aplacophora-eg Worms like animals.
b) Monoplacophora:eg- Neopilina galatheae
c)Polyplacophora: eg- Chitons -Lepidopleurus.
d) Bivalvia:eg oysters,musseles.
e) Gastropoda eg: garden snails,conispiral
f) Cephalopoda: eg:octopus
What are the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Rotifera?
Ans: They are tiny multicellular organisms,They have pseudocoelum,have alimentary
canal.separate mouth and anus.
Understand the differences in cephalization among the mollusk classes and be able to give
reasons why.
ANS:The cephalization in different classes of mollusks are in cephalopoda they are moslty
cephalised and used for camouflage. And polyplacophoda they are nomewhat cephalized and
used for survival.
Know the difference between external and internal fertilization.
ANS: Fertilization is a process in which sperm and egg unite to form a new individual. The
difference between internal and external fertilization is that in internal fertilization sperm
fertilizes the egg within the female and female give birth to a live individual whereas in external
fertilization both sperm and egg release into external environment and sperm will fertilize egg in
outside environment . for example in spawning..
Match the directional term with its Correct ipsilateral media in.pdf
Match the directional term with it\'s Correct ipsilateral media inferior superficial proximal
posterior distal anterior lateral contralateral deep superior above below front back center
side same side other side closer to the trunk farther from the trunk surface internal
Solution
Ipsilateral-same side Medial- center Inferior-below Superficial-surface Proximal-closer to the
trunk Posterior-back Distal-farther from the trunk Anterior-front Lateral-side Contralateral-other
side Deep-internal superior-above.
LithiumA. has a very narrow therapeutic range.B. completely cro.pdf
Lithium:
A. has a very narrow therapeutic range.
B. completely crosses into the brain.
C. crosses the blood-brain barrier rapidly.
D. is metabolized in the liver into two active metabolites.
Solution
Answer: A. has a very narrow therapeutic range.
Lithium is potent mood stabilizer but has very narrow therapeutic range because therapeutic dose
is very nearer to toxic dose. Therefore, close monitoring is essential when a patient is prescribed
with this drug. Lithium cannot cross blood-brain barrier easily.
Let Z be the group of all integers under the operation of addition. E.pdf
Let Z be the group of all integers under the operation of addition. Explain why the subset {n
belongs to Z: n greaterthanorequalto 0} is not a subgroup of Z.
Solution
Identity element of given group is 0..
and the inverse of an element \'a\' is \'-a\'..
means the negative counterparts of postive numbers..which are missing in the group..
since we have only number which are greater than or equal to 0..
hence inverses are missing..therefore it is not a group itself...
In the United States today, nearly all of our electricity isproduc.pdf
In the United States today, nearly all of our electricity is
produced by fossil-fuel power plants burning coal or natural
gas, nuclear power plants, and hydroelectric power plants.
Using the Internet, determine
environmental considerations associated with it and how such
environmental aspects affect the respective plant design,
operation, and cost. Write a report with at least three references.
Solution
What is Fossil Fuel Power Station??
A fossil-fuel power station is a power station which burns fossil fuel such as coal, natural gas or
petroleum to produce electricity.
Fossil fueled power stations are major emitters of carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas which
according to a consensus opinion of scientific organisations is a contributor toglobal warming.
In 2011, utility coal plants in the United States emitted a total of 1.7 billion tons of CO2
Other harmful pollutants emitted annually from a typical, uncontrolled coal plant include
approximately:
NATURAL RESOURCES IMPACT
1) AIR
Operating Power Plants will produce Air pollutents like SO2,CO2 into atmosphere which
requiring pollution control equipements to reduce emissions
When Air Pollution levels increases in a particular area which may lead to health problems in
people
2) Water Quantity:
Many power plants use water from lakes,rivers or ground water acquifers. Surface water is often
used for plant cooling and plant water is often for plant processes.
So if water is often drawn from Acquifers,pumping of underground waters in a large quantities
will creats cone depression around the well,lowering water levels around some region to the
place where we will utilised ground water
3) Water Quality
Power plants must discharge purified and cleaned water they should carry a little heat or newly
dissolved materials as possible
4)Vegetation
Vegetation impacts can be of two basic kinds:
• Direct impacts of vegetation removal or damage during construction.
• Indirect impacts on vegetation from air pollution or surface water impacts caused by the power
plant
COMMUNITY RESOURCES IMPACT
1) Agriculturals
Farm fields outside the proposed power plant property could also be affected, at least
temporarily, by construction of ancillary facilities like natural gas or water pipelines or electric
transmission lines.
