The aim of this presentation is to investigate claims of decreased segregation yet also of ‘white flight’ from English cities during the period from 2001 to 2011. It does so supplementing a traditional measure of segregation, the dissimilarity index,
with measures comparing differences between adjoining small areas. Together these measures provide insight not only into the amount of segregation but also its spatial configuration within local authorities, including the degree to which different ethnic groups are clustered together of dispersed across the authorities. An analysis of change is then undertaken, asking whether the neighbouring small areas with greatest differences in their ethnic compositions in 2001 become more or less dissimilar by 2011, and whether those changes are caused by more population mixing or by the withdrawal of the White British population from those areas. Motion charts also are presented to warning against over-simplification and ‘one-size-fits-all’ explanations, stressing the individual trajectories of different local authorities.
White flight, ethnic cliffs and other unhelpful hyperbole?Rich Harris
In an (unguarded?) conversation with a journalist, I talked about a 'cliff-edge' measure of segregation where neighbouring places have very different proportions of their resident population classified as White British in the 2011 Census. The words, rephrased as 'ethnic cliffs' was soon coupled with talk of White Flight from British cities and has appeared in a number of national newspapers and magazines, alongside like 'self-segregation' and 'sundown segregation' (The Sunday Times and the Daily Mail). In this presentation I look at changes to the ethnic composition of census zones in England from 2001 to 2011 and ask whether such phrases are unhelpful hyperbole or simply vivid but accurate descriptors of "Britain's new problem" (Goodhart, 2013 writing in Prospect Magazine).
Commentary: Ethno-demographic change in English local authorities, 1991-2011Rich Harris
A commentary on a graphic submitted to the journal Environment and Planning A as one of its featured graphics. That graphic aims to capture various dimensions of population change within English local authorities from 1991 to 2011: the proportional increase in the Asian population, the decrease in the White British population, generally decreasing Asian - White British segregation within authorities on average but with that average concealing some increases in spatial heterogeneity: increased differences between some neighbouring small areas (and also increased differences between local authorities). To see the graph, please visit http://www.social-statistics.org/?p=1064
The document summarizes population trends in New York City from 2000 to 2035 based on census data and projections. It finds that:
1) The city's population grew from 8 million in 2000 to over 8.2 million in 2010 and is projected to reach 9.3 million by 2035, driven by natural increase and international migration.
2) Nearly half of the city's residents speak a language other than English at home, while about a quarter have limited English proficiency. The foreign-born population makes up over a third of residents and comes increasingly from Asia, including China.
3) The elderly population is projected to grow significantly slower than the total population from 2007 to 2035, increasing from 1
Staten Island's changing immigrant profileWagner College
Many people think of Staten Island, one of the five boroughs of New York City, as being mostly white and mostly native-born — but the fact is that, in 2010, more than 20% of the population of Staten Island was foreign-born. That was just one of the surprising details presented on Tuesday, April 23, 2013 by Joseph Salvo, director of the Population Division for NYC Planning, when he addressed Wagner College’s Hugh L. Carey Institute for Government Reform on the topic of “Staten Island and the Changing Immigrant Profile of New York City.” Both the video (60 min.) and slideshow are displayed on the Wagner College website — http://wagner.edu/newsroom/staten-islands-changing-immigrant-profile/
The document summarizes demographic trends in New York City, focusing on population changes driven by domestic out-migration offset by international immigration and natural increase. While New York City lost around 800,000 domestic migrants between 2000-2006, it gained over 600,000 immigrants. As a result, the city was able to continue growing its population despite net domestic out-migration. Immigrants have become an increasingly important source of population growth for New York, comprising around one-third of the city's total population in 2006. The immigrant population helps fuel secondary population growth through higher birth rates among immigrant communities.
There has been long and wide-ranging debate in the social science literature about how best to conceptualise and to measure segregation (see, inter alia, Allen and Vignoles, 2007; Johnston and Jones, 2010; Harris, 2011). A popular measure is the dissimilarity index, usually attributed to Duncan and Duncan (1955). This is somewhat ironic because in another paper published in the same year, the same two authors were much more cautious about advocating any one index as preferable to others and were wise to the geographical limitations: "all of the segregation indexes have in common the assumption that segregation can be measured without regard to the spatial patterns of white and nonwhite residence in a city" (p.215). Whilst one response to this shortcoming has been the development of spatial measures of segregation (Wong, 1993; Reardon and O'Sullivan, 2004; Harris, 2012), a number of papers from the 1980s and 90s treated the measurement of segregation as a (spatial) optimisation problem (Jakubs 1981; Morgan 1983; Waldorf 1993). In this paper I revisit that optimisation literature, substituting geographical distances between places with ‘nearest-neighbour distances’ to determine the cost function. Applying this method to the 2011 Census data and to England, I consider claims of “white flight” that have appeared in the media.
