combine 1st int.pdf

What is e-governance?
E-governance can be defined as the process to integrate ICT (Information and
Communication Technology) for carrying out the daily operations of governance.
The main aim of this technology is to boost the ability of government for
addressing the requirements for normal public.
July 5, 2022 2

Goals of e-governance
• Creating a better business environment
• Strengthening good governance and broadening public participation
• Improving the productivity and efficiency of government agencies
• Efficiency gains
• Improving the quality of life for disadvantaged communities
July 5, 2022 3

Benefits of e-governance
❖ Reduced corruption
❖ High transparency
❖ Increased convenience
❖ Growth in GDP
❖ Direct participation of constituents
❖ Reduction in overall cost.
❖ Expanded reach of government

Issues in e-governance
These initiatives have the potential to create a digital divide within the society,
especially in the poor and developing countries.
Access to Internet or not well qualified or equipped to use Internet will be all the more
distanced from the government.

Present global trends of growth in e-governance
E-Governance scopes varies in many areas some of them are:
Government to Citizen:
■ E-Citizenship
■ E-Registration
■ E-Transportation
■ E-Health
■ E-Education
■ E-Help
■ E-Taxation
National to Government:
■ E-Democracy : interest of the subjects in the law based and administering process.
■ E-Feedback: incorporates the utilization of ICT to give criticism to the Government.

Present global trends of growth in e-governance
Government to Government:
■ E-organization: incorporate the execution of ICT in the working of the Government,
inside and remotely.
■ E-police: Digital Police require innovation specialists to control the electronic/digital
violations
■ E-courts: The idea of E-Court will incorporate the ICT enablement of the legal procedure.
Government to Business:
■ E-Taxation: Corporate part makes good on numerous regulatory expenses, obligations
■ E-Licensing: E-Tendering will incorporate the offices of web based offering and
obtainment.

Types of e-governance
• Government -to- Citizen (G2C)
• Government -to- Business (G2B)
• Government –to- Employee (G2E)
• Government-to- Government (G2G)
July 5, 2022 8

Advantages of e-governance
• Speed
• Saving Costs
• Transparency
• Accountability (responsibility)
July 5, 2022 9

Disadvantages of e-governance
• Loss of Interpersonal Communication
• High Setup Cost and Technical Difficulties
• Illiteracy
• Cybercrime/Leakage of Personal Information
July 5, 2022 10

Conclusion
Many nations have successfully implemented e-governance.
It can only be applied if the government of the respective country is ready to
apply it.
Overall it improves the quality of work.
July 5, 2022 11

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ’s)
July 5, 2022 12

What are the challenges of e governance?
Organizational challenges include:
Top management support, Resistance to change to electronic ways,
Collaboration and Lack of qualified personnel and training.
The implementation of e-government needs the support from the leaders and top
management of government for successful implementation.
July 5, 2022 13

What is e governance and its benefits?
Advantages of e-governance
E-Governance is improvement in governance which is enabled by the
resourceful use of Information and Communications Technology.
E governance brings better access to information and excellence services
for inhabitants.
It also brings simplicity, efficiency and accountability in government.
July 5, 2022 14

What is the concept of e governance?
Electronic governance or e-governance is:
The application of IT for delivering government services, exchange of information,
communication transactions, integration of various stand-alone systems between
government to citizen (G2C), government-to-business (G2B), government-to-
government (G2G), government-to-employees (G2E).
July 5, 2022 15

What are the main objectives of e governance?
Ultimately, the goal of e-government is to:
enhance the interaction between three main actors in society— government,
citizens and business—in order to stimulate political, social and economic
progress in the country.
July 5, 2022 16

What are the two main objectives of e governance?
The two main objectives of E governance is to:
• Restore the democracy to its true meaning with the help of improvisation of the
participation of the citizen in the governing process by giving feedback and
• Access to information and overall participation of the citizen in the decision making.
July 5, 2022 17

What is the role of e governance?
• It gives varied departments' information to the public and helps in decision making.
• It ensures citizen participation at all levels of governance.
• It leads to automated services so that all works of public welfare is available to all
citizens.
• It revolutionizes functions of the government and ensures transparency.
July 5, 2022 18

What are the stages of e governance?
The new e-government stage model has the following five stages:
• Web presence, interaction, transaction, transformation, and e-democracy
July 5, 2022 19

What are the disadvantages of e governance?
The main disadvantage of e-governance is the loss of interpersonal communication.
• Interpersonal communication is an aspect of communication that many people consider vital.
Technology has its disadvantages as well.
• Specifically, the setup cost is very high and the machines have to be regularly maintained.
July 5, 2022 20

Lets Discuss
• What are the challenges you see in implementing e Governance in Nepal?
• How can we overcome those challenges?
July 5, 2022 21

