Company law avi
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The document discusses various topics related to share capital including: - The meaning of share and share capital, and how corporations issue shares to raise capital. Shareholders are owners of the company. - The different types of share capital a company can have including authorized, issued, subscribed, called up, paid up, and reserve capital. - Preference shares have priority for dividend payments and repayment of capital over common shares. There are different types of preference shares. - The rules around reducing a company's share capital, including limiting a member's liability to calls or contributions to the difference between the amount paid and reduced amount.
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Holding company
A holding company is one that controls other companies by owning a majority of shares or controlling the board of directors. The document defines a holding company according to Indian law and provides examples of subsidiaries and sub-subsidiaries. It discusses minority interest, cost of control/capital reserves/goodwill, capital profits and losses, and the steps to prepare a consolidated balance sheet, including computations needed and eliminations required.
Issue of shares
The document outlines several ways that a company can issue shares, including:
1) Private placement of shares to friends and relatives without a public offering.
2) Preferential allotment, where a listed company issues bulk shares to a select group to raise capital.
3) Right issues, where existing shareholders can purchase additional shares at a discount.
4) Sweat equity shares given to employees for their work at a discounted market rate.
5) Employee stock option plans that incentivize employees and boost the stock price.
Accounts of holding companies
The document discusses key concepts related to holding companies and consolidated financial statements. It defines a holding company as one that controls another company by owning a majority of its shares. A subsidiary is a company whose shares are owned by the holding company. If all shares are owned, it is a wholly owned subsidiary, otherwise it is partially owned.
To prepare consolidated financial statements, the holding company combines its financials with the subsidiary's by adding all assets and liabilities, except for its investment in the subsidiary. It also calculates the minority interest owned by outsiders in the subsidiary and the cost of control, if it paid more than the net assets for the subsidiary's shares. The consolidated statements provide an overall picture of the financial position and
Meaning and types of share capital 2
Share capital refers to the total capital collected from shareholders for a company's business operations. There are several types of share capital:
1) Authorized capital is the maximum amount of capital a company is allowed to raise as stated in its registration documents.
2) Issued capital is the portion of authorized capital that is offered to the public for subscription.
3) Subscribed capital is the portion of issued capital that is actually subscribed to by the public.
4) Called-up capital is the portion of subscribed capital that the company calls on shareholders to pay.
Equity Financing
The document discusses various sources of equity financing for businesses. It describes retained earnings as the most important form of equity financing as it has low costs. However, retained earnings may not be enough to support company growth goals and maintaining high dividend payments can be difficult. The document also discusses issuing shares on stock markets and the reasons companies may seek a stock market listing, including accessing more financing, improving share marketability, and enhancing company image. It provides details on types of shares that can be issued like ordinary shares and circumstances for new share issues.
Holding and subsidiary company
Holding and Subsidiary Companies, Treatment related to these Accounts, Capital Profit, Revenue Profit, Cost of Control, Minority Intrest
Business and share capital
This document discusses different types of business organizations and share capital structures. It describes sole proprietorships, partnerships, and companies. Key points include:
- Sole proprietorships are businesses owned and operated by one individual who is personally liable for all debts and profits/losses.
- Partnerships involve two or more individuals who agree to share profits/losses of a business. Partners have unlimited liability.
- Companies are legal entities separate from their owners. They have features like perpetual existence, transferable shares, separation of ownership and control, and limited liability for shareholders.
- Share capital refers to funds contributed by shareholders. It is divided into types like authorized, issued, subscribed, called up, and
Financial instruments
This document discusses various methods that companies can use to raise capital, including issuing different types of shares and financial instruments. It provides details on:
1) Equity shares, which provide ownership rights and the ability to participate in company profits but are high risk. Preference shares provide fixed dividends but no voting rights.
2) Other methods like debentures, bonds, and long-term loans from banks that provide borrowed capital.
3) The process for rights issues of shares, which allows existing shareholders first rights to purchase new shares issued.
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Holding company
A holding company is one that controls other companies by owning a majority of shares or controlling the board of directors. The document defines a holding company according to Indian law and provides examples of subsidiaries and sub-subsidiaries. It discusses minority interest, cost of control/capital reserves/goodwill, capital profits and losses, and the steps to prepare a consolidated balance sheet, including computations needed and eliminations required.
Issue of shares
The document outlines several ways that a company can issue shares, including:
1) Private placement of shares to friends and relatives without a public offering.
2) Preferential allotment, where a listed company issues bulk shares to a select group to raise capital.
3) Right issues, where existing shareholders can purchase additional shares at a discount.
4) Sweat equity shares given to employees for their work at a discounted market rate.
5) Employee stock option plans that incentivize employees and boost the stock price.
Accounts of holding companies
The document discusses key concepts related to holding companies and consolidated financial statements. It defines a holding company as one that controls another company by owning a majority of its shares. A subsidiary is a company whose shares are owned by the holding company. If all shares are owned, it is a wholly owned subsidiary, otherwise it is partially owned.
To prepare consolidated financial statements, the holding company combines its financials with the subsidiary's by adding all assets and liabilities, except for its investment in the subsidiary. It also calculates the minority interest owned by outsiders in the subsidiary and the cost of control, if it paid more than the net assets for the subsidiary's shares. The consolidated statements provide an overall picture of the financial position and
Meaning and types of share capital 2
Share capital refers to the total capital collected from shareholders for a company's business operations. There are several types of share capital:
1) Authorized capital is the maximum amount of capital a company is allowed to raise as stated in its registration documents.
2) Issued capital is the portion of authorized capital that is offered to the public for subscription.
3) Subscribed capital is the portion of issued capital that is actually subscribed to by the public.
4) Called-up capital is the portion of subscribed capital that the company calls on shareholders to pay.
Equity Financing
The document discusses various sources of equity financing for businesses. It describes retained earnings as the most important form of equity financing as it has low costs. However, retained earnings may not be enough to support company growth goals and maintaining high dividend payments can be difficult. The document also discusses issuing shares on stock markets and the reasons companies may seek a stock market listing, including accessing more financing, improving share marketability, and enhancing company image. It provides details on types of shares that can be issued like ordinary shares and circumstances for new share issues.