2)Air Space
Tall power plant structures such as transmission towers, exhaust stacks, or wind turbines can be
potential hazards to aircraft attempting to land or take off. Whether the airport is a public facility
or a private landing strip, the safety of the people in the aircraft must be considered.
The level of safety can be maintained by building tall power plant structures in locations clear of
runway alignments and aircraft approach paths, where planes reduce altitude and turn to
approach the runway at a safe height and speed
3)Fog and Ice
Fossil-fueled power plants that use steam to turn the turbines must condense the steam afterward
and re-circulate the water back into the system
4)Noise
Noise .
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TET-Child Development and Pedagogy.pptx
Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development suggests that intelligence changes as children grow. A child's cognitive development is not just about acquiring knowledge, the child has to develop or construct a mental model of the world.
Cognitive development occurs through the interaction of innate capacities and environmental events, and children pass through a series of stages.
Forum 4Based on what you’ve learned and your own experience.docx
Forum 4:
Based on what you’ve learned and your own experience, how does pretend play contribute to a child’s development?
What qualities and skills do you think are important for academic and vocational success? How many of those qualities and skill are assessed by traditional intelligence tests? What advice would you give to parents and teachers who want to nurture creativity and special talents with children?
Cognitive Development (Piaget) and Intelligence
The topic for this week is cognitive development and intelligence from the perspective of Piaget and Vygotsky. Additionally, we will learn definitions of intelligence, the predictive value of intelligence tests, variations in IQ, the role of early intervention in intellectual development, and the development of creativity.
Topics to be covered include:
· Cognitive Development: Piagetian, Core Knowledge, and Vygotskian Perspectives
· Role of Intelligence Testing in the Development of Educational Programs
· Case Studies Related to Intelligence
Cognitive Development
We will begin to examine cognitive development, or how the intellectual capabilities of infants transform into those of the child, adolescent, and adult. First, let us define cognition. Cognition refers to the inner processes and products of the mind that lead to “knowing.” In other words, how do we acquire, comprehend, and apply knowledge? What transformations must occur for individuals to develop increasingly sophisticated mental capacities?
JEAN PIAGET
You have likely heard the name of Swiss cognitive theorist, Jean Piaget. According to Piaget, people are not cognitive beings at birth; instead, they discover, or construct, all knowledge of the world through their own experiences. As they begin to construct knowledge, they refine and organize the information in order to effectively adapt to their environments. This theory of active construction of knowledge is known as the constructivist approach to cognitive development. This approach follows children through four invariant (fixed order) and universal (assumed to characterize all children) stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. Throughout these stages, infants’ investigative behaviors gradually transform into the abstract, rational intelligence of more mature individuals.
PIAGET'S STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
SENSORIMOTOR
PREOPERATIONAL
CONCRETE OPERATIONAL
FORMAL OPERATIONAL
Piaget identified specific psychological structures called schemes (organized ways of making sense of experiences) that change with age. Initially, schemes are patterns of action involving the senses and motor functions. For example, a baby may simply grab and release an object. As the baby gets older, this scheme becomes more deliberate, and she may begin to throw the object down the stairs, up in the air, or against walls. In other words, she is thinking before she acts. When there evidence of this, Piaget says the child has moved ...
Notes on theories of development
All the theories concerned with child development is tried to enumerate here.
Mentalist Theory By Jean Piaget. BS English (4th Semester) The Women Universi...
Psycholinguistics presentation on Jean Piaget's Theory of Mentalism
Jean Piaget’s Theory of Learning Process.pptx
Jean Piaget’s Theory of Learning Process
Jean Piaget, (Born August 9, 1896, Neuchâtel, Switzerland—died September 16, 1980, Geneva), Swiss psychologist who was the first to make a systematic study of the acquisition of understanding in children. He is thought by many to have been the major figure in 20th-century developmental psychology.
Today, Jean Piaget is best known for his research on children's cognitive development. Piaget studied the intellectual development of his own three children and created a theory that described the stages that children pass through in the development of intelligence and formal thought processes (Piaget, 1929).
Chronological Summary of Piaget's Employment History:
Remarkable work of J.Piaget
Cognitive Theory
Piaget believed that learning proceeded by the interplay of assimilation (adjusting new experiences to fit prior concepts) and accommodation (adjusting concepts to fit new experiences). The to-and-fro of these two processes leads not only to short-term learning, but also to long-term developmental change. The long-term developments are really the main focus of Piaget’s cognitive theory. After observing children closely, Piaget proposed that cognition developed through distinct stages from birth through the end of adolescence.