White flight, ethnic cliffs and other unhelpful hyperbole?Rich Harris
In an (unguarded?) conversation with a journalist, I talked about a 'cliff-edge' measure of segregation where neighbouring places have very different proportions of their resident population classified as White British in the 2011 Census. The words, rephrased as 'ethnic cliffs' was soon coupled with talk of White Flight from British cities and has appeared in a number of national newspapers and magazines, alongside like 'self-segregation' and 'sundown segregation' (The Sunday Times and the Daily Mail). In this presentation I look at changes to the ethnic composition of census zones in England from 2001 to 2011 and ask whether such phrases are unhelpful hyperbole or simply vivid but accurate descriptors of "Britain's new problem" (Goodhart, 2013 writing in Prospect Magazine).
Commentary: Ethno-demographic change in English local authorities, 1991-2011Rich Harris
A commentary on a graphic submitted to the journal Environment and Planning A as one of its featured graphics. That graphic aims to capture various dimensions of population change within English local authorities from 1991 to 2011: the proportional increase in the Asian population, the decrease in the White British population, generally decreasing Asian - White British segregation within authorities on average but with that average concealing some increases in spatial heterogeneity: increased differences between some neighbouring small areas (and also increased differences between local authorities). To see the graph, please visit http://www.social-statistics.org/?p=1064
The document summarizes population trends in New York City from 2000 to 2035 based on census data and projections. It finds that:
1) The city's population grew from 8 million in 2000 to over 8.2 million in 2010 and is projected to reach 9.3 million by 2035, driven by natural increase and international migration.
2) Nearly half of the city's residents speak a language other than English at home, while about a quarter have limited English proficiency. The foreign-born population makes up over a third of residents and comes increasingly from Asia, including China.
3) The elderly population is projected to grow significantly slower than the total population from 2007 to 2035, increasing from 1
Staten Island's changing immigrant profileWagner College
Many people think of Staten Island, one of the five boroughs of New York City, as being mostly white and mostly native-born — but the fact is that, in 2010, more than 20% of the population of Staten Island was foreign-born. That was just one of the surprising details presented on Tuesday, April 23, 2013 by Joseph Salvo, director of the Population Division for NYC Planning, when he addressed Wagner College’s Hugh L. Carey Institute for Government Reform on the topic of “Staten Island and the Changing Immigrant Profile of New York City.” Both the video (60 min.) and slideshow are displayed on the Wagner College website — http://wagner.edu/newsroom/staten-islands-changing-immigrant-profile/
The document summarizes demographic trends in New York City, focusing on population changes driven by domestic out-migration offset by international immigration and natural increase. While New York City lost around 800,000 domestic migrants between 2000-2006, it gained over 600,000 immigrants. As a result, the city was able to continue growing its population despite net domestic out-migration. Immigrants have become an increasingly important source of population growth for New York, comprising around one-third of the city's total population in 2006. The immigrant population helps fuel secondary population growth through higher birth rates among immigrant communities.
There has been long and wide-ranging debate in the social science literature about how best to conceptualise and to measure segregation (see, inter alia, Allen and Vignoles, 2007; Johnston and Jones, 2010; Harris, 2011). A popular measure is the dissimilarity index, usually attributed to Duncan and Duncan (1955). This is somewhat ironic because in another paper published in the same year, the same two authors were much more cautious about advocating any one index as preferable to others and were wise to the geographical limitations: "all of the segregation indexes have in common the assumption that segregation can be measured without regard to the spatial patterns of white and nonwhite residence in a city" (p.215). Whilst one response to this shortcoming has been the development of spatial measures of segregation (Wong, 1993; Reardon and O'Sullivan, 2004; Harris, 2012), a number of papers from the 1980s and 90s treated the measurement of segregation as a (spatial) optimisation problem (Jakubs 1981; Morgan 1983; Waldorf 1993). In this paper I revisit that optimisation literature, substituting geographical distances between places with ‘nearest-neighbour distances’ to determine the cost function. Applying this method to the 2011 Census data and to England, I consider claims of “white flight” that have appeared in the media.