Holding and subsidiary company
Holding and Subsidiary Companies, Treatment related to these Accounts, Capital Profit, Revenue Profit, Cost of Control, Minority Intrest
Business and share capital
This document discusses different types of business organizations and share capital structures. It describes sole proprietorships, partnerships, and companies. Key points include:
- Sole proprietorships are businesses owned and operated by one individual who is personally liable for all debts and profits/losses.
- Partnerships involve two or more individuals who agree to share profits/losses of a business. Partners have unlimited liability.
- Companies are legal entities separate from their owners. They have features like perpetual existence, transferable shares, separation of ownership and control, and limited liability for shareholders.
- Share capital refers to funds contributed by shareholders. It is divided into types like authorized, issued, subscribed, called up, and
Financial instruments
This document discusses various methods that companies can use to raise capital, including issuing different types of shares and financial instruments. It provides details on:
1) Equity shares, which provide ownership rights and the ability to participate in company profits but are high risk. Preference shares provide fixed dividends but no voting rights.
2) Other methods like debentures, bonds, and long-term loans from banks that provide borrowed capital.
3) The process for rights issues of shares, which allows existing shareholders first rights to purchase new shares issued.
Introduction To Shares
Shares represent an ownership interest in a company. A share certificate is issued to evidence shares, and is signed by at least two directors and the secretary. Shares can be ordinary shares or preference shares, with preference shares having certain features like priority in dividends. Companies can issue shares at a premium, with premium amounts kept separately and only used for specific purposes like issuing bonus shares. Additional shares must generally be offered first to existing shareholders. Companies may pay dividends to shareholders from profits, and bonus shares can be issued to capitalize profits without shareholders paying additional amounts. Various rules must be followed regarding allotment, minimum subscriptions and deposits for share issuance. Shares can be transferred or transmitted to others according to company articles and
Equity share
Equity shareholders are owners of a business and receive any residual profits after preference shareholders have been paid. They have rights to income, control, pre-emptive rights during new share issues, and residual claims over assets in liquidation. Equity shares provide permanent capital but have uncertain returns and are a residual claim. They offer higher potential returns but also higher risk than other securities.
Issue of shares :corporate accounting
This document discusses accounting for the issue, forfeiture, and re-issue of shares. It begins with an outline of the unit topics, including the meaning and types of shares, accounting for share issues, rights issues, bonus shares, and forfeiture and re-issue of shares. Several key aspects of share capital are defined, such as authorized, issued, subscribed, called-up, and paid-up capital. An example journal entry for a share issue transaction is provided. The document also covers equity shares, preference shares, and sweat equity shares.
Share capital and types
Share capital refers to the total monetary value of shares issued by a company. There are two types of shares: preference shares and equity shares. Preference shares carry special rights related to dividend payments and capital repayment, and dividends are fixed. Equity shares do not have any preferential treatment, their dividends fluctuate with company profits, and they have voting rights in company affairs. Some types of preference shares are cumulative, non-cumulative, participating, redeemable, convertible, and non-convertible.
Types of share and share capital
Share capital refers to the money contributed by shareholders to start a business. There are different types of shares such as ordinary shares, preference shares, and redeemable preference shares. Ordinary shares provide voting rights and rights to profits, while preference shares offer fixed dividends but no voting rights. A company's authorized capital is the maximum amount allowed per its memorandum, while its issued, subscribed, and paid up capital refers to amounts offered, taken up, and paid for by shareholders respectively. Fully paid up capital means the nominal value of shares has been received in full.
Shares and debenture
This document provides an introduction to shares, share capital, debentures, and the differences between them. It discusses key terms like IPO, FPO, equity shares, preference shares, debentures, and issuing shares. The main types of each are outlined, along with their advantages and disadvantages. Shares represent ownership in a company and allow shareholders to share in profits as dividends, while debentures are like loans that pay interest but do not provide ownership. This introduction covers the basic concepts for investors regarding the capital structure of companies.
Holding company sjv
The document discusses the process of preparing a consolidated balance sheet for a holding company and its subsidiaries. It provides a 4 step process: 1) collecting basic information on acquisition date, ownership percentage, pre/post-acquisition periods, 2) analyzing profits and reserves for pre-acquisition periods, 3) calculating the cost of control and goodwill, and 4) calculating minority interest. It also discusses the treatment of various items like unrealized profits, intercompany transactions, contingent liabilities, unclaimed dividends and others in the consolidated balance sheet.
Bonus shares
Bonus shares are additional free shares given to existing shareholders based on the number of shares owned, representing a company's accumulated retained earnings. Companies issue bonus shares to increase liquidity and shareholder participation when earnings per share rise substantially. For example, a company with Rs. 10,000 profit and 100 shares has an earnings per share of Rs. 100. To lower the price per share for retail investors and improve liquidity, the company may declare a 1:4 bonus issue, increasing shares to 500. This lowers the price per share to Rs. 20 while maintaining the same total market value. Bonus shares are accounted for by transferring reserves to share capital.
Holding company & subsidiary company
A holding company is one that controls another company by acquiring over 51% of its shares. It does not take ownership of the subsidiary's assets, only its shares. A subsidiary is controlled by a holding company if the holding company controls its board of directors or holds over 51% of the subsidiary's shares. Holding companies can be either wholly-owned, where the holding company owns 100% of the subsidiary, or partly-owned, where it owns over 50% but not all of the subsidiary shares. Financial analysis of holding structures includes capital and revenue profits, cost of control, and calculation of minority interests.
Types of shares
The document discusses different classes of shares that companies can create, including ordinary shares, preference shares, non-voting shares, redeemable shares, deferred ordinary shares, and management shares. It provides descriptions of these common share classes and explains how companies have flexibility to set out various share class rights and attributes in their articles of association. Creating different share classes can be done for reasons such as attracting investors, making dividend payments to family or employees, and retaining control for original owners.
Classification of shares
This document discusses the classification of company shares. It explains that company capital is divided into shares, which are movable property. Shares can be preference shares, equity shares, or deferred shares. Preference shares may be cumulative, non-cumulative, participating, convertible, or redeemable. Equity shares carry voting rights but lower priority in dividends than preference shares. Deferred shares have the lowest priority. The document also discusses issuing shares at par, premium or discount, underwriting shares, and defining types of share capital such as authorized, issued, subscribed, called-up, paid-up and reserve capital.