Four Key features of Stages
The stages always happen in the same order:
• No stage is ever skipped.
• Each stage is a significant transformation of the stage before it.
• Each later stage incorporated the earlier stages into itself.
• Basically, this is a “staircase” model of development.
Educational Implications of Theory
1. Piaget's Influence on Education: Piaget's theory was not explicitly related to education, but later researchers applied his ideas to teaching and learning. He had a significant impact on educational policy and teaching practices.
2. Concrete Operational Stage in Education: The UK Piaget review considered the concrete stage as crucial in cognitive development. Concrete stage marks the beginning of logical or operational thought, where children can work things out internally.
3. Conservation in Primary Education: Children, by the concrete stage, can conserve number (age 6), mass (age 7), and weight (age 9). Conservation is the understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance.
4. Formal Operational Stage: Begins around age eleven and extends into adulthood. In this stage, individuals develop abstract thinking and the ability to logically test hypotheses.
5. Piaget's Influence on Government and Policy: The government in 1966 was strongly influenced by Piaget's theory.
6. Plowden Report (1967): Resulted from the UK Piaget review, emphasizing discovery learning. Discovery learning involves active exploration and doing, with a focus on individual learning, flexibility, play, environment, and progress evaluation.
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Need to revise working code below,A good design means the applicat.pdf
Need to revise working code below,
A good design means the application should scale easily -- that is, the application should be
designed so that additional processing requirements can be added without making having to
rewrite the application each time. Revise code below to add the following design features:
Move the code to display the menu to it\'s own method.
Create a method to handle capturing the shape dimensions. One approach may be to pass to the
method the dimension to enter (\"base\", \"height\", \"side\" or \"radius\") as a String.
Processing for each of the shapes matched in the switch statement should also be moved to their
own methods.
Notes -
The program should \"look and feel\" like the code below.
The program should display the menu and prompt the user for a shape (or an exit).
If the user enters a value that corresponds to a shape, program control (via the switch statement)
should transfer control to a method specific to the shape that will pass control to prompt for the
appropriate dimensions to another method, then calculate the area and perimeter (circumference)
as directed in PLP06, and display the result.
The program should repeat from step 1 above.
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Pickashape {
//Declaring constant
public static final double PI = 3.14159;
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Declaring variable
int choice;
//Scanner class Obejct is used to read the inputs entered by the user
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
//This loop continues to execute until user enters choice \'5\'
do {
//Displaying the menu
System.out.println(\"\ \ Choose the shape\");
System.out.println(\"1. Square\");
System.out.println(\"2. Rectangle\");
System.out.println(\"3. Circle\");
System.out.println(\"4. Triangle\");
System.out.println(\"5. Quit\");
System.out.print(\"Enter your choice:\");
choice = sc.nextInt();
//Based on the User selection the corresponding case will be executed
switch (choice) {
//This case will calculate the area and perimeter of the square
case 1: {
//Declaring variables
double side, area, perimeter;
//Getting the side of the square entered by the user
System.out.print(\"Enter the side (as a decimal):\");
side = sc.nextDouble();
//calculating the area of the square
area = side * side;
//calculating the perimeter of the square
perimeter = 4 * side;
//Displaying the area of the square
System.out.println(\"The area is \" + area);
//Displaying the perimeter of the square;
System.out.println(\"The perimeter is \" + perimeter);
break;
}
case 2: {
//Declaring variables
double firstside, secondside, area, perimeter;
//Getting the first side of the rectangle
System.out.print(\"Enter the first side (as a decimal):\");
firstside = sc.nextDouble();
//Getting the second side of the rectangle
System.out.print(\"Enter the second side (as a decimal):\");
secondside = sc.nextDouble();
//Calculating the area of the rectangle
area = firstside * secondside;
//Calculating the perimeter of the rectangle
perimeter = 2 * fi.
MolluscaIdentify the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Moll.pdf
Mollusca
Identify the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Mollusca, in terms of body plan, embryonic
development, symmetry, organ systems, etc
Describe the process of torsion and identify which class of mollusk undergoes torsion
Describe differences among the different classes of mollusks as discussed in class, give examples
of each
What are the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Rotifera?
Understand the differences in cephalization among the mollusk classes and be able to give
reasons why.