Quantitative Methods in Geography Making the Connections between Schools, Uni...Rich Harris
A report into the nature of and attitudes towards quantitative methods teaching in geography, with recommendations for how the benchmark statement might be changed.
Sermon given at the 10.30am service, Christ Church Downend, Sunday February 10th, 2013. The Bible reading is Luke 9: 28-36. More sermons and talks at http://www.social-statistics.org/?cat=22
Geographies of ethnicity by school in LondonRich Harris
Maps of the prevalence of various ethnic groups in London’s secondary schools according to their proportion of new entrants to the schools in September 2008.
A comment with new analysis on an Financial Times article talking about the possibility of White Flight from London revealed by the 2011 UK Census results.
Geographies of ethnicity in the 2011 Census of England and WalesRich Harris
The document discusses maps showing the geographic distribution of ethnic groups in England and Wales based on the 2011 Census. It notes that an unconventional map projection was used to give more space to London boroughs. It also explains that some locations were moved to avoid points overlapping and that borough boundaries are not perfectly accurate. The document provides information on how the map categorizes data into percentiles to emphasize areas with the highest ethnic group percentages.
Faith and Climate Change Scepticism: Competing Christian theologies of Enviro...Rich Harris
This document discusses competing Christian theologies regarding environmental stewardship and climate change skepticism. It outlines a "dominion" theology that views humans as having authority to exploit nature for their ends, which has been used to oppose environmental regulations. However, it also presents an alternative "stewardship" view based on caring for God's creation. The roles of various organizations in promoting these perspectives are examined, showing how theology and politics can intersect on environmental issues.
Neoconservatism, Nature and the American Christian RightRich Harris
The document discusses the relationship between Christianity, particularly Christian fundamentalism, and environmental policy in the United States. It provides historical context on how interpretations of passages from Genesis have been used to support both environmental domination and stewardship. It also outlines the rise of the "Wise Use" movement in opposition to environmental regulations and protections. This movement had ties to industry groups and found common cause with the Christian Right and Republican party to advocate for reduced environmental regulation during the Reagan and George W. Bush administrations. The document examines the complex interplay between religious ideology and politics in shaping American environmental policy.
Sleepwalking towards Johannesburg? Local
measures of ethnic segregation between
London’s secondary schools 2003 – 2008/9. Presented at the PLASC Users Group conference, March 6th, 2012
Using geographical micro-data to measure segregation at the scale of competin...Rich Harris
Segregation is a spatial outcome of spatial processes that needs to be measured spatially and at a scale meaningful to the study. This is the axiom from which local indices of segregation are developed and applied to the patterns of admission observed for cohorts of pupils entering London's state-funded secondary (high) schools in each of the years from 2003 to 2008. The indices - local indices of difference, isolation and of concentration – are used to measure social segregation not between arbitrary areas or regions but specifically for schools that overlap in regard to their admission spaces. This is made possible by the use of detailed and geographically referenced governmental micro-data that allow the pupil flows from elementary to high schools to be modeled and therefore "competing" schools to be identified. Using eligibility for free school meals as a measure of social segregation, sizable differences in the proportions of FSM eligible pupils recruited by apparently competing schools are found, with selective schools especially and also faith schools under-recruiting such pupils. Whilst there is some evidence that social segregation has decreased over the period, the trend is considered to be an artifact of using free school meals as a measure of disadvantage. As such the problem shifts from at what scale to measure between-school segregation to what actually is an appropriate measure to use.
Who benefits from grammar schools? A case study of Buckinghamshire, EnglandRich Harris
This study examines educational outcomes for students in Buckinghamshire, England which has a selective school system. It finds that:
1. Grammar schools provide an educational advantage for those able to attend, but this comes at the cost of depressing outcomes for students not selected.
2. Students eligible for free school meals are underrepresented in grammar schools even when they have prior test scores exceeding other grammar school students.
3. Students with similar prior scores do better on average in the non-selective system in neighboring Oxfordshire, suggesting selection limits prospects for some. However, all systems create "winners and losers" in school choice.
Who benefits from grammar schools? A case study of Buckinghamshire, EnglandRich Harris
This is a DRAFT paper and should not be quoted from without the permission of the author. A revised version (but producing substantively similar results) is due for publication in the Oxford Review of Education in April 2013.