Advantages of holding companies
Holding companies have advantages such as maintaining the separate identity of subsidiary companies, controlling subsidiary companies without investing the entire capital, and being able to acquire or dispose of subsidiary company shares. However, there are also disadvantages like the possibility of fraudulent account manipulation between companies, minority shareholders' interests may not be properly protected, and creditors or outsiders of subsidiary companies may not be aware of their true financial positions.
Accounting for share capital
1. The document discusses various topics related to accounting for share capital in companies, including the meaning of a company and types of companies.
2. It describes shares as the units into which the capital of a company is divided, and discusses types of shares such as preference shares and equity shares.
3. The document also covers share capital forms and terms, accounting entries related to issuing shares for cash at par and premium, and how to account for over-subscription and under-subscription of share issues.
F.m ppt
Equity shares represent ownership in a company and provide shareholders voting rights and claim to residual assets. They are a permanent capital source as they have no maturity date. Preference shares have fixed dividends and preference over equity shares but do not provide voting rights or claim to residual assets. Debentures are a type of loan that pays fixed interest and must be repaid by a specified maturity date. Term loans are long-term loans directly from banks or financial institutions, often secured by company assets.
Shares, MBA
The document discusses key concepts in business law related to companies and shares. It defines a company and share capital, and outlines the main types of shares like preference shares, equity shares, and deferred shares. It also covers related topics such as share certificates, share warrants, nomination of shares, and the process of transferring shares. The Companies Act of 1956 establishes the legal framework for forming companies and responsibilities of a company's directors in India.
Holding and subsidiary company
Holding company first came into existence in the US. It was created to overcome the restrictions imposed by the Anti-trust legislation. They were formed because businessmen wanted to have concerns under common control and within the framework of law.
Under the companies Act, 1956, a holding company is any company which holds more than half of the equity share capital of other companies or controls the composition of the board of directors of other companies. Type of business organization that allows a firm (called parent) and its directors to control or influence other firms (called subsidiaries). This arrangement makes venturing outside one's core industry possible and, under certain conditions, to benefit from tax consolidation, sharing of operating losses, and ease of divestiture. The legal definition of a holding company varies with the legal system. Some require holding of a majority (80 percent) or the entire (100 percent) voting shares of the subsidiary whereas other require as little as five percent.
001 share premium and bonus shares
Share premium is the amount received by a company over the face value when issuing new shares. It arises when a company sells shares at a price higher than their face value due to good financial performance. The difference between the selling price and face value is the share premium. Share premium must be deposited in a securities premium account and can only be used for specific purposes like issuing bonus shares or writing off share issue expenses. Bonus shares are additional free shares given to existing shareholders from a company's reserves like retained earnings or securities premium. They increase share capital without raising new funds.
Introduction to Shares
The document discusses different types of company shares. It explains that a company's capital is divided into shares, with each share representing a unit of ownership. There are two main types of shares: equity shares and preference shares. Equity shares have variable dividends that fluctuate with company profits, while preference shares pay a fixed dividend and have priority over equity shares. Within these categories there are further sub-types, including bonus shares, sweat equity shares, and different classes of preference shares based on their dividend rights and redemption terms. Shareholders receive share certificates as proof of ownership.
Issue of Shares
The document discusses key differences between private and public companies. It states that private companies have restrictions on the number of members and cannot invite the public to subscribe to its shares, while public companies can have an unlimited number of members and can invite public subscription. Additionally, private companies have restrictions on the transfer of shares while public companies do not.
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Introduction To Shares
Shares represent an ownership interest in a company. A share certificate is issued to evidence shares, and is signed by at least two directors and the secretary. Shares can be ordinary shares or preference shares, with preference shares having certain features like priority in dividends. Companies can issue shares at a premium, with premium amounts kept separately and only used for specific purposes like issuing bonus shares. Additional shares must generally be offered first to existing shareholders. Companies may pay dividends to shareholders from profits, and bonus shares can be issued to capitalize profits without shareholders paying additional amounts. Various rules must be followed regarding allotment, minimum subscriptions and deposits for share issuance. Shares can be transferred or transmitted to others according to company articles and
Equity share
Equity shareholders are owners of a business and receive any residual profits after preference shareholders have been paid. They have rights to income, control, pre-emptive rights during new share issues, and residual claims over assets in liquidation. Equity shares provide permanent capital but have uncertain returns and are a residual claim. They offer higher potential returns but also higher risk than other securities.
Issue of shares :corporate accounting
This document discusses accounting for the issue, forfeiture, and re-issue of shares. It begins with an outline of the unit topics, including the meaning and types of shares, accounting for share issues, rights issues, bonus shares, and forfeiture and re-issue of shares. Several key aspects of share capital are defined, such as authorized, issued, subscribed, called-up, and paid-up capital. An example journal entry for a share issue transaction is provided. The document also covers equity shares, preference shares, and sweat equity shares.
Share capital and types
Share capital refers to the total monetary value of shares issued by a company. There are two types of shares: preference shares and equity shares. Preference shares carry special rights related to dividend payments and capital repayment, and dividends are fixed. Equity shares do not have any preferential treatment, their dividends fluctuate with company profits, and they have voting rights in company affairs. Some types of preference shares are cumulative, non-cumulative, participating, redeemable, convertible, and non-convertible.
Types of share and share capital
Share capital refers to the money contributed by shareholders to start a business. There are different types of shares such as ordinary shares, preference shares, and redeemable preference shares. Ordinary shares provide voting rights and rights to profits, while preference shares offer fixed dividends but no voting rights. A company's authorized capital is the maximum amount allowed per its memorandum, while its issued, subscribed, and paid up capital refers to amounts offered, taken up, and paid for by shareholders respectively. Fully paid up capital means the nominal value of shares has been received in full.
Shares and debenture
This document provides an introduction to shares, share capital, debentures, and the differences between them. It discusses key terms like IPO, FPO, equity shares, preference shares, debentures, and issuing shares. The main types of each are outlined, along with their advantages and disadvantages. Shares represent ownership in a company and allow shareholders to share in profits as dividends, while debentures are like loans that pay interest but do not provide ownership. This introduction covers the basic concepts for investors regarding the capital structure of companies.
