A commentary on a graphic submitted to the journal Environment and Planning A as one of its featured graphics. That graphic aims to capture various dimensions of population change within English local authorities from 1991 to 2011: the proportional increase in the Asian population, the decrease in the White British population, generally decreasing Asian - White British segregation within authorities on average but with that average concealing some increases in spatial heterogeneity: increased differences between some neighbouring small areas (and also increased differences between local authorities). To see the graph, please visit http://www.social-statistics.org/?p=1064
White flight, ethnic cliffs and other unhelpful hyperbole?Rich Harris
In an (unguarded?) conversation with a journalist, I talked about a 'cliff-edge' measure of segregation where neighbouring places have very different proportions of their resident population classified as White British in the 2011 Census. The words, rephrased as 'ethnic cliffs' was soon coupled with talk of White Flight from British cities and has appeared in a number of national newspapers and magazines, alongside like 'self-segregation' and 'sundown segregation' (The Sunday Times and the Daily Mail). In this presentation I look at changes to the ethnic composition of census zones in England from 2001 to 2011 and ask whether such phrases are unhelpful hyperbole or simply vivid but accurate descriptors of "Britain's new problem" (Goodhart, 2013 writing in Prospect Magazine).
Motion Charts, White Flight and Ethnic Cliffs?Rich Harris
The aim of this presentation is to investigate claims of decreased segregation yet also of ‘white flight’ from English cities during the period from 2001 to 2011. It does so supplementing a traditional measure of segregation, the dissimilarity index,
with measures comparing differences between adjoining small areas. Together these measures provide insight not only into the amount of segregation but also its spatial configuration within local authorities, including the degree to which different ethnic groups are clustered together of dispersed across the authorities. An analysis of change is then undertaken, asking whether the neighbouring small areas with greatest differences in their ethnic compositions in 2001 become more or less dissimilar by 2011, and whether those changes are caused by more population mixing or by the withdrawal of the White British population from those areas. Motion charts also are presented to warning against over-simplification and ‘one-size-fits-all’ explanations, stressing the individual trajectories of different local authorities.
At the White House Convening on Immigrant and Refugee Integration, Audrey Singer gave a presentation on “U.S. Immigration Demographics and Immigrant Integration” focused on trends in immigrant settlement patterns and demographic, education and workforce characteristics and contributions of the foreign-born population.
In partnership with National Community Renaissance, the Inland Valleys Association of Realtors® hosted a luncheon with special guest speaker and author Joel Kotkin. This invitation only, luncheon focused on critical housing issues impacting California and the Inland Empire.
There has been long and wide-ranging debate in the social science literature about how best to conceptualise and to measure segregation (see, inter alia, Allen and Vignoles, 2007; Johnston and Jones, 2010; Harris, 2011). A popular measure is the dissimilarity index, usually attributed to Duncan and Duncan (1955). This is somewhat ironic because in another paper published in the same year, the same two authors were much more cautious about advocating any one index as preferable to others and were wise to the geographical limitations: "all of the segregation indexes have in common the assumption that segregation can be measured without regard to the spatial patterns of white and nonwhite residence in a city" (p.215). Whilst one response to this shortcoming has been the development of spatial measures of segregation (Wong, 1993; Reardon and O'Sullivan, 2004; Harris, 2012), a number of papers from the 1980s and 90s treated the measurement of segregation as a (spatial) optimisation problem (Jakubs 1981; Morgan 1983; Waldorf 1993). In this paper I revisit that optimisation literature, substituting geographical distances between places with ‘nearest-neighbour distances’ to determine the cost function. Applying this method to the 2011 Census data and to England, I consider claims of “white flight” that have appeared in the media.
White flight, ethnic cliffs and other unhelpful hyperbole?Rich Harris
In an (unguarded?) conversation with a journalist, I talked about a 'cliff-edge' measure of segregation where neighbouring places have very different proportions of their resident population classified as White British in the 2011 Census. The words, rephrased as 'ethnic cliffs' was soon coupled with talk of White Flight from British cities and has appeared in a number of national newspapers and magazines, alongside like 'self-segregation' and 'sundown segregation' (The Sunday Times and the Daily Mail). In this presentation I look at changes to the ethnic composition of census zones in England from 2001 to 2011 and ask whether such phrases are unhelpful hyperbole or simply vivid but accurate descriptors of "Britain's new problem" (Goodhart, 2013 writing in Prospect Magazine).
Motion Charts, White Flight and Ethnic Cliffs?Rich Harris
The aim of this presentation is to investigate claims of decreased segregation yet also of ‘white flight’ from English cities during the period from 2001 to 2011. It does so supplementing a traditional measure of segregation, the dissimilarity index,
with measures comparing differences between adjoining small areas. Together these measures provide insight not only into the amount of segregation but also its spatial configuration within local authorities, including the degree to which different ethnic groups are clustered together of dispersed across the authorities. An analysis of change is then undertaken, asking whether the neighbouring small areas with greatest differences in their ethnic compositions in 2001 become more or less dissimilar by 2011, and whether those changes are caused by more population mixing or by the withdrawal of the White British population from those areas. Motion charts also are presented to warning against over-simplification and ‘one-size-fits-all’ explanations, stressing the individual trajectories of different local authorities.
