This document provides an outline for a presentation on community translation in a multilingual online environment. It begins with background on global media attention and alternatives like blogs and citizen media projects. A case study of Project Lingua, a translation cluster within Global Voices Online, is described. Initial observations from the case study include the roles and functions within Project Lingua, the profile of translators in different language teams, and challenges of studying a virtual organization. The presentation aims to document the structure and development of Project Lingua and enable comparative analysis to other domains of translation.
A presentation about Global Voices, with focus on Lingua, for the OT12 MOOC, a Massive Open Online Course on Open Translation tools and practices at Open University. November 2012.
Community, Unifying the Geeks to Create Value - Demi Ben-AriDemi Ben-Ari
After running developer communities over the past 3 years, meeting a lot of great people and learning a lot of things about the Israeli Hi-Tech ecosystem,
I’ll share all that I’ve learned about what it actually means to create what is called a “Community”.
The value that you as a community lead can give to the people in it and the things that you can gain as a geek out of it.
You’ll be surprised to learn how easy and hard it can be at the same time.
I’ll tell about the steps that I’ve taken in this journey, what in my opinion might kill the concept of “Developer Community”,
by the end of the talk you'll have as many tools as possible for you to be able to create a community of your own.
A presentation about Global Voices, with focus on Lingua, for the OT12 MOOC, a Massive Open Online Course on Open Translation tools and practices at Open University. November 2012.
Community, Unifying the Geeks to Create Value - Demi Ben-AriDemi Ben-Ari
After running developer communities over the past 3 years, meeting a lot of great people and learning a lot of things about the Israeli Hi-Tech ecosystem,
I’ll share all that I’ve learned about what it actually means to create what is called a “Community”.
The value that you as a community lead can give to the people in it and the things that you can gain as a geek out of it.
You’ll be surprised to learn how easy and hard it can be at the same time.
I’ll tell about the steps that I’ve taken in this journey, what in my opinion might kill the concept of “Developer Community”,
by the end of the talk you'll have as many tools as possible for you to be able to create a community of your own.
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A very rare project done by an individual in getting his UNESCO endorsed, worldwide appreciated 'Zero Cost MBA(Global Manager for 21st Century)' project, translated into more than 100 major world languages.
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For more, check the following links:
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Information Literacy: an international conceptSheila Webber
This was presented at he conference, **L'education à la culture informationnelle** [Education for/in information culture], held in l’Université Charles de Gaulle Lille3, Lille, France, on 17 October 2008. In this presentation I firstly provided evidence for the development of information in key areas that can be seen as evidence for an emerging subject area or disciopline. I secondly highlighted some activities or resources in the areas of: health, business, citizenship and education. Finally, I identified some issues for debate.
A very rare project done by an individual in getting his UNESCO endorsed, worldwide appreciated 'Zero Cost MBA(Global Manager for 21st Century)' project, translated into more than 100 major world languages.
Why he did it? What were the difficulties? Read all about it in this presentation.
For more, check the following links:
Concept 'Zero Cost MBA': http://www.ankitkhandelwal.in/global-manager/
Global Marketing 'Zero Cost MBA': http://ankitkhandelwal.in/global-marketing/
Global Translation 'Zero Cost MBA': http://ankitkhandelwal.in/global-translation-project/
Doing More with Less:The Crisis, Cooperation, and the Librarykramsey
The current financial situation has forced many libraries to pay unprecedented attention to how they are organized to achieve their missions. One common thread emerging in the responses is cooperation: those needing to cut costs sharply are finding that they cannot do so incrementally but must instead transform their activities in ways that spread cost and diffuse risk among many partners. The talk will cover some of the opportunities available for transformative institutional collaboration among libraries, including collaborative, open source software development as well as the challenges facing those attempting to collaborate. It will pay particular attention to the question of how to collaborate strategically: that is, how to ensure that collaboration retains or increases a library’s ability to pursue mission, enhance agility, increase sovereignty, and improve sustainability.
Human Language Technologies in a Multilingual EuropeGeorg Rehm
Georg Rehm. Human Language Technologies in a Multilingual Europe. Workshop Language Equality in the Digital Age - Towards a Human Language Project. Science and Technology Options Assessment (STOA), European Parliament, Brussels, Belgium, January 2017. January 10, 2017.