Holding company sjv
The document discusses the process of preparing a consolidated balance sheet for a holding company and its subsidiaries. It provides a 4 step process: 1) collecting basic information on acquisition date, ownership percentage, pre/post-acquisition periods, 2) analyzing profits and reserves for pre-acquisition periods, 3) calculating the cost of control and goodwill, and 4) calculating minority interest. It also discusses the treatment of various items like unrealized profits, intercompany transactions, contingent liabilities, unclaimed dividends and others in the consolidated balance sheet.
Bonus shares
Bonus shares are additional free shares given to existing shareholders based on the number of shares owned, representing a company's accumulated retained earnings. Companies issue bonus shares to increase liquidity and shareholder participation when earnings per share rise substantially. For example, a company with Rs. 10,000 profit and 100 shares has an earnings per share of Rs. 100. To lower the price per share for retail investors and improve liquidity, the company may declare a 1:4 bonus issue, increasing shares to 500. This lowers the price per share to Rs. 20 while maintaining the same total market value. Bonus shares are accounted for by transferring reserves to share capital.
Holding company & subsidiary company
A holding company is one that controls another company by acquiring over 51% of its shares. It does not take ownership of the subsidiary's assets, only its shares. A subsidiary is controlled by a holding company if the holding company controls its board of directors or holds over 51% of the subsidiary's shares. Holding companies can be either wholly-owned, where the holding company owns 100% of the subsidiary, or partly-owned, where it owns over 50% but not all of the subsidiary shares. Financial analysis of holding structures includes capital and revenue profits, cost of control, and calculation of minority interests.
Types of shares
The document discusses different classes of shares that companies can create, including ordinary shares, preference shares, non-voting shares, redeemable shares, deferred ordinary shares, and management shares. It provides descriptions of these common share classes and explains how companies have flexibility to set out various share class rights and attributes in their articles of association. Creating different share classes can be done for reasons such as attracting investors, making dividend payments to family or employees, and retaining control for original owners.
Classification of shares
This document discusses the classification of company shares. It explains that company capital is divided into shares, which are movable property. Shares can be preference shares, equity shares, or deferred shares. Preference shares may be cumulative, non-cumulative, participating, convertible, or redeemable. Equity shares carry voting rights but lower priority in dividends than preference shares. Deferred shares have the lowest priority. The document also discusses issuing shares at par, premium or discount, underwriting shares, and defining types of share capital such as authorized, issued, subscribed, called-up, paid-up and reserve capital.
Advantages of holding companies
Holding companies have advantages such as maintaining the separate identity of subsidiary companies, controlling subsidiary companies without investing the entire capital, and being able to acquire or dispose of subsidiary company shares. However, there are also disadvantages like the possibility of fraudulent account manipulation between companies, minority shareholders' interests may not be properly protected, and creditors or outsiders of subsidiary companies may not be aware of their true financial positions.
Accounting for share capital
1. The document discusses various topics related to accounting for share capital in companies, including the meaning of a company and types of companies.
2. It describes shares as the units into which the capital of a company is divided, and discusses types of shares such as preference shares and equity shares.
3. The document also covers share capital forms and terms, accounting entries related to issuing shares for cash at par and premium, and how to account for over-subscription and under-subscription of share issues.
F.m ppt
Equity shares represent ownership in a company and provide shareholders voting rights and claim to residual assets. They are a permanent capital source as they have no maturity date. Preference shares have fixed dividends and preference over equity shares but do not provide voting rights or claim to residual assets. Debentures are a type of loan that pays fixed interest and must be repaid by a specified maturity date. Term loans are long-term loans directly from banks or financial institutions, often secured by company assets.
Shares, MBA
The document discusses key concepts in business law related to companies and shares. It defines a company and share capital, and outlines the main types of shares like preference shares, equity shares, and deferred shares. It also covers related topics such as share certificates, share warrants, nomination of shares, and the process of transferring shares. The Companies Act of 1956 establishes the legal framework for forming companies and responsibilities of a company's directors in India.
Holding and subsidiary company
Holding company first came into existence in the US. It was created to overcome the restrictions imposed by the Anti-trust legislation. They were formed because businessmen wanted to have concerns under common control and within the framework of law.
Under the companies Act, 1956, a holding company is any company which holds more than half of the equity share capital of other companies or controls the composition of the board of directors of other companies. Type of business organization that allows a firm (called parent) and its directors to control or influence other firms (called subsidiaries). This arrangement makes venturing outside one's core industry possible and, under certain conditions, to benefit from tax consolidation, sharing of operating losses, and ease of divestiture. The legal definition of a holding company varies with the legal system. Some require holding of a majority (80 percent) or the entire (100 percent) voting shares of the subsidiary whereas other require as little as five percent.
001 share premium and bonus shares
Share premium is the amount received by a company over the face value when issuing new shares. It arises when a company sells shares at a price higher than their face value due to good financial performance. The difference between the selling price and face value is the share premium. Share premium must be deposited in a securities premium account and can only be used for specific purposes like issuing bonus shares or writing off share issue expenses. Bonus shares are additional free shares given to existing shareholders from a company's reserves like retained earnings or securities premium. They increase share capital without raising new funds.
Introduction to Shares
The document discusses different types of company shares. It explains that a company's capital is divided into shares, with each share representing a unit of ownership. There are two main types of shares: equity shares and preference shares. Equity shares have variable dividends that fluctuate with company profits, while preference shares pay a fixed dividend and have priority over equity shares. Within these categories there are further sub-types, including bonus shares, sweat equity shares, and different classes of preference shares based on their dividend rights and redemption terms. Shareholders receive share certificates as proof of ownership.
Issue of Shares
The document discusses key differences between private and public companies. It states that private companies have restrictions on the number of members and cannot invite the public to subscribe to its shares, while public companies can have an unlimited number of members and can invite public subscription. Additionally, private companies have restrictions on the transfer of shares while public companies do not.
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Similar to Company law avi
Sources of business finance
The document discusses the different sources of business finance. It describes internal sources as funds collected from within the organization, such as retained earnings. External sources include equity shares, preference shares, debentures, bonds, and loans from financial institutions. Sources are also classified as long-term, for capital expenditures over 5 years, and short-term for working capital needs. Long-term sources include shares, debentures, and loans. Short-term sources include bank credit, trade credit, and public deposits.
Buy Back Of Shares,
This document discusses concepts related to buy-back of shares and redemption of preference shares including accounting treatment and income tax applications. It provides details on various methods of share buy-backs including open market purchases, tender offers, and selective buy-backs. It also discusses rules for redemption of preference shares including use of profits or fresh share issues. The rationale for allowing buy-backs under section 77A of Indian companies act is explained as making markets more vibrant.