At the White House Convening on Immigrant and Refugee Integration, Audrey Singer gave a presentation on “U.S. Immigration Demographics and Immigrant Integration” focused on trends in immigrant settlement patterns and demographic, education and workforce characteristics and contributions of the foreign-born population.
In partnership with National Community Renaissance, the Inland Valleys Association of Realtors® hosted a luncheon with special guest speaker and author Joel Kotkin. This invitation only, luncheon focused on critical housing issues impacting California and the Inland Empire.
There has been long and wide-ranging debate in the social science literature about how best to conceptualise and to measure segregation (see, inter alia, Allen and Vignoles, 2007; Johnston and Jones, 2010; Harris, 2011). A popular measure is the dissimilarity index, usually attributed to Duncan and Duncan (1955). This is somewhat ironic because in another paper published in the same year, the same two authors were much more cautious about advocating any one index as preferable to others and were wise to the geographical limitations: "all of the segregation indexes have in common the assumption that segregation can be measured without regard to the spatial patterns of white and nonwhite residence in a city" (p.215). Whilst one response to this shortcoming has been the development of spatial measures of segregation (Wong, 1993; Reardon and O'Sullivan, 2004; Harris, 2012), a number of papers from the 1980s and 90s treated the measurement of segregation as a (spatial) optimisation problem (Jakubs 1981; Morgan 1983; Waldorf 1993). In this paper I revisit that optimisation literature, substituting geographical distances between places with ‘nearest-neighbour distances’ to determine the cost function. Applying this method to the 2011 Census data and to England, I consider claims of “white flight” that have appeared in the media.
This document analyzes greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from households in Halifax Regional Municipality, Canada at a sub-regional scale using household energy survey and GPS travel data. The results show spatial variability in direct GHG emissions across the study area. Households in urban and suburban areas generate similar total direct GHG emissions, challenging assumptions that inner cities are more sustainable. However, households in more rural areas have significantly higher transportation-related GHG emissions than inner city and suburban households. The findings underscore the importance of understanding GHG emissions distribution at a detailed sub-regional level.
Geographical Inequalities and Population Change in Britain, 1971-2011UKDSCensus
This document outlines a project analyzing geographical inequalities and population change in Britain from 1971 to 2011. Population surfaces were created for 1971 and 2011 census data using 1km grid cells. Preliminary analyses found decreases in total population in some urban areas, and increases in unemployment and deprivation in urban areas over time. There was also a decrease in unevenness of housing tenure but an increase in unevenness of car access and overcrowding. Overall, the analyses suggest the population has become more geographically unequal over time.
Spatial representation of data in Urban Planning and DesignRoberto Rocco
This a lecture of data, statistics and spatial representation and understanding of data. This is important for planners and designers who need to understand social trends in space and how to communicate them to an audience. I typically teach this lecture in 50 minutes (I skip some slides). Feel free to use material here, but do the right thing: acknowledge the source.
A comment with new analysis on an Financial Times article talking about the possibility of White Flight from London revealed by the 2011 UK Census results.
5B_1_Neogeography for the rural urban classification of england and walesGISRUK conference
The document discusses a web-based tool that classifies areas in England and Wales as rural or urban using a methodology developed by the Rural Evidence Research Centre. The tool utilizes Google Maps and allows users to visualize settlement morphologies and contextual information. It classifies areas based on population density profiles at different scales. The goal is to improve understanding of the rural-urban classification and engage users by enabling them to provide feedback and integrate additional map data layers.
Recent research on residential segregation has focused on defining trends in areas outside of traditional metropolitan areas, including so-called new destinations and established immigrant gateways. Moreover a trend of decreasing black-white segregation between 1970 and 2009 has been described by recent work by Iceland and colleagues. In this paper, we go beyond the approach used in this recent work to investigate the county-level patterns of change in residential segregation between 1990 and 2010 using the most recent decennial census data available. We consider both black-white and Hispanic-Non-Hispanic patterns of segregation using measures of three dimensions of segregation: Evenness, Exposure and spatial clustering. Furthermore, we use tools of exploratory spatial data analysis and Geographic Information System (GIS) visualization to highlight areas of the country experiencing the most change over this period. This will allow us to see sub-regional trends in the dynamics of segregation, and understand the nature of segregation beyond the traditional black-white dichotomy, especially in areas of recent Hispanic immigration.
Data Journalism lecture - Week 5: Storytelling with Data
Lecture date: 7 Oct 2015
MA in Journalism
National University of Ireland, Galway
Title slide image from The Data Journalism Handbook
Monitoring Internal Migration in the United KingdomUKDSCensus
Internal migration in the UK saw modest declines in intensity from 2000-2001 to 2010-2011 according to census and administrative data, with the largest decreases for those aged 45-59. Inter-district migration distances also decreased slightly. When compared internationally, the UK's aggregate migration intensity was average. The document advocates for greater use of origin-destination census data, cross-national migration research, and consideration of scale and zonation effects in internal migration studies.