Sample of slides for Statistics for Geography and Environmental ScienceRich Harris
A sample of the slides available to support the teaching of the textbook Statistics for Geography and Environmental Science by Harris & Jarvis (2011). For further information see www.social-statistics.org
Statistics for Geography and Environmental Science:an introductory lecture c...Rich Harris
A sample of the instructor's resources to support the textbook Statistics for Geography and Environmental Science. Further information at www.social-statistics.org
Living up to expectations? The NSS and the School of Geographical Sciences, U...Rich Harris
The School of Geographical Sciences at the University of Bristol achieved a perfect student satisfaction score on the UK's National Student Survey (NSS) in 2009. However, they were unable to maintain this level of satisfaction in subsequent years. A follow-up internal student survey revealed that while most students found feedback useful, nearly half did not understand how their marks were determined. The school aims to improve feedback and better manage student expectations through ongoing dialogue between students and staff.
Quantitative Methods in Geography Making the Connections between Schools, Uni...Rich Harris
A report into the nature of and attitudes towards quantitative methods teaching in geography, with recommendations for how the benchmark statement might be changed.
Sermon given at the 10.30am service, Christ Church Downend, Sunday February 10th, 2013. The Bible reading is Luke 9: 28-36. More sermons and talks at http://www.social-statistics.org/?cat=22
Geographies of ethnicity by school in LondonRich Harris
Maps of the prevalence of various ethnic groups in London’s secondary schools according to their proportion of new entrants to the schools in September 2008.
A comment with new analysis on an Financial Times article talking about the possibility of White Flight from London revealed by the 2011 UK Census results.
Geographies of ethnicity in the 2011 Census of England and WalesRich Harris
The document discusses maps showing the geographic distribution of ethnic groups in England and Wales based on the 2011 Census. It notes that an unconventional map projection was used to give more space to London boroughs. It also explains that some locations were moved to avoid points overlapping and that borough boundaries are not perfectly accurate. The document provides information on how the map categorizes data into percentiles to emphasize areas with the highest ethnic group percentages.
Faith and Climate Change Scepticism: Competing Christian theologies of Enviro...Rich Harris
This document discusses competing Christian theologies regarding environmental stewardship and climate change skepticism. It outlines a "dominion" theology that views humans as having authority to exploit nature for their ends, which has been used to oppose environmental regulations. However, it also presents an alternative "stewardship" view based on caring for God's creation. The roles of various organizations in promoting these perspectives are examined, showing how theology and politics can intersect on environmental issues.
Neoconservatism, Nature and the American Christian RightRich Harris
The document discusses the relationship between Christianity, particularly Christian fundamentalism, and environmental policy in the United States. It provides historical context on how interpretations of passages from Genesis have been used to support both environmental domination and stewardship. It also outlines the rise of the "Wise Use" movement in opposition to environmental regulations and protections. This movement had ties to industry groups and found common cause with the Christian Right and Republican party to advocate for reduced environmental regulation during the Reagan and George W. Bush administrations. The document examines the complex interplay between religious ideology and politics in shaping American environmental policy.
Sleepwalking towards Johannesburg? Local
measures of ethnic segregation between
London’s secondary schools 2003 – 2008/9. Presented at the PLASC Users Group conference, March 6th, 2012
Using geographical micro-data to measure segregation at the scale of competin...Rich Harris
Segregation is a spatial outcome of spatial processes that needs to be measured spatially and at a scale meaningful to the study. This is the axiom from which local indices of segregation are developed and applied to the patterns of admission observed for cohorts of pupils entering London's state-funded secondary (high) schools in each of the years from 2003 to 2008. The indices - local indices of difference, isolation and of concentration – are used to measure social segregation not between arbitrary areas or regions but specifically for schools that overlap in regard to their admission spaces. This is made possible by the use of detailed and geographically referenced governmental micro-data that allow the pupil flows from elementary to high schools to be modeled and therefore "competing" schools to be identified. Using eligibility for free school meals as a measure of social segregation, sizable differences in the proportions of FSM eligible pupils recruited by apparently competing schools are found, with selective schools especially and also faith schools under-recruiting such pupils. Whilst there is some evidence that social segregation has decreased over the period, the trend is considered to be an artifact of using free school meals as a measure of disadvantage. As such the problem shifts from at what scale to measure between-school segregation to what actually is an appropriate measure to use.