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Multi-Language Usability Testing: The VOANews.com Redesign / Forum One Web Ex...Forum One
Steven Fuchs, Information Architect/Designer at Broadcasting Board of Governors, speaks at Forum One's Web Executive Seminar, "Putting Online Audiences First, Again and Again" on May 8, 2008. To learn more about this event, visit http://ow.ly/oY7y . Contact: Sophie Campagne / scampagne@ForumOne.com .
I held this presentation at the first PKP Scholarly Publishing Conference in Vancouver Canada, on July 12th 2007. Check out the general conference blog if you want to know more about the event:
http://scholarlypublishing.blogspot.com/
You may also be interested in things marked with the "open-access" tag in my own blog:
http://corpblawg.ynada.com/
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Community Translation in a Multilingual Online Environment: Case study and theoretical framework
1. Community Translation
in a Multilingual Online Environment:
Case study and theoretical framework
Chris Salzberg
November, 2008
2. Presentation Outline
1. Background
Media attention, web publishing, bridgeblogging, Global Voices
2. Case Study
Case study methodology, Project Lingua, research materials
3. Observations
Research approach, profile of translators, content flow, problems
4. Analysis / Theory
Related research, translation as news, theoretical framework
5. Next Steps
5. Global Media Attention
Global Attention Profiles A Working Paper: First Steps Towards
a Quantitative Approach to the Study of Media Attention (Zuckerman, 2003)
6. Attention Bias
Traditional news media have constraints:
Physical constraints (size of printed page, length
of radio broadcast or television program, etc.)
Personnel constraints (limited number of news
gatherers, reporters, gatekeepers)
Attention of major media strongly biased:
Most accurate indicator of media attention is GDP
Economy more important than language, culture
(Zuckerman, 2003)
7. From Global to Local
”The Changing Newroom: What is Being Gained and What is Being Lost in
America's Daily Newspapers?” Project for Excellence in Journalism (2008)
Large newspapers cutting staff heavily
Focusing on local news, cutting foreign news
9. Blogs as Media
Bridgeblogging (Zuckerman, 2008)
“[W]eblogs that reach across gaps of language,
culture and nationality” to enable communication
Community is small, but may be essential in
connecting separate parts of the global blogosphere
Use of blogs by journalists (MacKinnon, 2007)
47% of correspondents in China read blogs daily
for story ideas (but only 16% read Chinese blogs)
10. Global Voices Online
Citizen media project founded at Harvard
University's Berkman Center in late 2004/2005
International group of bridge bloggers, original
focus on regions with low media attention
Aggregate/introduce conversations in cit. media
12. Focus on Listening
Objectives
Convey conversations in citizen media
Maintain close relationship with blogging communities
Not a traditional “news site”:
Complementary relationship with mainstream media
Articles often used as source (NYT, BBC, CNN)
New model for communitybased journalism
13. Review of Main Points
International news media
Attention profile heavily biased (Zuckerman, 2003)
Heavy cutbacks in foreign news (CEJ, 2008)
Increasing reliance on bloggers (MacKinnon, 2007)
Web publishing
Cheap, unconstrained, instantaneous
Global Voices: blogs as primary source, focus on
listening / community
15. Case study methodology
Underlying principles (Gillham 2000)
Naturalistic approach, results are highly specific
Researcher is a participant observer
Inductive theorizing: theory comes after observation
Goals of research
Collect evidence and formulate a grounded theory
Triangulate multiple sources
16. Importance of Language
English
Chinese
Spanish
Japanese
French
German
Arabic
Portuguese
Korean
Italian
Other
Language of Internet Users (Internet World Stats, 2008)
Blog posts by language (Technorati, 2007)
17. Online Translation Communities
Virtual community (Porter, 2006)
“aggregation of individuals [...] who interact around
a shared interest, where the interaction is at least
partially supported and/or mediated by technology
and guided by some protocols or norms.”
Define “online translation community” as:
Aggregation of individuals who interact around the
central task of translation, with interaction at least
partly mediated by web technology.