Share Capital
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Sources of Funding of Dabur
1. Sources of funding for Dabur include share capital, reserves, retained earnings and debt. Share capital comprised 3% of funding in 2013-14 while unsecured loans comprised 9%.
2. Reserves include share premium, capital reserve, general reserve, and revaluation reserve, among others. Total reserves accounted for 37% of funding.
3. Other sources included shareholders' funds at 41% and minority interest and secured loans each comprised around 3-6% of funding.
Avinash company law
This document appears to be a student project submitted to a professor. It includes:
1) An acknowledgements section thanking various people for their support and guidance during the project.
2) A certificate page certifying that the student completed the project work.
3) A declaration by the student that the work is their original research.
4) An abstract providing an overview of share capital terms like authorized capital, issued capital, subscribed capital, etc.
5) Several pages discussing topics related to types of share capital, preference shares, calculating shareholders' equity, and rules for altering share capital.
Common stock
Common stocks represent partial ownership in a company. Holders of common stock can vote on corporate policies and elect board members. In the event of liquidation, common stockholders are paid out after bondholders, preferred shareholders, and debtholders. A stock certificate provides legal documentation of stock ownership in a corporation. Voting shares give stockholders voting rights on corporate matters. There is typically a separation of ownership and control in corporations, with shareholders electing board members who oversee management.
company law
The document discusses different aspects of share capital for companies. It defines share capital as the money raised by a company through the issuance of common or preferred stock. It notes that share capital reported on a company's balance sheet includes the total amount raised from stock sales. The document outlines different types of share capital like authorized capital, issued capital, subscribed capital, and called up capital. It also distinguishes between equity shares, which provide ownership rights like voting, and preference shares, which entitle shareholders to dividends before common stockholders and priority in bankruptcy proceedings.
Accounting For Share capital unit 1 part-2 & 3.pptx
This document discusses types of share capital in companies. It begins by defining shares and share capital, noting that a company's capital is divided into equal parts called shares. It then covers the main types of shares:
Preference shares have the right to a fixed dividend before ordinary shares and the right to return of capital before ordinary shares in winding up. Ordinary or equity shares do not have preferential rights to dividends or return of capital.
The document also categorizes share capital as authorized, issued, subscribed, called up, paid up, and reserve capital. It provides definitions and examples to illustrate how each category is determined and reported in company financial statements.
unit 2 CL.docx
An equity share represents partial ownership in a company. Equity shareholders own voting rights and are last in line to receive assets if the company liquidates. There are various types of equity shares such as authorized, issued, subscribed, and paid-up shares. Bonus shares are additional shares given to existing shareholders without cost, usually to retain investors when a company cannot pay dividends. Sweat equity shares are given to employees/directors for intellectual property contributions. Debentures are a type of loan issued by companies with a fixed interest rate. There are various types of debentures based on security, convertibility, tenure and other factors. Forfeiture and surrender of shares can occur when shareholders do not pay required install
Share capital 111.pptx
This document provides an overview of corporate accounting concepts related to share capital. It defines key terms like authorized capital, issued capital, called-up capital, paid-up capital, and types of shares. It discusses the process of issuing shares which involves issuing a prospectus, receiving applications, and allotting shares. The accounting entries for this process are also summarized, including entries for application money, allotment money, calls, and calls in arrears. Examples of journal entries for share issues are also provided.
Acconntings
Changes in shareholder equity can impact a company's performance and market value. Shareholder equity represents the total value of assets owned by shareholders and is calculated by subtracting total liabilities from total assets. An increase in shareholder equity is generally positive as it may result from reduced debt, increased assets or profits. However, the specific reasons for changes are important to understand. Shareholders play important roles in company financing, governance, and control. National Bank of Pakistan is a major Pakistani bank with a goal to enhance profitability and maximize shareholder value.
11 bdus3103 t7
This document discusses capital, dividend, and shares for companies. It defines capital as the money and assets contributed by shareholders to operate the business. A company raises capital by issuing shares to contributors in exchange for their contributions. There are different types of capital including authorized capital (the maximum amount allowed), paid-up capital (the amount fully paid by shareholders), and uncalled capital (the amount not yet paid by shareholders). The document also defines dividends as periodic income paid to shareholders from company profits. Finally, it describes shares as units that represent a shareholder's ownership interest in a company and classify the main types of shares as ordinary shares and preference shares.
Issue of shares
This document discusses the capital structure of limited liability companies. It defines key terms like authorized capital, issued capital, called-up capital, and paid-up capital. It also explains the two main types of shares - preference shares and ordinary shares. Preference shares offer a fixed dividend rate while ordinary shares dividends vary. The document also covers how companies can raise capital through the issuance of shares at par, a premium, or discount, as well as payment methods like payment in full or by installments.
Company law
The document discusses company shares and share capital. It defines shares, preference shares, and equity shares. Preference shares have preferential rights over equity shares in regards to dividends and capital repayment. Equity shares do not have preferences. Share capital includes authorized, issued, subscribed, paid-up, called-up, and uncalled capital. The document also discusses allotment of shares, transfer of shares, dividends, and the required contents of a prospectus.
Advance Accounting b.com part 2 chapter 1 notes
This document provides an overview of accounting for companies, including issuance of shares and debentures. It defines key terms like shares, share capital, share premium, and preliminary expenses. It explains the types of companies, shares, and share capital. It also outlines the typical journal entries for issuing shares and debentures, as well as appropriating retained earnings. Finally, it discusses the syllabus and exam questions related to accounting for companies.
Chapter 1
The document provides information about accounting for companies, specifically regarding the issuance of shares and debentures. It defines key terms like shares, share capital, ordinary shares, preference shares, and debentures. It also provides sample journal entries for issuing shares at par value, premium, and discount. Examples are given for recording the issuance of shares and any refunds required. The document is intended to outline the accounting treatment for common share and debenture transactions that may be asked about in exams.
companylaw-uwsb-130703063059-phpapp01 (1).pdf
The document discusses company shares and share capital. It defines shares as a portion of a larger amount divided among people or to which people contribute. Shares are classified as preference shares or equity shares. Preference shares carry preferential rights to dividends and capital repayment over equity shares. Equity shares do not enjoy preference in dividend payments or capital repayment. Share capital includes authorized, issued, subscribed, paid-up, called-up, and uncalled capital. A prospectus must include information on the company, investment objectives, share details, purchasing and repurchasing shares, fees and management.
