Communication involves the exchange of ideas, facts, thoughts, and feelings between two or more people. It is a dynamic process that takes place through spoken words, symbols, or actions. There are seven key elements of communication: the source, message, encoding, channel, receiver, decoding, and feedback. Communication can occur through verbal means like speech, or nonverbal means like body language and facial expressions. Some principles of effective communication include making the message appropriate, having a clear purpose, and representing the personality of the communicator. Barriers to communication can arise from factors such as poor listening, inappropriate word choices, and distractions in the environment.

1. COMMUNICATION
Ms.Shradha Uniyal

2. Introduction

3. • Communication is a dynamic (constant change)
process that takes place around us all the time.
• In fact we spend 70% of our time receiving and
sending messages.

4. • Communication word derived from
• Latin - commūnicāre,
• meaning "to share"

5. • It is exchange
feelings, thoughts,
is vital
of ideas, fact,
opinions and
in
information
facilitating
which
human interaction
through (written or spoken) words,
symbols or actions.

6. MEANING

7. • Communication is simply
the act of transferring
information from one
one
place to another/
person to another
person.

8. DEFINITION

9. • Communication is a process in which a message is
transferred from one person to other person through a
suitable media and the intended message is received
and understood by the receiver.

10. • “A process by which two or more people exchange
ideas, facts, feelings or impressions in ways that each
gains a ‘common understanding’ of meaning, intent
and use of message”
- Paul Leagens.

11. LEVEL OF
COMMUNICATION

12. • Extrapersonal communication
• Interpersonal communication
• Intrapersonal communication
• Organizational communication
• Mass communication
1
2
3
4
5

13. Extrapersonal Communication:
• Communication is a process that takes place with
human entities and non-human entities as well.
• When communication is done with non-human entities
it is called to be extra personal communication.

15. • For example, the bark of a pet dog when something
happens to the master, wagging of the tail when
master shows bone to the pet dog, licking of cheek at
the returning of master from the work field, chirping of
birds when a stranger is at the door, Parrot calling the
name of the master in the morning, etc

16. Interpersonal Communication:
• It involves two parties-a sender and a receiver who
use common language to transit message either
through oral communication or written
communication.

17. lntrapersonal Communication:
• Intrapersonal communication is all about talking to
ourselves.

18. • Prefix ‘intra’ means
‘within’ hence
intrapersonal
communication is ‘self
talk’.

19. Organizational Communication:
• In a team-based business organization,
communication becomes its lifeblood where people
communicate with one another.

20. Mass Communication:
• Newspapers, magazines and periodicals, the means
of mass communication are frequently used for oral or
written communication.

22. • Besides, technologies such as the intemet,
e-mail, voicemail, faxes, audiotape,
teleconferencing, videoconferencing and
closed
options
circuit
for
televisions
internal
have increased
and external
communication.
• These fast means help people
parts of the world to work together.
from all

23. ELEMENTS:

24. › Source idea
› Message
› Encoding
› Channel
› Receiver
› Decoding
› Feedback
ELEMENTS:
› There are seven elements of communication:

26. › The Source idea is the process by which one
formulates an idea to communicate to another
party.
› This process can be influenced by external
stimuli such as books or radio, or it can come
about internally by thinking about a particular
subject.
› The source idea is the basis for the
communication.
1. Source idea:

27. › The Message is what will be communicated to
another party.
› It is based on the source idea, but the message is
crafted to meet the needs of the audience.
› For example, if the message is between two
friends, the message will take a different form than
if communicating with a superior.
2. Message:

28. › Encoding is how the message is transmitted to
another party.
› The medium of transmission will determine the
form of the communication.
› For example, the message will take a different form if
the communication will be spoken or written.
3. Encoding:

29. › The Channel is the medium of the communication.
› The channel must be able to transmit the message
from one party to another without changing the
content of the message.
› The channel can be a piece of paper, a
communications medium such as radio, or it can be an
email.
› The channel is the path of the communication from
sender to receiver.
4. Channel:

30. › The Receiver is the party receiving the
communication.
› A receiver can be a television set, a computer, or a
piece of paper depending on the channel used for
the communication.
5. Receiver:

31. › Decoding is the process where the message is
interpreted for its content.
› It also means the receiver thinks about the
message's content and internalizes the message.
6. Decoding:

32. › Feedback is the final step in the communications
process.
› This step conveys to the transmitter that the
message is understood by the receiver.
› The receiver formats an appropriate reply to the
first communication based on the channel and
sends it to the transmitter of the original message.
7. Feedback:

33. TYPES OF
COMMUNICATION:

34. › The flow of communication is one way from the
communicator to the audience.
1. One-way communication:

35. › Drawbacks are:
› Knowledge is imposed.
› Learning is authoritative.
› Little audience participation.
› No feedback.
› Does not influence human behavior.