Who benefits from grammar schools? A case study of Buckinghamshire, EnglandRich Harris
This study examines educational outcomes for students in Buckinghamshire, England which has a selective school system. It finds that:
1. Grammar schools provide an educational advantage for those able to attend, but this comes at the cost of depressing outcomes for students not selected.
2. Students eligible for free school meals are underrepresented in grammar schools even when they have prior test scores exceeding other grammar school students.
3. Students with similar prior scores do better on average in the non-selective system in neighboring Oxfordshire, suggesting selection limits prospects for some. However, all systems create "winners and losers" in school choice.
Who benefits from grammar schools? A case study of Buckinghamshire, EnglandRich Harris
This is a DRAFT paper and should not be quoted from without the permission of the author. A revised version (but producing substantively similar results) is due for publication in the Oxford Review of Education in April 2013.
Sample of slides for Statistics for Geography and Environmental ScienceRich Harris
A sample of the slides available to support the teaching of the textbook Statistics for Geography and Environmental Science by Harris & Jarvis (2011). For further information see www.social-statistics.org
Statistics for Geography and Environmental Science:an introductory lecture c...Rich Harris
A sample of the instructor's resources to support the textbook Statistics for Geography and Environmental Science. Further information at www.social-statistics.org
Living up to expectations? The NSS and the School of Geographical Sciences, U...Rich Harris
The School of Geographical Sciences at the University of Bristol achieved a perfect student satisfaction score on the UK's National Student Survey (NSS) in 2009. However, they were unable to maintain this level of satisfaction in subsequent years. A follow-up internal student survey revealed that while most students found feedback useful, nearly half did not understand how their marks were determined. The school aims to improve feedback and better manage student expectations through ongoing dialogue between students and staff.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
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Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
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How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
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Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
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Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Motion Charts, White Flight and Ethnic Cliffs?
1. Motion Charts, White Flight
and Ethnic Cliffs? Ethno
demographic change in the
2011 Census
Richard Harris
University of Bristol
2. Abstract
• The aim of this presentation is to investigate
claims of decreased segregation yet also of
‘white flight’ from English cities during the
period from 2001 to 2011.
• To supplement a traditional measure of
segregation, the dissimilarity index, with
measures comparing differences between
adjoining small areas.
• Look at whether the neighbouring small areas
with greatest differences become more or less
dissimilar by 2011, and how so.
• Motion charts also are presented stressing the
individual trajectories of different local authorities.
3. Overview
• Provide the context (the debate about ‘white
flight’).
• Argue that a decrease in a traditional segregation
index is not, in itself, evidence of decreasing
segregation.
• Provide an example of a spatial index (though it
does not resolve the above).
• Consider some different scenarios.
• Provide some qualitative evidence (not
necessarily reliable) to caution against dismissing
a ‘white flight’ partial explanation for demographic
change.
14. And yet…
• Ethnic segregation is falling in England (Catney,
2013)
• A lower proportion of the White British population
now living in majority White neighbourhoods than
they did in 2001 – a finding that is as true of
London alone as for the whole of England
(Johnston et al., 2013).
• “Academics cannot agree about whether [Britain]
is becoming more integrated or more segregated
in the wake of the unprecedented immigrant
inflows of the past 15 years” (Goodhart, 2013a,
p.47).
18. Measures of Segregation
• Typically,
• The index of dissimilarity,
I ∝ Oi − Eii=1
n
∑
D =
1
2
xi
X
−
yi
Yi=1
n
∑
X = xii=1
n
∑
Y = yii=1
n
∑
19. Criticisms of such indices
• Not easy to interpret over time
• It assumes a ‘closed system’ and can lead
to false conclusions:
Dt1 − Dt0 f Δ xi X[ ],Δ yi Y[ ]( )
t0 t1 Assume D1 < D0
Is it decreased seg.?
20. Criticisms of such indices
• Have no measure of statistical
significance
• But then what is the benchmark to
compare against? (Who expects
populations to be randomly distributed?)
21. Criticisms of such indices
• Segregation is usually regarded as an
outcome or cause of spatial processes of
separation.
• But the index is largely blind to
geography.
• All the following produce ‘total
segregation’ (D = 1)
22. Local Measure of Dissimilarity
• Take the parts
• Add a spatial weights matrix
• Creates a spatially smoothed D
D = d1 + d2 + d3 +...+ dn
d1 =
x1
X
−
y1
Y
, etc.