Know the difference between external and internal fertilization.
Solution
Identify the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Mollusca, in terms of body plan, embryonic
development, symmetry, organ systems, etc
ANS: some characcteristic of phylum Mollusca are :
they have unsegmented and have bilateral symmetry,they have reduced coelom,have complete
digestive sysytem,have large complex metanephridia,Mantle for braething and excretion,head
foot and visceral mass.
Describe the process of torsion and identify which class of mollusk undergoes torsion
Ans: A visceral mass is present which starts twisting during development in such a way that one
side of the mass grows faster than the other side.This leads to the uneven growth.This uneven
growth rotates visceral mass and take to the position of 1800 relative to head.This is called
Torsion.This is a important or key characterictic of this group,along with a foot which is
modified for crawling.
Describe differences among the different classes of mollusks as discussed in class, give examples
of each
Ans: different classes of Mollusks are:
a) Aplacophora-eg Worms like animals.
b) Monoplacophora:eg- Neopilina galatheae
c)Polyplacophora: eg- Chitons -Lepidopleurus.
d) Bivalvia:eg oysters,musseles.
e) Gastropoda eg: garden snails,conispiral
f) Cephalopoda: eg:octopus
What are the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Rotifera?
Ans: They are tiny multicellular organisms,They have pseudocoelum,have alimentary
canal.separate mouth and anus.
Understand the differences in cephalization among the mollusk classes and be able to give
reasons why.
ANS:The cephalization in different classes of mollusks are in cephalopoda they are moslty
cephalised and used for camouflage. And polyplacophoda they are nomewhat cephalized and
used for survival.
Know the difference between external and internal fertilization.
ANS: Fertilization is a process in which sperm and egg unite to form a new individual. The
difference between internal and external fertilization is that in internal fertilization sperm
fertilizes the egg within the female and female give birth to a live individual whereas in external
fertilization both sperm and egg release into external environment and sperm will fertilize egg in
outside environment . for example in spawning..
Match the directional term with its Correct ipsilateral media in.pdf
Match the directional term with it\'s Correct ipsilateral media inferior superficial proximal
posterior distal anterior lateral contralateral deep superior above below front back center
side same side other side closer to the trunk farther from the trunk surface internal
Solution
Ipsilateral-same side Medial- center Inferior-below Superficial-surface Proximal-closer to the
trunk Posterior-back Distal-farther from the trunk Anterior-front Lateral-side Contralateral-other
side Deep-internal superior-above.
LithiumA. has a very narrow therapeutic range.B. completely cro.pdf
Lithium:
A. has a very narrow therapeutic range.
B. completely crosses into the brain.
C. crosses the blood-brain barrier rapidly.
D. is metabolized in the liver into two active metabolites.
Solution
Answer: A. has a very narrow therapeutic range.
Lithium is potent mood stabilizer but has very narrow therapeutic range because therapeutic dose
is very nearer to toxic dose. Therefore, close monitoring is essential when a patient is prescribed
with this drug. Lithium cannot cross blood-brain barrier easily.
Let Z be the group of all integers under the operation of addition. E.pdf
Let Z be the group of all integers under the operation of addition. Explain why the subset {n
belongs to Z: n greaterthanorequalto 0} is not a subgroup of Z.
Solution
Identity element of given group is 0..
and the inverse of an element \'a\' is \'-a\'..
means the negative counterparts of postive numbers..which are missing in the group..
since we have only number which are greater than or equal to 0..
hence inverses are missing..therefore it is not a group itself...
In the United States today, nearly all of our electricity isproduc.pdf
In the United States today, nearly all of our electricity is
produced by fossil-fuel power plants burning coal or natural
gas, nuclear power plants, and hydroelectric power plants.
Using the Internet, determine
environmental considerations associated with it and how such
environmental aspects affect the respective plant design,
operation, and cost. Write a report with at least three references.
Solution
What is Fossil Fuel Power Station??
A fossil-fuel power station is a power station which burns fossil fuel such as coal, natural gas or
petroleum to produce electricity.
Fossil fueled power stations are major emitters of carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas which
according to a consensus opinion of scientific organisations is a contributor toglobal warming.
In 2011, utility coal plants in the United States emitted a total of 1.7 billion tons of CO2
Other harmful pollutants emitted annually from a typical, uncontrolled coal plant include
approximately:
NATURAL RESOURCES IMPACT
1) AIR
Operating Power Plants will produce Air pollutents like SO2,CO2 into atmosphere which
requiring pollution control equipements to reduce emissions
When Air Pollution levels increases in a particular area which may lead to health problems in
people
2) Water Quantity:
Many power plants use water from lakes,rivers or ground water acquifers. Surface water is often
used for plant cooling and plant water is often for plant processes.