This document discusses the diversity of peri-urban development across Europe. It notes that peri-urban areas have experienced significant population growth and land use changes over recent decades. Peri-urban areas take many different forms, including polycentric regions, dispersed development, and hybrid landscapes between the city and countryside. The document examines challenges and opportunities related to managing peri-urban development, and discusses different policy approaches used across Europe to guide growth and landscape change in these in-between territories.
A great deal of valuable information currently exists on the BC real estate market, however, there are challenges with the current approach. The geographic framework by which this information is viewed is problematic focusing on regional differences instead of provincial commonalities. The BC market is experiencing many different trends such as new dwelling types, alternate ownership models, FSBO and unique behaviours by demographic segments. Understanding these trends is hampered by missing data and an inability to link different data sources for analysis. Furthermore, most of this information is presented through a static geographic lens making it challenging for the ORE audiences to absorb and utilize. A fresh look at the data requirements for the industry will assist planning for the future.
This research report is a part of the British Columbia Real Estate Association's Journey of Discovery. BCREA launched the Journey of Discovery (JOD) to help our organization and BC’s eleven member boards strategically plan for the next five years. This project seeks to understand where the greatest contributions of products and services could be for increasing the innovation of REALTORS® in service of their consumers. If organized real estate is to effectively adapt to and proactively initiate change, which we believe is necessary now more than ever, the first stage is to gain a solid understanding of the current and future states of the industry. For access to the slides with links and our other reports, please visit http://web.bcrea.bc.ca/jod/reports.htm
This presentation was prepared by CE Holmes Consulting, Solvable & Monique Morden Consulting
Comparison - Urban Sprawl in the US and Sprawl-like patterns in China - Quant...Wenjiao Wu
This document summarizes a study that compares urban sprawl patterns in the US and China. It analyzes land cover changes in Yinchuan and Xiamen, China and Atlanta and Phoenix, US using Landsat images from 1980s-2010s. Landscape metrics show increasing fragmentation and edge density over time for all cities. Transition matrices reveal conversions between land cover types. While sprawl patterns have emerged in Chinese cities, it is still controversial to use the term due to differences from the US experience.
Toward a New Macro-Segregation? Decomposing Segregation within and between Me...Jonathan Dunnemann
This document discusses emerging patterns of racial segregation at different geographic scales within US metropolitan areas from 1990 to 2010. It finds that while overall metropolitan segregation has declined, "macro-segregation" - segregation between cities and suburbs - has increased, offsetting declines in "micro-segregation" or segregation within places. The authors decompose a metropolitan segregation index into its micro and macro components and find that macro segregation accounts for about half the total segregation in the most segregated metro areas, and is increasing most rapidly for black populations. They conclude racial residential segregation is increasingly shaped by the cities and suburbs people live in, rather than just neighborhoods.
The D4I initiative harmonizes census data from 8 EU member states at a high spatial resolution of 100x100m grids and postal codes to provide insights into local migration patterns. It aims to produce new understandings of migration to support policymaking. The dataset includes over 45,000 local administrative units and allows researchers to analyze issues like the relationship between migration, diversity, and housing prices or electoral outcomes in cities. It also shows that many small towns and rural communities experience significant migration.
This document discusses urban containment policies like urban growth boundaries as sustainability tools for U.S. cities. It defines key terms and outlines the need for sustainability in U.S. cities. The document presents Portland, Oregon and Knoxville, Tennessee as case studies to analyze how urban growth boundaries can foster more economically, socially, and environmentally sustainable city development patterns. GIS is used to analyze land uses within the cities' urban growth boundaries. The discussion will compare the results from the case studies to evaluate the sustainability of urban growth boundaries in U.S. cities.
Utilizing geospatial analysis of U.S. Census data for studying the dynamics o...Toni Menninger
Geographically referenced US census data provide a large amount of information about the extent of urbanization and land consumption. Population count, the number of housing units and their vacancy rates, and demographic and economic parameters such as racial composition and household income, and their change over time, can be examined at different levels of geographic resolution to observe patterns of urban flight, suburbanization, reurbanization, and sprawl. This paper will review the literature on prior application of census data in a geospatial setting. It will identify strengths and weaknesses and address methodological challenges of census-based approaches to the study of urbanization. To this end, a detailed overview of the geographic structure of U.S. Census data and its evolution is provided. Ecological Fallacies and the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP) are discussed and the Population Weighted Density as a more robust alternative to crude population density is introduced. Of special interest will be literature comparing and/or integrating census data with alternative methodologies, e.g. based on Remote Sensing. The general purpose of this paper is to lay the groundwork for the optimal use of high resolution census data in studying urbanization in the United States.