Long Term Financing
Long term financing provides capital for periods over one year through equity like stock issuances or debt. It is used to finance fixed assets, permanent working capital needs, expansions, and large construction projects. Common stock represents ownership in a company and allows for transfer of shares. While stocks provide growth potential, the original investment is at risk and returns depend on company performance. Key financial terms for common stock include authorized shares, issued shares, par value, additional paid-in capital, retained earnings, and capital surplus which represent amounts paid beyond par value.
Similar to Company law avi (20)
Accounting For Share capital unit 1 part-2 & 3.pptx
Accounting For Share capital unit 1 part-2 & 3.pptx
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Helth law
This document appears to be a project report submitted by a student named Avinash Rai to their professor Anita Parmar. It includes:
1) A cover page with the student and professor's details and the project topic.
2) A certificate signed by the professor certifying the work as the student's original work.
3) A declaration signed by the student stating it is their original work.
4) An acknowledgements section thanking the professor for their guidance and other individuals who helped with the research.
Penology
This document is a student project analyzing the use of solitary confinement. It provides background on the history of solitary confinement dating back to the 1800s. It discusses how solitary confinement is implemented in the US and India, noting that in India the maximum period is 3 months not exceeding 14 days at a time. The document also examines the arguments that solitary confinement is inhumane due to the mental health impacts it can have, but others believe it provides necessary protection. It analyzes several court cases related to challenging solitary confinement as cruel and unusual punishment.
Evidence final
The document is a law student's project on relevant facts under the Indian Evidence Act. It includes typical sections like certificates, declarations, acknowledgements and begins discussing the introduction to evidence law and chapter on relevancy of facts. The project will examine what constitutes relevant evidence and the distinction between legal admissibility and logical relevance.
Finance
The document discusses the role of financial globalization and its effects on business for developing countries. It notes that globalization can positively impact developing countries by increasing foreign investment, access to new markets, and standards of living. However, it also notes potential negative effects such as increased competition and vulnerability to financial crises. The document also examines the costs of capital and how globalization affects risk, corporate governance, and systematic risk.
Company law avi
The document discusses various topics related to share capital including:
- The meaning of share and share capital, and how corporations issue shares to raise capital. Shareholders are owners of the company.
- The different types of share capital a company can have including authorized, issued, subscribed, called up, paid up, and reserve capital.
- Preference shares have priority for dividend payments and repayment of capital over common shares. There are different types of preference shares.
- The rules around reducing a company's share capital, including limiting a member's liability to calls or contributions to the difference between the amount paid and reduced amount as fixed in the reduction scheme.
Banking law avinash
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is India's central banking institution and controls monetary policy. It was established in 1935 under the provisions of the RBI Act of 1934. RBI has a 21-member Central Board of Directors that governs it, including the Governor, Deputy Governors, and government and economic representatives. RBI's headquarters are located in Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, and New Delhi.
Transfer of property avinash
The document appears to be a student project on actionable claims under Indian law. It includes:
1. A definition of actionable claim as "a claim to any debt, other than a debt secured by mortgage of immovable property or by hypothecation or pledge of moveable property, or to any beneficial interest in moveable property not in possession either actual or constructive, of the claimant, which the civil courts recognize as affording grounds of relief whether such debt or beneficial interest be existent, accruing or conditional or contingent."
2. A discussion of the conditions of an actionable claim, including that it must be an unsecured money debt or claim to a beneficial interest in movable property not
Banking law avi
The document discusses the history and evolution of the Reserve Bank of India from its origins recommended by the Hilton Young Commission in 1926 to its establishment through an act in 1935 as a privately owned bank. It details some key events such as the bank beginning operations in 1935, ceasing operations in Burma in 1942, and being nationalized by the government of India in 1949. The document also provides brief details on the functions and role of the RBI over time in India.
Avi (1) articale on political
This document discusses India's foreign policy from independence in 1947 to the present day. It focuses on the policy of non-alignment pursued by India's first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. Nehru adopted non-alignment for both material reasons, like India's economic needs and security concerns with neighboring countries, as well as spiritual reasons like being against imperialism and believing both capitalism and communism had merits. Non-alignment aimed to keep India out of any military alliances and maximize cooperation with all countries. While subsequent leaders made some adjustments, India has largely kept the basic objectives of Nehru's foreign policy approach.
Avinash polscience
This document is a project report submitted by Avinash Rai to the Indore Institute of Law on Indian foreign policy towards capitalism. It includes a certificate verifying the completion of the project, an acknowledgment section thanking those who provided assistance, an abstract summarizing the contents of the report, and an introduction outlining the objectives of analyzing India's foreign policy and principles. The report goes on to discuss the key objects and principles of India's foreign policy, including non-alignment, Panchsheel and peaceful co-existence, opposition to imperialism and racism, and the peaceful settlement of international disputes. It provides an overview of India's foreign policy goals and approach since independence.
Project(4)a
This document summarizes 7 mediation cases handled by the Allahabad High Court Mediation and Conciliation Centre (AHCMCC). The cases involved matters like domestic violence, dowry demands, divorce, and child custody issues. In most cases, the parties had a high level of mutual distrust and were unwilling to compromise. The mediators encouraged the parties to reconsider their positions and make efforts to mend their relationships for the future well-being of their families. Confidentiality of the mediation process was maintained and no names of the parties or mediators were disclosed.
Gender justice
This document is a project report submitted by Avinash Rai to his professor Taranjeet Kaur at Indore Institute of Law regarding the topic of gender justice rights and development. The report includes an introduction outlining issues of gender injustice in India, a certificate and acknowledgements section, and discusses the meaning and scope of gender injustice. It proposes a principle of gender justice that gendered divisions of labor are unjust if they are influenced by social norms that make some choices cheaper based on gender.
Polscience avi ppt
This document discusses India's foreign policy towards capitalism. It outlines how a country's foreign policy is designed to safeguard national interests through interactions with other countries. It then discusses India's bilateral relations with countries like Afghanistan, Bangladesh, China, and Pakistan. It also discusses how non-alignment has been an integral part of India's foreign policy and how India advocated for the five principles of Panchsheel to guide relations with other countries based on mutual respect, non-aggression, non-interference, equality, and peaceful co-existence.