36. › In this both the communicators and the audience
take place.
› The process of communication is active and
democratic.
› It is more likely to influence behaviour than one way
communication.
2. Two way communication:

37. channels of
is delayed
–It is officially organized
communication and it
communication.
–It is authoritative, specific, accurate and reaches
everybody.
–The medium of formal communication may be
department meeting, conferences, telephone
calls, interviews, circular etc.
3. Formal communication:

38. › Gossip circles such as friends internet group, like
minded people and casual groups.
› Communication is very faster here.
› The informal channels may be more active.
4. Informal network:

39. › It is a stimulus received by the body immediately
the brain receives the information and transmits to
the respective organs through the nervous, where it
has to be passed.
5. Physiological communication:

40. › The visual form of communication comprise charts
and graphs, pictograms, tables, maps, posters etc.
6. Visual communication:

41. › The traditional way of communication has been by
word of mouth language is the chief vehicle of
communication.
› Through it, one can interact with other can be
passes through.
› Direct verbal communication by word of mouth.
7. VERBAL COMMUNICATION:

42. › Communication can occur even without word.
› Non-verbal communication is message
transmission through body language without using
words.
› It includes bodily movements, positive, facial
expression.
› Silence is non verbal communication
8. NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION:

43. › By using mechanical devices the communication
will be sent.
› For e.g. internet, radio, T.V. etc.
9. MECHANICAL COMMUNICATION:

44. TECHNIQUES OF
COMMUNICATION

45. › Listening
› Broad openings
› Restating
› Clarification
› Reflection
› Focusing
› Sharing perceptions
› Silence
› Humour
› Informing
› Suggesting

46. › An active process of receiving information.
› The complete attention of the nurse is required
and there should be no preoccupation with
oneself.
1. Listening:

47. › Listening is a sign of respect for the person who is
talking and a powerful reinforce of relationships.
› It allows the patients to talk more, without which the
relationship cannot progress.

48. › These encourage the patient to select topics for
discussion, and indicate that nurse is there,
listening to him and following him.
› For e.g. questions such as what shall we discuss
today? ―can you tell me more about that‖? ―And
then what happened?‖
› From the part of the nurse encourages the patient
to talk.
2. Broad openings:

49. › The nurse repeats to the patient the main thought
he has expressed.
› It indicates that the nurses is listening.
› It also brings attention to something important.
3. Restating:

50. › The person‘s verbalization, especially when he is
disturbed or feeling deeply, is not always clear.
› The patients remarks may be confused, incomplete
or disordered due to their illness.
› So, the nurses need to clarify the feelings and ideas
expressed by the patients.
4. Clarification:

51. › The nurses need to provide correlation between the
patient‘s feeling and action.
› For example ―I am not sure what you mean ―?
―Could you tell me once again?‖ clarifies the
unintelligible ideas of the patients.

52. › This means directing back to the patient his ideas,
feeling, questions and content.
› Reflection of content is also called validation.
› Reflection of feeling consists of responses to the
patient‘s feeling about the content.
5. Reflection:

54. › It means expanding the discussion on a topic of
importance.
› It helps the patient to become more specific, move
from vagueness to clarity and focus on reality.
6. Focusing:

55. › These are the techniques of asking the patient to
verify the nurse understands of what he is thinking
or feeling.
› For e.g. the nurse could ask the patient, as ―you
are smiling, but I sense that you are really very
angry with me‖.
7. Sharing perceptions:

56. › This involves identifying the underlying issues or
problem experienced by the patient that emerges
repeatedly during the course of the nurse-patient
interaction.
› Once we identify the basis themes, it becomes easy
to decide which of the patient‘s feeling and thoughts
to respond and pursue.
8. Theme identification:

57. › This is lack of verbal communication for a
therapeutic reason.
› Then the nurse‘s silence prompts patient to talk.
› For e.g. just sitting with a patient without talking,
non verbally communicates our interest in the
patient better.
9. Silence:

58. › This is the discharge of energy through the comic
enjoyment of the imperfect.
› It is a part of nurse client relationship.
› It is constructive coping behavior, and by learning to
express humor, a patient learns to express how he
feel.
10. Humor:

59. › This is the skill of giving information.
› The nurse shares simple facts with the patient.
11. Informing:

60. › This is the presentation of alternative ideas
related to problem solving.
› It is the most useful communication technique when
the patient has analyzed his problem area, and is
ready to explore alternative coping mechanisms.
› At that time suggesting technique increase the
patient‘s choices.
12. Suggesting:

61. MODES OF
COMMUNICATION

62. The two main ways it is used in communication are:
• verbal,
• non-verbal

63. • Both spoken (type words and tone of voice,
speed),
• written (words and the meaning they convey),
• timing
• and clarity of the message.
Verbal communication

64. › body language,
› facial expressions,
› posture,
› gait (manner of walk)
› gestures,
› nods, etc.
Non-verbal communication

65. PRINCIPLES OF
COMMUNICATION

66. PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION:
Communication should be appropriate to situation.
Communication should have objective and purposes.
Communication should promote total achievement of
purposes.
Communication should represent the personality and
individuality of the communication.

67. Communication involves special preparation.
Communication should be oriented to the interest
and needs of the receiver.
Communication through personal contact.
Communication should seek attention.
Communication should be familiar.
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION CONT….

68. BARRIERS TO
COMMUNICATION

69. Barriers to communications occur principally
as a result of non-therapeutic
communication. Good examples to this failure
include:
• Wrong or improper decoding of the
message.
• Poor choice of words.
• Wrong tone – raised voice, etc.

70. • Failure to listen – not listening by looking
away or doing other things as a sign of
disinterest.
• Wrong environment or poor environmental
control – noisy surrounding or environment.
• Wrong timing – while or when client is eating
or doing something or in pain.
• Inconsideration by the nurse or health
professional- client eating or sleeping, with
nurse not willing or ready to wait.

71. THANK YOU