Keywords
Sprawl, Urban sprawl, City, Population Density, Population Weighted Density, Census, US Census, Census Geographies, Urbanization, Suburbanization, Urban flight, Reurbanization, Land Consumption, Land Use, Land Use Efficiency, LULC, Remote Sensing, Geospatial Analysis, GIS, Growth, Urban Growth, Spatial Distribution of Population, City Limits, Urban Extent, Built Environment, Urban Form, Areal Interpolation, Scale, Spatial Scale, Longitudinal Study, Dasymmetric Mapping, Ecological Fallacy, MAUP, Modifiable Areal Unit Problem, Metrics
“Domains of Deprivation Framework” for Mapping Slums, Informal Settlements, and other Deprived Areas in LMICs to improve urban planning and policy: A Scoping Review
Quantitative Methods in Geography Making the Connections between Schools, Uni...Rich Harris
A report into the nature of and attitudes towards quantitative methods teaching in geography, with recommendations for how the benchmark statement might be changed.
This document analyzes greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from households in Halifax Regional Municipality, Canada at a sub-regional scale using household energy survey and GPS travel data. The results show spatial variability in direct GHG emissions across the study area. Households in urban and suburban areas generate similar total direct GHG emissions, challenging assumptions that inner cities are more sustainable. However, households in more rural areas have significantly higher transportation-related GHG emissions than inner city and suburban households. The findings underscore the importance of understanding GHG emissions distribution at a detailed sub-regional level.
Geographical Inequalities and Population Change in Britain, 1971-2011UKDSCensus
This document outlines a project analyzing geographical inequalities and population change in Britain from 1971 to 2011. Population surfaces were created for 1971 and 2011 census data using 1km grid cells. Preliminary analyses found decreases in total population in some urban areas, and increases in unemployment and deprivation in urban areas over time. There was also a decrease in unevenness of housing tenure but an increase in unevenness of car access and overcrowding. Overall, the analyses suggest the population has become more geographically unequal over time.
Spatial representation of data in Urban Planning and DesignRoberto Rocco
This a lecture of data, statistics and spatial representation and understanding of data. This is important for planners and designers who need to understand social trends in space and how to communicate them to an audience. I typically teach this lecture in 50 minutes (I skip some slides). Feel free to use material here, but do the right thing: acknowledge the source.
A comment with new analysis on an Financial Times article talking about the possibility of White Flight from London revealed by the 2011 UK Census results.
5B_1_Neogeography for the rural urban classification of england and walesGISRUK conference
The document discusses a web-based tool that classifies areas in England and Wales as rural or urban using a methodology developed by the Rural Evidence Research Centre. The tool utilizes Google Maps and allows users to visualize settlement morphologies and contextual information. It classifies areas based on population density profiles at different scales. The goal is to improve understanding of the rural-urban classification and engage users by enabling them to provide feedback and integrate additional map data layers.
Recent research on residential segregation has focused on defining trends in areas outside of traditional metropolitan areas, including so-called new destinations and established immigrant gateways. Moreover a trend of decreasing black-white segregation between 1970 and 2009 has been described by recent work by Iceland and colleagues. In this paper, we go beyond the approach used in this recent work to investigate the county-level patterns of change in residential segregation between 1990 and 2010 using the most recent decennial census data available. We consider both black-white and Hispanic-Non-Hispanic patterns of segregation using measures of three dimensions of segregation: Evenness, Exposure and spatial clustering. Furthermore, we use tools of exploratory spatial data analysis and Geographic Information System (GIS) visualization to highlight areas of the country experiencing the most change over this period. This will allow us to see sub-regional trends in the dynamics of segregation, and understand the nature of segregation beyond the traditional black-white dichotomy, especially in areas of recent Hispanic immigration.
Data Journalism lecture - Week 5: Storytelling with Data
Lecture date: 7 Oct 2015
MA in Journalism
National University of Ireland, Galway
Title slide image from The Data Journalism Handbook
Monitoring Internal Migration in the United KingdomUKDSCensus
Internal migration in the UK saw modest declines in intensity from 2000-2001 to 2010-2011 according to census and administrative data, with the largest decreases for those aged 45-59. Inter-district migration distances also decreased slightly. When compared internationally, the UK's aggregate migration intensity was average. The document advocates for greater use of origin-destination census data, cross-national migration research, and consideration of scale and zonation effects in internal migration studies.
This document discusses the diversity of peri-urban development across Europe. It notes that peri-urban areas have experienced significant population growth and land use changes over recent decades. Peri-urban areas take many different forms, including polycentric regions, dispersed development, and hybrid landscapes between the city and countryside. The document examines challenges and opportunities related to managing peri-urban development, and discusses different policy approaches used across Europe to guide growth and landscape change in these in-between territories.
A great deal of valuable information currently exists on the BC real estate market, however, there are challenges with the current approach. The geographic framework by which this information is viewed is problematic focusing on regional differences instead of provincial commonalities. The BC market is experiencing many different trends such as new dwelling types, alternate ownership models, FSBO and unique behaviours by demographic segments. Understanding these trends is hampered by missing data and an inability to link different data sources for analysis. Furthermore, most of this information is presented through a static geographic lens making it challenging for the ORE audiences to absorb and utilize. A fresh look at the data requirements for the industry will assist planning for the future.