Statutes avi ppt
The document discusses the historical origin and interpretation of statutes. It notes that in England, every statute must be made by the king with the assent of Lords and Commons, and a statute or Act of Parliament expresses the will of the legislature. It also discusses that statutory interpretation involves interpreting and applying legislation using various tools like traditional canons, legislative history, and determining legislative purpose. The document provides examples of the literal rule and purposive approach to statutory interpretation.
Crpc avi ppt
The document discusses the concept and importance of fair trial. It notes that fair trial is an integral part of Article 21 of the Indian Constitution and an international human rights norm adopted by many countries. Fair trial is based on the idea that the state has a duty to bring offenders before the law. The key elements of fair trial discussed are the right to be heard by a competent, independent, and impartial tribunal, the right to a public hearing, the right to be heard within a reasonable time frame, the right to counsel, and the right to a trial without undue delay.
Gender justice
This document is a project report submitted by Avinash Rai to his professor Taranjeet Kaur at Indore Institute of Law regarding the topic of gender justice rights and development. The report includes an introduction outlining issues of gender injustice in India, a certificate and acknowledgements section, and discusses the meaning and scope of gender injustice. It proposes a principle of gender justice that gendered divisions of labor are unjust if they are influenced by social norms that make some choices cheaper based on gender.
Avinash polscience
This document appears to be a student project on Indian foreign policy towards capitalism. It includes a certificate signed by the student's professor, an acknowledgement section thanking those who helped with the project, an abstract summarizing the contents of the project, and various sections discussing India's foreign policy, the objects of India's foreign policy, and what constitutes foreign policy. The project will analyze India's foreign policy principles and national interests since the 1990s in relation to political, economic, social and security conditions after the end of the Cold War. It will also examine how India has approached interactions with western countries and its role in the international context.
Fair Trial
This document appears to be a student project report submitted to Indore Institute of Law. It includes sections typical of a research project such as an acknowledgements section thanking those who provided guidance, a declaration affirming the work as the student's own, and an introduction outlining the topic of a fair trial as protected by the Indian Constitution and international agreements. The body of the document discusses concepts such as the presumption of innocence, rights to counsel, speedy trial, and others that comprise the right to a fair trial under Indian law and international human rights law.
Ipr avi ppt
1) The document discusses trademarks, parallel imports, and a court case related to parallel imports.
2) A trademark is a symbol or word that identifies a company or product and distinguishes it from others. Parallel imports are genuine products imported from another country without permission from the intellectual property owner.
3) The document outlines issues with parallel imports for trademark owners and consumers, such as the owner's inability to ensure product quality and consumer preferences are met. Consumers may not be able to use parallel import products as intended.
Ipr avi ppt
1) A trademark is a sign like a company's logo or signature that distinguishes its goods/services from others.
2) Parallel imports are genuine goods manufactured by the trademark owner but imported without permission from a different country where prices are lower. This causes problems for trademark owners and consumers.
3) For owners, parallel imports undermine quality control since goods meant for one market may not suit consumer needs/preferences in another. Consumers can be left without recourse if goods don't function as intended.
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Pedal to the Court Understanding Your Rights after a Cycling Collision.pdf
The immediate step is an intelligent choice; don’t procrastinate. In the aftermath of the crash, taking care of yourself and taking quick steps can help you protect yourself from significant injuries. Make sure that you have collected the essential data and information.
一比一原版朴次茅斯大学毕业证（uop毕业证）如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【朴次茅斯大学毕业证（uop毕业证）成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理朴次茅斯大学毕业证（uop毕业证）【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理朴次茅斯大学毕业证（uop毕业证）【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理朴次茅斯大学毕业证（uop毕业证）【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理朴次茅斯大学毕业证（uop毕业证）【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
原版定做(sheffield学位证书)英国谢菲尔德大学毕业证文凭证书原版一模一样
原版定制【微信:bwp0011】《(sheffield学位证书)英国谢菲尔德大学毕业证文凭证书》【微信:bwp0011】成绩单 、雅思、外壳、留信学历认证永久存档查询，采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信bwp0011】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信bwp0011】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
Genocide in International Criminal Law.pptx
Excited to share insights from my recent presentation on genocide! 💡 In light of ongoing debates, it's crucial to delve into the nuances of this grave crime.
一比一原版(ual毕业证书)伦敦艺术大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(ual毕业证书)伦敦艺术大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(ual毕业证书)伦敦艺术大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(ual毕业证书)伦敦艺术大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(ual毕业证书)伦敦艺术大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(ual毕业证书)伦敦艺术大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Integrating Advocacy and Legal Tactics to Tackle Online Consumer Complaints
Our company bridges the gap between registered users and experienced advocates, offering a user-friendly online platform for seamless interaction. This platform empowers users to voice their grievances, particularly regarding online consumer issues. We streamline support by utilizing our team of expert advocates to provide consultancy services and initiate appropriate legal actions.
Our Online Consumer Legal Forum offers comprehensive guidance to individuals and businesses facing consumer complaints. With a dedicated team, round-the-clock support, and efficient complaint management, we are the preferred solution for addressing consumer grievances.
Our intuitive online interface allows individuals to register complaints, seek legal advice, and pursue justice conveniently. Users can submit complaints via mobile devices and send legal notices to companies directly through our portal.
Business Laws Sunita saha
Business law for the students of undergraduate level. The presentation contains the summary of all the chapters under the syllabus of State University, Contract Act, Sale of Goods Act, Negotiable Instrument Act, Partnership Act, Limited Liability Act, Consumer Protection Act.
一比一原版英国伦敦大学亚非学院毕业证（soas毕业证书）如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【英国伦敦大学亚非学院毕业证（soas毕业证书）成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理英国伦敦大学亚非学院毕业证（soas毕业证书）【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理英国伦敦大学亚非学院毕业证（soas毕业证书）【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理英国伦敦大学亚非学院毕业证（soas毕业证书）【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理英国伦敦大学亚非学院毕业证（soas毕业证书）【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
一比一原版伯恩茅斯大学毕业证（bu毕业证）如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【伯恩茅斯大学毕业证（bu毕业证）成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理伯恩茅斯大学毕业证（bu毕业证）【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理伯恩茅斯大学毕业证（bu毕业证）【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理伯恩茅斯大学毕业证（bu毕业证）【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理伯恩茅斯大学毕业证（bu毕业证）【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Sangyun Lee, 'Why Korea's Merger Control Occasionally Fails: A Public Choice ...