So if water is often drawn from Acquifers,pumping of underground waters in a large quantities
will creats cone depression around the well,lowering water levels around some region to the
place where we will utilised ground water
3) Water Quality
Power plants must discharge purified and cleaned water they should carry a little heat or newly
dissolved materials as possible
4)Vegetation
Vegetation impacts can be of two basic kinds:
• Direct impacts of vegetation removal or damage during construction.
• Indirect impacts on vegetation from air pollution or surface water impacts caused by the power
plant
COMMUNITY RESOURCES IMPACT
1) Agriculturals
Farm fields outside the proposed power plant property could also be affected, at least
temporarily, by construction of ancillary facilities like natural gas or water pipelines or electric
transmission lines.
2)Air Space
Tall power plant structures such as transmission towers, exhaust stacks, or wind turbines can be
potential hazards to aircraft attempting to land or take off. Whether the airport is a public facility
or a private landing strip, the safety of the people in the aircraft must be considered.
The level of safety can be maintained by building tall power plant structures in locations clear of
runway alignments and aircraft approach paths, where planes reduce altitude and turn to
approach the runway at a safe height and speed
3)Fog and Ice
Fossil-fueled power plants that use steam to turn the turbines must condense the steam afterward
and re-circulate the water back into the system
4)Noise
Noise .
In a radio link is required to send digital voice at 4800bps,but can.pdf
In a radio link is required to send digital voice at 4800bps,but can only support a symbol rate of
1200 baud, how many symbol states must be used for this implementation?
Solution
Ans)
As we need speed of 4800 bps but radio link supports 1200 baud,
then number of bits represented by each symbol is 4800/1200=4 bits/symbol
then number of symbol states =2(number of bits/symbol)=24=16
so answer is required symbol states =16.
hi i have to write a java program involving link lists. i have a pro.pdf
hi i have to write a java program involving link lists. i have a problem with the nodes, as it is
posting errors with the nodes.
please help me with this problem. thank you.
public class LinkLists {
/* only need to store a single pointer to the node at the head
* of the list.
* The pointer is null if the list is empty.
* Also record the size of the list.
*/
protected Node head;
/* invariant: size is the number of nodes in the list pointed to by head */
protected int size;
/* no-arguments default constructor creates an empty list */
public LinkLists() {
head = null; // start with an empty list
size = 0;
}
/* accessor method */
public int size() {
return size;
}
/* value to add to the end of the list
*/
public void add(T value) {
head = addAtEnd(head, value);
size++;
}
/* node of the list to which the value should be added
* value to add to the end of the list
*/
private Node addAtEnd(Node node, T value) {
if (node == null) { // special case
return new Node(value, null);
} else if (node.getNext() == null) { // other special case
node.setNext(new Node(value, null));
} else {
addAtEnd(node.getNext(), value);
}
return node;
}
/* iterative implementation of the same method
* value to add to the end of the list
*/
public void add2(T value) {
if (head == null) {
head = new Node(value, null);
} else {
Node node = head; // guaranteed not to be null initially
while (node.getNext() != null) {
node = node.getNext(); // guaranteed not to be null here
}
// now, node.getNext() is guaranteed to be null
// similar to the second special case in addAtEnd
node.setNext(new Node(value, null));
}
size++;
}
public void remove(int position) throws BadItemCountException {
if ((position < 1) || (position > size)) {
throw new
BadItemCountException(\"invalid position \" + position +
\", only 1..\" + size + \" available\");
}
if (position == 1) {
head = head.getNext();
} else {
Node node = head;
for (int i = 2; i < position; i++) {
node = node.getNext();
}
node.setNext(node.getNext().getNext());
}
size--; // one less item
}
public String toString() {
return toString(head);
}
private String toString(Node node) {
if (node == null) {
return \"\";
} else {
return node.getValue() + \"\ \" + toString(node.getNext());
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
/* create two empty lists, make sure they print out correctly */
LinkLists list1 = new LinkLists();
LinkLists list2 = new LinkLists();
System.out.println(\"list1 = \'\" + list1 + \"\', list2 = \'\" + list2 + \"\'\");
System.out.println(\"list1.size() = \" + list1.size() +
\", list2.size() = \" + list2.size());
/* insert some items, keep checking */
list1.add(\"hello\");
list1.add(\"world\");
list2.add(\"foo\");
list2.add(\"bar\");
list2.add(\"baz\");
System.out.println(\"list1 = \'\" + list1 + \"\', list2 = \'\" + list2 + \"\'\");
System.out.println(\"list1.size() = \" + list1.size() +
\", list2.size() = \" + list2.size());
/* remove an item at an invalid position */
boolean caught = false;
try {
list2.remove(4);
} catch .