This research report is a part of the British Columbia Real Estate Association's Journey of Discovery. BCREA launched the Journey of Discovery (JOD) to help our organization and BC’s eleven member boards strategically plan for the next five years. This project seeks to understand where the greatest contributions of products and services could be for increasing the innovation of REALTORS® in service of their consumers. If organized real estate is to effectively adapt to and proactively initiate change, which we believe is necessary now more than ever, the first stage is to gain a solid understanding of the current and future states of the industry. For access to the slides with links and our other reports, please visit http://web.bcrea.bc.ca/jod/reports.htm
This presentation was prepared by CE Holmes Consulting, Solvable & Monique Morden Consulting
Comparison - Urban Sprawl in the US and Sprawl-like patterns in China - Quant...Wenjiao Wu
This document summarizes a study that compares urban sprawl patterns in the US and China. It analyzes land cover changes in Yinchuan and Xiamen, China and Atlanta and Phoenix, US using Landsat images from 1980s-2010s. Landscape metrics show increasing fragmentation and edge density over time for all cities. Transition matrices reveal conversions between land cover types. While sprawl patterns have emerged in Chinese cities, it is still controversial to use the term due to differences from the US experience.
Toward a New Macro-Segregation? Decomposing Segregation within and between Me...Jonathan Dunnemann
This document discusses emerging patterns of racial segregation at different geographic scales within US metropolitan areas from 1990 to 2010. It finds that while overall metropolitan segregation has declined, "macro-segregation" - segregation between cities and suburbs - has increased, offsetting declines in "micro-segregation" or segregation within places. The authors decompose a metropolitan segregation index into its micro and macro components and find that macro segregation accounts for about half the total segregation in the most segregated metro areas, and is increasing most rapidly for black populations. They conclude racial residential segregation is increasingly shaped by the cities and suburbs people live in, rather than just neighborhoods.
The D4I initiative harmonizes census data from 8 EU member states at a high spatial resolution of 100x100m grids and postal codes to provide insights into local migration patterns. It aims to produce new understandings of migration to support policymaking. The dataset includes over 45,000 local administrative units and allows researchers to analyze issues like the relationship between migration, diversity, and housing prices or electoral outcomes in cities. It also shows that many small towns and rural communities experience significant migration.
This document discusses urban containment policies like urban growth boundaries as sustainability tools for U.S. cities. It defines key terms and outlines the need for sustainability in U.S. cities. The document presents Portland, Oregon and Knoxville, Tennessee as case studies to analyze how urban growth boundaries can foster more economically, socially, and environmentally sustainable city development patterns. GIS is used to analyze land uses within the cities' urban growth boundaries. The discussion will compare the results from the case studies to evaluate the sustainability of urban growth boundaries in U.S. cities.
Utilizing geospatial analysis of U.S. Census data for studying the dynamics o...Toni Menninger
Geographically referenced US census data provide a large amount of information about the extent of urbanization and land consumption. Population count, the number of housing units and their vacancy rates, and demographic and economic parameters such as racial composition and household income, and their change over time, can be examined at different levels of geographic resolution to observe patterns of urban flight, suburbanization, reurbanization, and sprawl. This paper will review the literature on prior application of census data in a geospatial setting. It will identify strengths and weaknesses and address methodological challenges of census-based approaches to the study of urbanization. To this end, a detailed overview of the geographic structure of U.S. Census data and its evolution is provided. Ecological Fallacies and the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP) are discussed and the Population Weighted Density as a more robust alternative to crude population density is introduced. Of special interest will be literature comparing and/or integrating census data with alternative methodologies, e.g. based on Remote Sensing. The general purpose of this paper is to lay the groundwork for the optimal use of high resolution census data in studying urbanization in the United States.
Keywords
Sprawl, Urban sprawl, City, Population Density, Population Weighted Density, Census, US Census, Census Geographies, Urbanization, Suburbanization, Urban flight, Reurbanization, Land Consumption, Land Use, Land Use Efficiency, LULC, Remote Sensing, Geospatial Analysis, GIS, Growth, Urban Growth, Spatial Distribution of Population, City Limits, Urban Extent, Built Environment, Urban Form, Areal Interpolation, Scale, Spatial Scale, Longitudinal Study, Dasymmetric Mapping, Ecological Fallacy, MAUP, Modifiable Areal Unit Problem, Metrics
“Domains of Deprivation Framework” for Mapping Slums, Informal Settlements, and other Deprived Areas in LMICs to improve urban planning and policy: A Scoping Review
Similar to Commentary: Ethno-demographic change in English local authorities, 1991-2011 (20)
Quantitative Methods in Geography Making the Connections between Schools, Uni...Rich Harris
A report into the nature of and attitudes towards quantitative methods teaching in geography, with recommendations for how the benchmark statement might be changed.
Sermon given at the 10.30am service, Christ Church Downend, Sunday February 10th, 2013. The Bible reading is Luke 9: 28-36. More sermons and talks at http://www.social-statistics.org/?cat=22
Geographies of ethnicity by school in LondonRich Harris
Maps of the prevalence of various ethnic groups in London’s secondary schools according to their proportion of new entrants to the schools in September 2008.