Di
*
∝ wijj=1
n
∑ dj
23. A slight alternative
• A weighted comparison of neighbours
– Local Index of Spatial Association (LISA)
• Replace:
• With:
• For example, O is the proportion of the
population White British and w is a
contiguity matrix…
Ii
*
∝ wij Oj − Ejj=1
n
∑
Ii
*
∝ wij Oi −Ojj=1
n−1
∑
25. A measure of discontinuity
• Example
– There is a census small area in Tower
Hamlets where 142 of its 258 residents
classified themselves as White British in the
2011 Census, and a further three as
Bangladeshi.
– Meanwhile, in a neighbouring area, 23 of the
211 residents are White British, and 142
Bangladeshi.
• The discontinuity can be calculated by
direct analogy to the dissimilarity index:
| 142/165 – 3/145 | = 0.840
26. Local Measure of (Max) Discontinuity
• In principle:
– For each small area, i, find the neighbour that
gives the maximum dissimilarity value, given a
minimum joint population threshold
X = xi + xj
Y = yi + yj
if X ≥ 30, Y ≥ 30 & wij =1,
dij = wij
xi
X
−
yi
Y
else
dij = NA
Dci
*
= max dij( )
Dc =
1
n
Dci
*
i=1
n
∑ ∀Dci
*
∉ NA{ }
28. The algorithm
1. Pairs each small area (i) to a neighbour (j) that
is within 100 metres of its border, choosing that
neighbour which gives the maximum value of di.
A table is created with each i and its initial
pairing, j.
2. Searches through the table to identify and to
remove those rows containing duplicated values
of j, retaining only the maximum cases.
3. For those areas (i) expunged by Step 2,
searches again for a new pair from a list of
unmatched js, still using maximum value and
neighbour criteria.
4. Cycles through Steps 2 and 3 until no further
pairings are possible.
29. A by-product
• To count the cases that are omitted by the
population threshold and express them as
a proportion of the total pairings. This will
give a simple measure of how much the
population groups cluster within the study
region: the greater the number, the more
often one of the population groups is
found in neither of the neighbouring small
areas (or in low numbers within them).
36. Task
• Identify those neighbours with the
greatest (Asian – White British)
discontinuity scores in 2001
• See if those differences have increased or
decreased to 2011
• Explanation for the change
39. What happened next?
• Of the 590 in 2001, 500 can be matched
to Census small areas in 2011 and, of
those, 71% have a decreased
discontinuity score.
• Of the 5490 in 2001, 5000 can be
matched and, of those, 74% have a
decreased score.
40. For the matched 500
• In 39% of cases
– The number of Asians residing in the area
with the lower proportion of Asians in 2001
had increased. The number in the neighbour
with the higher proportion of Asians had
decreased.
• In 49% of cases
– There are now more Asians living in both the
neighbours.
• In 69% of cases
– The number of White British in both areas had
decreased.
41. For the matched 5000
• In 32% of cases
– The number of Asians residing in the area
with the lower proportion of Asians in 2001
had increased. The number in the neighbour
with the higher proportion of Asians had
decreased.
• In 51% of cases
– There are now more Asians living in both the
neighbours.
• In 69% of cases
– The number of White British in both areas had
decreased.
42. • Finney and Simpson (2009) remind us, it
is a myth that minority groups want to live
in segregated neighbourhoods.
• More evidence…
46. But what about ‘White Flight’?
• Are apparent falls in segregation driven
more by the White British population
leaving areas rather than increased
mixing?
49. Wordle of the highest rated comments
on the Mark Easton article
50. In response to a Mark Easton article
• Why have the White British left London?
– “Some of the Areas have become very Asian
oriented with shops that cater more for Asian
people Halal Butchers, Bangladeshi Bakers,
Mosques and Temples, local shops that are
dominated by Asian foods and spices, and
that cater very little for non Asian tastes. Is it
any wonder the White people move out?
People feel like strangers in the town where
they were born.”
51. In response to the Mark Easton article
• Why have the White British left London?
– “They have left because they've been pushed
out by migrants. A few weeks ago we heard of
some Islamic "men" castigating a man for not
being Muslim, asking if he was gay, and telling
him to "get out, this is a Muslim area”. Their
exact words were played on the radio so there
was no doubt over it. Time for the govt. to do
something about such migrants”