Glial cells were originally thought to play a very minor role in the .pdf
Glial cells were originally thought to play a very minor role in the nervous system. In fact, their
name is derived from the Greek word for glue. However, recent findings have demonstrated a
number of functions for these cells. Discuss these functions and their importance in allowing
neurons to function.
Solution
Glial cells are indeed very important for the proper functioning of the nervous system. Their
importance becomes apparent from the fact that the central nervous system has more glial cells
than neurons.
Glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS):
In the peripheral nervous system (PNS), only one Schwann cell forms the myelin sheath of only
one neuron. Satellite cells are glial cells of the PNS responsible for providing nutrients and
structural support to neurons..
Fungal reproductive cycle. Place the appropriate label in the correct.pdf
Fungal reproductive cycle. Place the appropriate label in the correct sequence of the fungal
reproductive cycle.
Solution
these re the steps of fungal reproductive cycle
1. Nuclear fusion and the production of haploid spore.
2. Gamete fuse producing dikaryotic hypae.
3.Hypae grow through the substrate.
4. New myecelium forms.
5. Fruiting body formation..
Explain the concept of distributive justiceSolutiondistributiv.pdf
Explain the concept of distributive justice
Solution
distributive justice speaks about the distribution of goods and services among the people
irrespecitve of their income levels and other social factors like wealth, fame and name in the
society. the main moto is treat all the people same and treat them equally while offering a benefit
to them.
do not discriminate people based on their income, wealth, profession or anything. treat in an
equal manner and fair manner only. and it is our responsibility to practice and implement this
system to eliminate the inequalities among the people..
Fecal-oral infections are often a result of _____ droplet transmissi.pdf
Fecal-oral infections are often a result of _____ droplet transmission bodily fluid transmission
airborne transmission foodborne transmission
Solution
food borne transmission
Parasitic infections,which have direct life cycle and do not need an intermediate host to infect a
new host and are spread via faecal contamination of food and drinks are often referred to as
faecal orally transmitted parasites.Infections acquired through direct ingestion of infective eggs
or cyst is intimately linked with the level of personal hygiene and sanitation in the Community..
Dr. Z conducts a study examining the effect of socioeconomic status .pdf
Dr. Z conducts a study examining the effect of socioeconomic status (SES) on depression. Half
of her participants were raised in low SES homes; the other half was raised in high SES homes.
Depression was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory, an interval scale. Which of the
following statements is true?
a. The DV was a manipulated variable
b. The IV was a manipulated variable
c. The IV was a subject variable
d. The study used a within-subjects design
e. None of the above are true
Solution
a. The DV was a manipulated variable.
Double branded DNA viruses (select only one answer) all insert their.pdf
Double branded DNA viruses (select only one answer) all insert their genome into the host\'s
genome to be translated and transcribed likely have a slower rates of mutation than RNA viruses
never cause diseases are more common than RNA viruses are responsible for 45% of the
human genome because of their insertions
Solution
The double-stranded DNA viruses are unique pathogens which require a DNA intermediate for
replication of new viral particles using reverse transcriptase enzyme. These viruses are
particularly shown to be highly active pathogens for human and higher vertebrate infections from
primitive times. They are less common than RNA viruses. However, like other RNA/DNA
viruses, they too possess high mutation rates owing to faulty replication and lack of proof-
reading by polymeraes. Importantly, as a mode of infection, all of these viruses do insert their
genome or a part of it in the host cell\'s genome to promotes its transcription and translation. This
is why double-stranded DNA viruses are difficult to eradicate from human/vertebrate hosts
because they very easily modulate their molecular functions according to the host machinery.
Some examples of diseases caused by such viruses are small pox, herpes infection etc.
Thus, the above explanations states that choice 1 is most correct..
Discuss the mechanisms by which antibiotic resistance genes can be h.pdf
Discuss the mechanisms by which antibiotic resistance genes can be horizontally transferred and
the significance of this in terms of clinical antibiotic resistance.