Geographies of ethnicity in the 2011 Census of England and WalesRich Harris
The document discusses maps showing the geographic distribution of ethnic groups in England and Wales based on the 2011 Census. It notes that an unconventional map projection was used to give more space to London boroughs. It also explains that some locations were moved to avoid points overlapping and that borough boundaries are not perfectly accurate. The document provides information on how the map categorizes data into percentiles to emphasize areas with the highest ethnic group percentages.
Faith and Climate Change Scepticism: Competing Christian theologies of Enviro...Rich Harris
This document discusses competing Christian theologies regarding environmental stewardship and climate change skepticism. It outlines a "dominion" theology that views humans as having authority to exploit nature for their ends, which has been used to oppose environmental regulations. However, it also presents an alternative "stewardship" view based on caring for God's creation. The roles of various organizations in promoting these perspectives are examined, showing how theology and politics can intersect on environmental issues.
Neoconservatism, Nature and the American Christian RightRich Harris
The document discusses the relationship between Christianity, particularly Christian fundamentalism, and environmental policy in the United States. It provides historical context on how interpretations of passages from Genesis have been used to support both environmental domination and stewardship. It also outlines the rise of the "Wise Use" movement in opposition to environmental regulations and protections. This movement had ties to industry groups and found common cause with the Christian Right and Republican party to advocate for reduced environmental regulation during the Reagan and George W. Bush administrations. The document examines the complex interplay between religious ideology and politics in shaping American environmental policy.
Sleepwalking towards Johannesburg? Local
measures of ethnic segregation between
London’s secondary schools 2003 – 2008/9. Presented at the PLASC Users Group conference, March 6th, 2012
Using geographical micro-data to measure segregation at the scale of competin...Rich Harris
Segregation is a spatial outcome of spatial processes that needs to be measured spatially and at a scale meaningful to the study. This is the axiom from which local indices of segregation are developed and applied to the patterns of admission observed for cohorts of pupils entering London's state-funded secondary (high) schools in each of the years from 2003 to 2008. The indices - local indices of difference, isolation and of concentration – are used to measure social segregation not between arbitrary areas or regions but specifically for schools that overlap in regard to their admission spaces. This is made possible by the use of detailed and geographically referenced governmental micro-data that allow the pupil flows from elementary to high schools to be modeled and therefore "competing" schools to be identified. Using eligibility for free school meals as a measure of social segregation, sizable differences in the proportions of FSM eligible pupils recruited by apparently competing schools are found, with selective schools especially and also faith schools under-recruiting such pupils. Whilst there is some evidence that social segregation has decreased over the period, the trend is considered to be an artifact of using free school meals as a measure of disadvantage. As such the problem shifts from at what scale to measure between-school segregation to what actually is an appropriate measure to use.
Who benefits from grammar schools? A case study of Buckinghamshire, EnglandRich Harris
This study examines educational outcomes for students in Buckinghamshire, England which has a selective school system. It finds that:
1. Grammar schools provide an educational advantage for those able to attend, but this comes at the cost of depressing outcomes for students not selected.
2. Students eligible for free school meals are underrepresented in grammar schools even when they have prior test scores exceeding other grammar school students.
3. Students with similar prior scores do better on average in the non-selective system in neighboring Oxfordshire, suggesting selection limits prospects for some. However, all systems create "winners and losers" in school choice.
Who benefits from grammar schools? A case study of Buckinghamshire, EnglandRich Harris
This is a DRAFT paper and should not be quoted from without the permission of the author. A revised version (but producing substantively similar results) is due for publication in the Oxford Review of Education in April 2013.
Sample of slides for Statistics for Geography and Environmental ScienceRich Harris
A sample of the slides available to support the teaching of the textbook Statistics for Geography and Environmental Science by Harris & Jarvis (2011). For further information see www.social-statistics.org
Statistics for Geography and Environmental Science:an introductory lecture c...Rich Harris
A sample of the instructor's resources to support the textbook Statistics for Geography and Environmental Science. Further information at www.social-statistics.org
Living up to expectations? The NSS and the School of Geographical Sciences, U...Rich Harris
The School of Geographical Sciences at the University of Bristol achieved a perfect student satisfaction score on the UK's National Student Survey (NSS) in 2009. However, they were unable to maintain this level of satisfaction in subsequent years. A follow-up internal student survey revealed that while most students found feedback useful, nearly half did not understand how their marks were determined. The school aims to improve feedback and better manage student expectations through ongoing dialogue between students and staff.
Using R to enhance numeracy in geography: some pros and cons Rich Harris
A short presentation for the 2011 Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences conference (Teaching and Learning for GEES Students, Birmingham) exploring how R might help improve the statistical numeracy of undergraduate students.
Local indices of segregation: a case study of London secondary schoolsRich Harris
Segregation indices measure how social groups are distributed across a region and whether they are separated. A local index compares each place to surrounding places, adopting a network model of space. This allows calculating an index value for each place and examining the distribution.
Applying this to London secondary schools, differences were found between schools' proportions of pupils eligible for free school meals and their competitors. Selecting schools showed the greatest differences. No evidence was found that segregation increased from 2003-2008, possibly because the competitive system remained stable, with average patterns of competition unchanged.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
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Commentary: Ethno-demographic change in English local authorities, 1991-2011
1. Commentary:
Ethno-‐demographic
change
in
English
local
authorities,
1991-‐2011
Richard
Harris,
School
of
Geographical
Sciences,
University
of
Bristol,
University
Road,
Bristol.