Presentation slides for a session held on June 4, 2024, at Kyoto University. This presentation is based on the presenter’s recent paper, coauthored with Hwang Lee, Professor, Korea University, with the same title, published in the Journal of Business Administration & Law, Volume 34, No. 2 (April 2024). The paper, written in Korean, is available at <https://shorturl.at/GCWcI>.
一比一原版(ua毕业证书)加拿大阿尔伯塔大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(ua毕业证书)加拿大阿尔伯塔大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(ua毕业证书)加拿大阿尔伯塔大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(ua毕业证书)加拿大阿尔伯塔大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(ua毕业证书)加拿大阿尔伯塔大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(ua毕业证书)加拿大阿尔伯塔大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
一比一原版新加坡国立大学毕业证(本硕）nus学位证书如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【新加坡国立大学毕业证(本硕）nus学位证书成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理新加坡国立大学毕业证(本硕）nus学位证书【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理新加坡国立大学毕业证(本硕）nus学位证书【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理新加坡国立大学毕业证(本硕）nus学位证书【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理新加坡国立大学毕业证(本硕）nus学位证书【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
一比一原版牛津布鲁克斯大学毕业证（牛布毕业证）如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【牛津布鲁克斯大学毕业证（牛布毕业证）成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理牛津布鲁克斯大学毕业证（牛布毕业证）【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理牛津布鲁克斯大学毕业证（牛布毕业证）【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理牛津布鲁克斯大学毕业证（牛布毕业证）【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理牛津布鲁克斯大学毕业证（牛布毕业证）【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
一比一原版(glasgow毕业证书)格拉斯哥大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(glasgow毕业证书)格拉斯哥大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(glasgow毕业证书)格拉斯哥大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(glasgow毕业证书)格拉斯哥大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(glasgow毕业证书)格拉斯哥大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(glasgow毕业证书)格拉斯哥大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
From Promise to Practice. Implementing AI in Legal Environments
Pim Betist's presentation about generative AI in the legal sector at Lexpo.com '24
一比一原版多伦多都会大学毕业证(TMU毕业证书)学历如何办理
原版办【微信号:95270640】【多伦多都会大学毕业证(TMU毕业证书)】【微信号:95270640】《成绩单、外壳、雅思、offer、真实留信官方学历认证（永久存档/真实可查）》采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【我们承诺采用的是学校原版纸张（纸质、底色、纹路）我们拥有全套进口原装设备，特殊工艺都是采用不同机器制作，仿真度基本可以达到100%，所有工艺效果都可提前给客户展示，不满意可以根据客户要求进行调整，直到满意为止！】
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信号95270640】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信号95270640】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
留信网服务项目：
1、留学生专业人才库服务（留信分析）
2、国（境）学习人员提供就业推荐信服务
3、留学人员区块链存储服务
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：客户在留信官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
Safeguarding Against Financial Crime: AML Compliance Regulations Demystified
Safeguarding Against Financial Crime: AML Compliance Regulations DemystifiedPROF. PAUL ALLIEU KAMARA
To ensure the integrity of financial systems and combat illicit financial activities, understanding AML (Anti-Money Laundering) compliance regulations is crucial for financial institutions and businesses. AML compliance regulations are designed to prevent money laundering and the financing of terrorist activities by imposing specific requirements on financial institutions, including customer due diligence, monitoring, and reporting of suspicious activities (GitHub Docs).The Work Permit for Self-Employed Persons in Italy
Learn more on how to obtain the work permit for self-employed persons in Italy at https://immigration-italy.com/selfemployment-work-permit-in-italy/.
Capital Punishment by Saif Javed (LLM)ppt.pptx
This PowerPoint presentation, titled "Capital Punishment in India: Constitutionality and Rarest of Rare Principle," is a comprehensive exploration of the death penalty within the Indian criminal justice system. Authored by Saif Javed, an LL.M student specializing in Criminal Law and Criminology at Kazi Nazrul University, the presentation delves into the constitutional aspects and ethical debates surrounding capital punishment. It examines key legal provisions, significant case laws, and the specific categories of offenders excluded from the death penalty. The presentation also discusses recent recommendations by the Law Commission of India regarding the gradual abolishment of capital punishment, except for terrorism-related offenses. This detailed analysis aims to foster informed discussions on the future of the death penalty in India.
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- 1. My Topic Meaning of share and share capital, kinds of share capital & rules related to the alteration of share capital Avinash Rai BA.LLB 7th Sem
- 2. Corporations issue shares which are offered for sale to raise share capital. The owner of shares in the corporation is a of the corporation. . A share is an indivisible unit of capital, expressing the ownership relationship between the company and the shareholder. The process of purchasing and selling shares often involves going through a stockbroker as a middle man.
- 3. Share capital denotes the amount of capital raised by the issue of shares, by a company. A joint stock company should have capital in order to finance its activities. It raises its capital by issue of shares. When total capital of a company is divided into shares, then it is called share capital. Share capital is owned capital of the company, since it is the money of the shareholder and the shareholder are the owners of the company.
- 4. Authorized, registered, maximum or normal capital. Issued Capital. Subscribed Capital Called Up Capital. Paid-up Capital. Reserve Capital.
- 5. The value of equity capital is computed by estimating the current market value of everything owned by the company from which the total of all liabilities is subtracted On the balance sheet of the company, equity capital is listed as stockholders' equity or owners' equity. Also called equity financing or share capital.
- 6. Preference share have been priority over payment of dividend and repayment of capital. Preferences shares do not hold voting rights. 1) Cumulative preference shares 2) Non cumulating preference shares 3) Redeemable preference share
- 7. On the reduction of share capital, the extent of liability of any past or present member on any call or contribution shall not exceed the difference between the amount paid on the share, or the reduced amount. If any, which is to be deemed to have been paid thereon, by the member, and the amount of the shares fixed by the scheme of reduction. If any officer of the company, who conceals the name of the creditor or misrepresents the nature of the debt or claim of the creditor who is entitled to object to the reduction of the share capital.