Solution
The mechanisms by which antibiotic resistance genes can be horizontally transferred are:
Transformation :Process by which bacteria take up DNA from outside environment.
Conjugation : Process by which bacteria transfers gene to other cell directly through a plasmid
via cell to cell contact.
Transduction :Process by which gene is transferred from one bacteria to other via bacteriophage.
The significance of this is that pathogenic bacteria continue to evolve thus resulting in bacteria
that become more resistant to bacteria.This in turn poses difficulties to identify new strains
produced and design drugs for them..
Develop two biologically relevant and researchable questions comparin.pdf
Develop two biologically relevant and researchable questions comparing the plank tonic habitat
to the benthic habitat (or to the flocculent material habitat in deep water) at Lake Herrick (you
will be sampling from a pier or a bridge). Each question should address at least one of the
following bulleted points. both biotic and abiotic components of both benthic and planktonic
habitats. organism abundance. bacteria and/or fungi. be answerable using equipment available
at the lake (Section Two, Lab equipment available in Section Two, Lab 2 (look ahead to these
labs for equipment choices). have an answer that can be obtained from data and samples
collected at the lake and analyzed in more detail in Section Two, Lab 2.
Solution
1. Comparision of bacterial and fungal population present at the planktonic and benthic habitat of
the Lake Herrick in different seasons and thwir ohylogenetic analysis.
2. Analysis of BOD from the samples collected from benthic and Planktonic habitat of Lake
Herrick and effect on the environment according to their presence in the different habitat..
Describe two methods for communicating the material in an Informatio.pdf
Describe two methods for communicating the material in an Information Security policy to the
staff of an organization. What are the strengths and weaknesses of each?
Solution
Information security means protecting information (data) and information systems from
unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction.
Information Security management is a process of defining the security controls in order to
protect the information assets.
Security Program
The first action of a management program to implement information security is to have a
security program in place. Though some argue the first act would be to gain some real \"proof of
concept\" and \"explainable thru display on the monitor screen\" security knowledge. Start with
maybe understanding where OS passwords are stored within the code inside a file within a
directory. If you don\'t understand Operating Systems at the root directory level maybe you
should seek out advice from somebody who does before even beginning to implement security
program management and objectives.
Security Program Objectives
· Protect the company and its assets.
· Manage Risks by Identifying assets, discovering threats and estimating the risk
· Provide direction for security activities by framing of information security policies,
procedures, standards, guidelines and baselines
· Information Classification
· Security Organization and
· Security Education
Security Management Responsibilities
· Determining objectives, scope, policies,re expected to be accomplished from a security
program
· Evaluate business objectives, security risks, user productivity, and functionality
requirements.
· Define steps to ensure that all the above are accounted for and properly addressed
Approaches to Build a Security Program
· Top-Down Approach
· The initiation, support, and direction comes from the top management and work their way
through middle management and then to staff members.
· Treated as the best approach but seems to based on the I get paid more therefor I must
know more about everything type of mentality.
· Ensures that the senior management who are ultimately responsible for protecting the
company assets is driving the program.
· Bottom-Up Approach
· The lower-end team comes up with a security control or a program without proper
management support and direction.
· It is oft considered less effective and doomed to fail for the same flaw in thinking as
above; I get paid more therefor I must know more about everything.
Since advancement is directly tied to how well you can convince others, who often fall outside of
your of job duties and department, as to your higher value to the company as stated by your own
effective written communication this leads to amazing resume writers and take no blame style of
email responses that seems to definitely lead to the eventual failure of company\'s standards and
actual knowledge. It is often covered up by relationships which form at the power levels within
any gr.
Describe the following structuresfunctions or cells Dermal, vascul.pdf
Describe the following structures/functions or cells: Dermal, vascular, and ground tissues Root,
stem, leaf - Monocot leaves and eudicot leaves Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, water-
conducting cells of the xylem, and sugar-conducting cells of the phloem - Sieve-tube element
and companion cell Explain the phenomenon of apical dominance Distinguish between
determinate and indeterminate growth. Explain function of meristem. Describe and compare the
three basic organs of vascular plants. Describe primary growth of stem and root and the
formation of lateral roots. Distinguish between morphogenesis, differentiation, and growth
Explain the ABC hypothesis of genetic control of flowering. Describe the use of Arabidopsis to
understand plant development.
Solution
1.