BS8
1SS.
rich.harris@bris.ac.uk
A
well
reported
statistic
from
the
2011
Census
results
is
that
London
is
no
longer
a
majority
‘White
British’
city:
it
is
44.9
per
cent
White
British,
down
from
59.8
in
2001.
That
decrease
of
14.9
percentage
points
is
the
greatest
of
any
English
region,
leading
to
reports
about
‘white
flight’
and
‘ethnic
cliffs’
–
one
report,
for
example,
contrasting
the
30
percentage
decline
in
the
White
British
population
in
the
local
authority
of
Redbridge
to
the
2
per
cent
increase
in
the
neighbouring
authority
of
Essex
(Hellen,
2013;
see
also
Goodhart,
2013).
Meanwhile,
other
commentators
observe
that
ethnic
segregation
appears
to
be
falling
in
England
(Catney,
2013)
with
a
lower
proportion
of
the
White
British
population
now
living
in
majority
White
neighbourhoods
than
they
did
in
2001
–
a
finding
also
true
of
London
(Johnston
et
al.,
2013).
These
reports
differ
in
emphasis
but
are
not
in
contradiction;
rather,
they
highlight
the
multiple
processes
driving
ethno-‐
demographic
change
across
the
country
and
how
these
can
be
interpreted
in
more
than
one
way.
A
graphical
challenge
is
to
present
the
Census
data
in
ways
that
allow
complex
stories
to
be
told.
Figure
1
is
a
screen
shot
from
one
of
a
number
of
Motion
Charts
viewable
from
http://www.social-‐statistics.org/?p=1064
and
of
the
sort
popularised
by
Hans
Rosling
(www.gapminder.org);
here
implemented
using
Google
Docs.1
It
has
been
submitted
to
the
journal
Environment
and
Planning
A
for
consideration
as
a
2. ‘featured
graphic’
(see
http://www.envplan.com/graphics_a.html
for
other
interesting
examples).
On
the
chart,
each
circle
represents
a
local
authority
where
at
least
three
per
cent
of
the
residential
population
classified
itself
as
Asian
in
the
1991,
2001
or
2011
Census
(specifically:
as
Bangladeshi,
Indian
or
Pakistani).2
The
increase
in
their
number
–
177
(of
326)
authorities
in
1991,
206
in
2001
and
236
in
2011
–
is
itself
revealing:
it
suggests
a
process
of
migration
out
from
more
traditional
centres
such
as
Tower
Hamlets
and
neighbouring
Newham
(Dench
et
al.,
2006)
towards
the
edges
of
the
Greater
London
conurbation
including
Epping
Forest,
Dartford,
Medway
and
beyond.
The
horizontal
axis
of
the
graph
indicates
the
residential
separation
of
the
Asian
from
the
White
British
population
within
each
authority
at
the
time
of
each
census.3
Its
measure
is
the
widely
used
dissimilarity
index
(Duncan
&
Duncan,
1955)
where
the
areal
units
for
the
calculations
are
the
census
small
area
statistics
for
each
of
the
local
authorities.4
At
each
census
the
distributions
of
the
Asian
and
White
British
populations
are
most
dissimilar
within
Oldham
but
by
2011
Burnley
–
which
saw
the
rate
of
decrease
in
its
White
British
population
accelerate
from
2001
–
had
a
level
of
segregation
increased
to
nearly
match
Oldham’s.
Both
were
amongst
the
cities
exhibiting
ethnic
tension
and
civil
disturbances
in
2001
(Cantle,
2001).
At
each
time
period
the
circle
is
shaded
according
to
the
proportion
of
the
resident
population
that
is
Asian.
In
2011
the
highest
proportions
are
in
places
3. including
Tower
Hamlets,
Newham,
Slough,
Redbridge,
Leicester
and
Harrow.
From
2001
onwards
the
size
of
the
circles
indicate
the
intercensal
rate
of
change
in
the
White
British
population.
Both
Newham
and
Tower
Hamlets
appear
to
have
less
White
British
residents
in
2001
than
they
do
in
1991
and
their
number
falls
again
by
2011.
The
rate
of
loss
slows
in
Tower
Hamlets
whereas
in
Newham
it
increases.
The
latter
is
also
true
of
Leicester.
However,
in
Leicester
the
net
effect
of
White
British
losses
and
a
growing
Asian
population
is
that
the
dissimilarity
index
rises.
In
Newham
(and
Tower
Hamlets)
it
decreases.
The
fifth
and
final
dimension
of
the
graph
is
the
spatial
discontinuity
score
given
on
the
vertical
axis.
That
score
is
calculated
in
regard
to
the
Asian
–
White
British
populations
by
finding
the
greatest
dissimilarities
between
neighbouring
small
areas
within
local
authorities
and
then
averaging
over
the
top
ten
per
cent.5
The
greater
the
value,
the
greater
the
Asian
–
White
British
contrast
between
(some)
neighbouring
zones
within
each
authority.