18. Main Case Study: Project Lingua
Project Lingua
(Salzberg, 2008)
Subproject of Global Voices Online
Cluster of 15 language teams, formed in 2006/2007
Translate Englishlanguage Global Voices articles
into other languages
One of the largest and most active translation
communities in the world
19. Challenges of case study
Other case studies in media/journalism
Individual: Hautanen (2008) studied news translation
by observing a Finnish correspondent at work
Institutional: Bielsa (2007) conducted a 3week
ethnographic observation at global news agencies
In contrast:
Global Voices is an entirely virtual organization
Method relies on electronic record, like study of fan
translation (Díaz Cintas and Muñoz Sánchez, 2006)
20. Research materials
Qualitative
Individual online interviews
Meeting transcripts, internal reports
Email questionnaires
Inperson conversations, meetings
Quantitative
Surveys (also qualitative)
Statistical data (hits, frequency of posts)
21. Initial Goals
Document structure and development
What is the history of Project Lingua?
How does this community function internally?
What are the major challenges?
Comparative analysis
Are there other domains of translation with similar
features? How are they similar/different?
Are there aspects which can be generalized?
23. Approach
Structural / Compositional
History of organization, position within Global Voices
Roles and functions of contributors/participants
Content/translation flow, internal coordination
Source/target text structure, problems of lost context
Experiential
Background and motivations of contributors
Coherence of group narratives (Baker, 2006)
25. Situating Project Lingua
History
Started independently by one blogger, developed
into GV Chinese in 2006, then Lingua from 2007
Unique aspects among other projects
Initiated by Global Voices community
Almost as large as Global Voices, and growing
Different audiences from other projects
No editorial oversight covering entire project
26. Roles and Functions
Global Voices consists of:
Regional Editors (parttime staff, 10 positions)
Language Editors (parttime staff, 9 positions)
Authors (volunteers, 8090 active contributors)
Project Lingua consists of:
Currently 15 translation teams
One editor per team, total 70100 volunteer
translators
27. Profile of translators
Based in many different countries, e.g.
Spanish: Peru, Argentina, Venezuela, Spain, U.S.
Arabic: Syria, Lebanon, Egypt, Iraq, Bahrain
Various different backgrounds:
Most common: bloggers, journalists, translators,
students
But also: lawyer, system engineer, professor, IT
professional, financial analyst, web designer, etc.
29. Activity of translation teams
Spanish Arabic Spanish Arabic
French Japanese French Japanese
Chinese Albanian Chinese Albanian
Bangla Swahili Bangla Swahili
Macedonian German Macedonian German
Portuguese Hindi Portuguese Hindi
Italian Serbian Italian Serbian
Malagasy Farsi Malagasy Farsi
Past 6 months, leftblog posts October, leftblog posts
Most active teams:
Spanish, Chinese, Bangla, French, Portuguese, Italian
30. Growth in small languages
Many smaller, localized language communities:
Malagasy
Macedonian
Albanian
Serbian
Motivations/expectations are different
For smaller language communities, translated
content stands out in local media landscape
31. Content flow in Global Voices
3part process (always starts with cit. media):
1. Search: Regional Editors, Language Editors and
Authors search for topics in blogs, forums, etc.
2. Select: Once an issue or topic has been found,
entries and background information are selected.
3. Compile: Selected passages from blog entries and
other UGC are compiled into an English article
Translation into English at step 2 or step 3
32. Example of content flow
Contextualization
Translation (optional)
Blogs on topic X in
Chinese Blogosphere
Article in English
33. Translation flow in Project Lingua
GV 日本語
GV 全球之声 / 全球之聲
GV en Español
GV en français
GV in Italiano
GV amin´ny teny malagasy
GV em Português
GV në Shqip (Albanian)
GV на македонски (Macedonian)
Global Voices article GV ( بالعربيةArabic)
Blog entry
GV োোোবোল ভেেেেে অনলোইন: বোংলো ভোেসন
(Bangla)
Regional Blogosphere
Global Voices in English Project Lingua
Lingosphere
35. Communication and Coordination
Main methods of communication in Lingua:
Mailing list + editor review (most common):
Translators announce article to translate, one or
more editors proofread translations
Wiki + peer review (GV Chinese team): articles
proofread by other team member, sent back for
confirmation, then published
Direct publication: minimal communication,
experienced translators can publish directly
36. Problems (1): Lost Context
Major challenge of lost context:
Assumptions of background knowledge not
appropriate for nonEnglish audiences
Links to Englishlanguage references are not
accessible in translated article (sometimes replaced)
Choice of subjects assumes English audience, not
always suitable for readers of a different language
Presentation may evoke unintended response
37. Example of lost context
Article about Mauritia (Andriamanajara, 2007)
Mentions genital excision, a foreign concept to
Malagasy audiences
When translating to Malagasy, translator had to
consult other people for advice
Final compromise: “circumcision for young girls”
Through translation, translator introduced a new
concept to a language community (Malagasy)
39. Bloggers vs. Translators
Bloggers
Connected to local blogosphere / lingosphere
Wellversed in blogging software, web services
Speak language of “web 2.0”, conversationoriented
Translators
Typically work as individuals, professionoriented
Lack of knowledge about blogging technology, need
for training
41. Context in Case Studies
Determining context is important in case study
Investigation starts by exploring case study
Research context is not a priori defined
Cases have highly specific characteristics
Need to get to know case in context:
Research questions emerge from investigation
Basic process centers on gathering evidence
42. Research Context
Translation Studies
Research on Internet
Journalism Studies
and Society
43. Language and Global Voices
History of Global Voices:
Began as a regionoriented, not languageoriented
Translation embedded in organization at an implicit
level (no mention in manifesto, etc.)