2.Apical dominance is the phenomenon in which the main stem of the plant is dominant over the
side lateral stems.The dominance is mainly due to the exclusive control of terminal bud present
at shoot apex over the growth of lateral bud present in the lateral shoots.This allows the plant to
grow only vertically.
3.Determinate growth means the growth continues till a structure is formed and stops after that
while indeterminate growth never terminates and the growth continues.The meristem tissues
undergo indeterminate growth and therefore function in active division of plant parts such as
stem and roots.
4.The three basic organs of vascular plants are roots, shoot and leaves.Root consists of a root cap
and root hairs to increase the surface area of absorption of water and minerals.Stem is the
vertical axis of the plant that consists of nodes and internodes.It consists of three tissues,
dermal,ground and vascular tissues.Leaves consists of upper and lower epidermis with a
mesophyll layer in betwee them.There is an upper palisade layer and a lower spongy layer in the
mesophyll.Presence of green pigment called chlorophyll present in the leaves to carry out
photosynthesis.Roots function to absorb water and dissolve nutrients from the soil and help the
plant to anchor in the soil. Stems provide support to the plant and and transport water and food
throughout the plant. Leaves function in photosynthesis and gaseous exchange.
5.When there is an increase in the length of stem and the root of plant , it is known as primary
growth. It results due to the division of cell present at the apical meristem of stem and
roots.Lateral roots are formed by division of cells present in the pericycle of the xylem radius of
the root.
6.Morphogenesis is the process by which an organism starts to develop its morphology i.e
size,shape and structure while differentiation is the process by which cells or tissues or organs
develop specialised characters the development process while growth is the process by which the
cell increases in size.
7.According to the ABC hypothesis,there are 3 classes of genes known as A,B and C that are
transcription factors required to form different whorls of the flower. A genes form whor.
Describe the accounting and finance structure in an organization..pdf
Describe the accounting and finance structure in an organization.
Solution
The accounting and finance departments structure in an organisation will depend on the size of
the organisation, the kind of products or services it provides and requirements of law of the
land.The larger the company, the more accounts clerks and accountants for the processing of the
various transaction and business entries are required. Like-wise for a smaller firm only three to
four accoutants and clerks are required in the finance and accounting department. The other
structure of Accounting and finance department are :
(a) Account Clerks : The data entry of the transaction and making of the vouchers are done by
the account clerks. They also fulfills the responsibilities like filing of documents and getting the
authorisation on the vouchers. They also process the bill and their payments. They also take care
of the bank transactions and reconciliations.
(b) Accountants and Full Charge Bookkeepers : The Accountants are the supervisors of the
accounts and finance department who controls and guide the accounts clerks at the operatinal
level. They provides services like making of adjusting entries and processing the payroll
transactions of the company at the end of the month.
c) Department Controllers and Accounts Managers : The managers have the role of supervisors
who guides the Accountants and clerks and ensures the control over the departments activities
and working according to the requirement at various point of time. They are respoinsible for all
the frauds to happen, so the Controllers takes all the steps to prevent any fraud to happen. The
internal controls are in their hands. Controllers are also responsible for preparing financial
documents like budgets, financial statements and audit reports and rectification reports.
(d) Chief Financial Officer : The Chief Financial Officer (CFO) is the top-most position of the
Accounting and Finance Department of the organization. They are mainly responsible for the
hiring of persons in the department and keep a close look at the working and results of the
department. They are also responsible for the fulfilment of other departments requirements and
paying off the taxes and minimisation of the tax expenses using various options to evade tax. The
controlling of the cost accounting of the organisation is also in their hands.
Thus, the above points constitutes the Accounting and Finance Departments\' structure of an
organisation.
============================================.
Consider an assembly of thousands of people, all screaming, yelling,.pdf
Consider an assembly of thousands of people, all screaming, yelling, and drinking, while a
smaller group in the center of the assembly area fights over the remains of a dead pig. Why
might this be seen as significant in anthropological terms if it were part of the research described
in Horace Miner’s interpretations of Nacirema culture?
a. It helps to understand how to avoid judgment about cultural beliefs and practices.
b. It affords a window into the nature of spectacle.
c. It illustrates mass ritual effectively.
d. It is a powerful example of participant observation.
Solution
If it were a part of the research described in Horace Miner’s interpretations of Nacirema culture
this might be seen as significant in anthropological terms because It helps to understand how to
avoid judgment about cultural beliefs and practices.
(a. It helps to understand how to avoid judgment about cultural beliefs and practices.).
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