Whilst
the
dissimilarity
index
suggests
that
Asian-‐White
British
segregation
is
falling
on
average
within
local
authorities,
that
average
conceals
internal
heterogeneity
and
a
rise
in
the
differences
between
some
neighbouring
zones
over
the
decade
from
2001
to
2011.6
4.
Figure
1.
An
example
of
using
a
Motion
Chart
to
explore
ethno-‐demographic
change
in
English
local
authorities,
1991-‐2011.
Software
used
The
maptools
and
spdep
libraries
in
R
(Bivand
&
Lewin-‐Koh,
2013;
Bivand
et.
al.,
2013),
and
Google
Docs
Motion
Charts
Gadget.
Acknowledgments
5. Census
output
is
Crown
copyright
and
is
reproduced
with
the
permission
of
the
Controller
of
HMSO
and
the
Queen's
Printer
for
Scotland.
I
am
also
grateful
to
David
Manley
for
comments
on
earlier
versions
of
the
charts.
References
Bivand,
R.
with
contributions
by
Altman,
M.,
Anselin,
L.,
Assunção,
R.,
Berke,
O.,
Bernat,
A.,
Blanchet,
G.,
Blankmeyer,
E.,
Carvalho,
M.,
Christensen,
B.,
Chun,
Y.,
Dormann,
C.,
Dray,
S.,
Halbersma,
R.,
Krainski,
E.,
Legendre,
P.,
Lewin-‐Koh,
N.,
Li,
H.,
Ma,
J.,
Millo,
G.,
Mueller,
W.,
Ono,
H.,
Peres-‐Neto,
P.,
Piras,
G.,
Reder,
M.,
Tiefelsdorf,
M.,
&
Yu.,
D.
(2013)
spdep:
Spatial
dependence:
weighting
schemes,
statistics
and
models.
R
package
version
0.5-‐56.
http://CRAN.R-‐
project.org/package=spdep
Bivand,
R.
&
Lewin-‐Koh,
N.
(2013)
maptools:
Tools
for
reading
and
handling
spatial
objects.
R
package
version
0.8-‐23.
http://CRAN.R-‐
project.org/package=maptools
Cantle,
T.
(2001)
The
Cantle
Report
-‐
Community
Cohesion:
a
report
of
the
Independent
Review.
London:
The
Home
Office.
Catney,
G.
(2013)
Has
Neighbourhood
Ethnic
Segregation
Decreased?
The
Dynamics
of
Diversity:
evidence
from
the
2011
Census
Briefing.
Manchester:
Centre
on
Dynamics
of
Ethnicity
(CoDE).
Dench
G.,
Gavron
K.
&
Young,
M.
(2006)
The
New
East
End.
Kinship,
Race
and
Conflict.
London:
Profile
Books.
Duncan
O.
D.
&
Duncan,
B.
(1955)
Occupational
stratification
and
residential
distribution.
American
Journal
of
Sociology,
60
(5),
493
–
503.
6. Goodhart,
D.
(2013)
White
flight?
Britain’s
new
problem
–
segregation.
Prospect,
February
2013,
pp.
30
–
31.
Hellen,
N.
(2013)
Britons
‘self-‐segregate’
as
white
flight
soars.
The
Sunday
Times,
January
27,
2013,
p.
15
Johnston,
R.,
Poulsen,
M.
&
Forrest,
J.
(2013)
Multiethnic
residential
areas
in
a
multiethnic
country?
A
decade
of
major
change
in
England
and
Wales.
Environment
and
Planning
A,
45
(4),
753
–
759.
1
See
http://www.gapminder.org/upload-‐data/motion-‐chart/
for
a
simple
tutorial.
2
For
consistency
the
boundaries
and
names
of
the
local
authorities
as
of
2011
are
used
for
all
years
even
though
the
change
between
years
generally
is
slight.
3
White
British
was
not
used
as
an
ethnic
category
in
1991
although
it
was
in
the
2001
and
2011
Censuses
when
interest
in
immigration
from
other
parts
of
Europe
increased.
For
1991
the
White
British
population
is
estimated
as
those
who
classified
themselves
as
White
minus
those
born
in
Ireland.
It
will
be
an
over-‐estimate
of
the
White
British
group.
4
The
index
will
reach
zero
if
the
share
of
the
authority’s
Asian
population
in
each
small
area
is
equal
to
the
share
of
the
White
British
population.
It
will
reach
one
if
all
of
the
areas
within
the
authority
contain
either
an
Asian
or
White
British
population
but
not
a
mixture
of
both.
5
The
index
will
reach
one
if,
in
the
ten
percent
most
extreme
cases,
one
zone
contains
no
White
British
residents
whilst
its
neighbor
contains
no
Asian
residents.
6
The
differences
between
local
authorities
also
appear
to
be
rising:
a
dissimilarity
score
of
0.30
in
1991,
0.34
in
2001
and
0.39
in
2011.
Only
authorities
where
the
percentage
of
the
population
that
is
Asian
is
at
least
three
per
cent
are
included
in
these
calculations.