English bridgebloggers, translation not essential
This approach was not sufficient:
Began hiring translators to cover “lingospheres”
Overlapping structure of region and language
44. From Region to Language
“In the next century, [...] the definition of proximity [will
change] from geographic to linguistic: two countries [will]
border one another if and only if they have a language they
can use in common.” (Shirky, 1999)
45. Shift of Research Context
Translation Studies
Community Translation News Translation
Fan translation (Díaz Cintas and Muñoz Sánchez, 2006) Translation in Global News (Bielsa and Bassnett, 2008)
Examples in (Baker, 2006) and (Salzberg, 2008)
Project Lingua
Research on Internet
Global Voices Journalism Studies
and Society
Participatory Media / Citizen Media / Citizen Journalism
Many references, e.g. MacKinnon (2007, 2007a), Zuckerman (2003)
46. News Translation
Resent research has shown:
Drastic reorganization in news translation (Hursti, 2001)
News translators see themselves as “international
journalists”, not translators (Bielsa and Bassnett, 2008)
Translation plays a critical role, but is invisible
Relation to case study research:
Problem of lost context, blogger / translator conflict
Comparison of structural aspects of translation flow
47. Community Translation
Translation in communities of anime fans (Díaz
Cintas and Muñoz Sánchez, 2006):
Networks of fans collaborate to translate anime
subtitles (typesetters, translators, editors, encoders)
Frequent use of detailed translator notes
English as pivot language, translation into English
often conducted by nonnative speakers
Translators translate for a specific community of
anime fans (not a general news audience)
48. Translation and Participatory Media
Translation Studies
Community Translation News Translation
Research on Internet Participatory Media Journalism Studies
and Society Studies
49. Theoretical Framework
Two basic concepts used to define framework:
Gatekeeping theory (structural)
Narrative theory (experiential)
Theories bridge all three areas:
Translation Studies
Network Society
Journalism and Media Studies
50. Gatekeeping and Translation
Gatekeeping is a common theme:
Gatekeeping in news media (White, 1950; Bell, 1991)
Translation as network gatekeeping (Cronin, 2003)
News translation as gatekeeping (Fujii, 1988;
Vuorinen, 1994)
Translation as gatekeeping in a network setting
Physical accessibility → linguistic accessibility
Ideas such as access, transparency and bias take
on new meaning in multilingual network setting
51. Narrative and Translation
Mona Baker (2006) investigates translation
communities through narrative theory:
communities “held together by a sense of identification
with a narrative or set of narratives”
importance of narrative coherence, narrative fidelity
Global Voices has a cohesive narrative: blogging,
web 2.0 technology, freedom of speech, etc.
Language/translation left out of this narrative
52. Limitations of Framework
Lack of data points
Very little research on online translation
communities
Global Voices and Project Lingua very young,
organizations are changing fast
Financial aspects are largely omitted
Is this framework generalizable? Maybe not.
But it is important for understanding the case
54. Observations and Analysis
Structural
Complete organizational structure of content flow
Compile and analyze statistical data
Comparison of roles/functions with news translation
Experiential
Complete second set of interviews
Comparison with translation community (Cucumis)
Compare narratives of Global Voices and Lingua
55. Preliminary Recommendations
More explicit incorporation of language and
translation in Global Voices public profile
System needed to track and respond to
translator content selections
Outreach expanded from regional to linguistic
Broaden nonEnglish organizational ties:
News sites, travel organizations, translation
schools, translation communities, etc.