E-Governance- An Overview
• E-Governance is a form of e-business in governance comprising of processes and
structures involved in deliverance of electronic services to the public, viz. citizens.
• It also involves collaborating with business partners of the government by conducting
electronic transactions with them.
• Besides, it require enabling the general public to interact with the government, through
electronic means, for getting the desired services.
September 18, 2021 1

Contd…
• In other words, e-governance means application of electronic means in the
interaction between:
1. government (G) and citizens (C), both ways (i.e. G2C, and C2G),
2. government or business (B), both ways (i.e. G2B and B2G), and
3. Internal government operation (G2G)
• The aim, ultimately, is to simplify and improve governance and enable people's
participation in governance through mail, and Internet.

Contd…
• E-governance is much more than just preparing some websites.
• It ranges from the use of Internet for dissemination of plain web based information at its simplest level
to services and online transactions on the one hand and utilizing IT in the democratic process itself, i.e.
election on the other.
• E-governance implies e-democracy,
• Wherein all forms of interaction between the electorate (i.e. general public) and the elected (i.e. the
government) are performed electronically.
• Usage of the most innovative technologies in computer and communication
technologies, including Internet technology:
• For delivering efficient and cost effective services, and Information and knowledge to the citizens being
governed, thereby realizing the vast potential of the government to serve the citizens.

Need for E-Governance
• To provide SMART government.
• "SMART" (Simple, Moral, Accountable, Responsive and Transparent)

History
• Historically, it was Chile that a real e-governance initiative was taken up as early as in
1972, when the IT applications were unheard of in government and were limited even in
the business.
They used techniques of IT not to just make government paperless or less of paper (as is
presently being done) but to perform government work efficiently.
• Prof. Stafford Beer implemented for President Allende of Chile, the first e-governance
software that would help the government survive a severe crisis.

Issues in E-Governance Applications and the Digital
Divide
• Different government departments have different websites.
• Different types of services are provided.
• Gradually, this e-interaction of the public with the government leads to:
• Organizational transformation, transparency of public services, speed of service
performance, increased citizen participation in the government, and thereby greater
facilitation of participative democracy.
• Interaction with the citizens

Contd…
• How much of these actually happen?
• What are the problems encountered in achieving them?
• Issues - digital divide

Solution:
- Governments concerned ensure that all citizens of different socio-economic and educational class
will have adequate access to the basic skills and infrastructure to participate in an increasingly
technological society.
- As the digital divide becomes perceptible in different countries, public policy makers need to
devise policies that would address issues of universal access and educational needs of their citizens,
so as to match the requirements of an IT enabled e-government and e-society.

In addition, as the e-governments make Internet as the primary access point for all
citizens to interact with the government, the issues that need to be focused are:
1. How will the performance of the government departments/public bodies be improved by e-
governance initiatives?
2. What are the organizational effects of e-government and IT?
3. What are the correct strategies for success in e-governance projects?
4. What are the skills that are required by the government employees in an e-governance
environment in the Information age?

Why e-governance???
• Increases efficiency, speed, effectiveness and citizen satisfaction.
• However, these will be true only if the e-governance services provided to citizens are
fool-proof, reliable and inexpensive.
• Business Process Reengineering (BPR)
• Business Process Reengineering (BPR) is a systematic, disciplined approach to reducing organizational
costs and redundant business processes involving the analysis of existing human and automated
workflows.

A number of organizations are involved in studying these
issues.
• The e-governance initiative, a part of National Center for Public Productivity at Rutgers
University, Newark, New Jersey;
• Center for Digital Government, a US National Research and Advisory Institute;
• Center for e-government, an international body;
• Center for Electronic Governance, IIM-Ahmedabad;
• Center for Good Governance and also National Institute of Smart Governance, both at
Hyderabad India,
• Center for e-governance at Department of Information Technology, and Ministry of
Communications and Information Technology, Govt. of India, New Delhi are some
institutions.

Evolution of E-Governance, Its Scope and Content
• Chile implemented real e-governance solution as early as in the seventies.
• Current interest and attention on e-governance applications all over the world has its
roots in the "Information Super Highway" concept initiated by the US Vice President Al
Gore in early 1990s.
• The Information Super Highway was defined largely in terms of information
infrastructure at the national level by many countries including the US, UK, Canada,
Australia and India.
• Information Society or Knowledge Society leads to e-governance.

Contd…
• 1980s and 1990s - the governments all over the world lagged behind the
commercial world in accepting and implementing Information and
Communication Technology (ICT).
• Commercial enterprises utilized ICT increasingly to reach out to their customers
and business partners, thereby impressively enhancing their service quality,
speed and convenience. For example: E-commerce
• Visible success cases of ICT application include:
• 24 hours ATM (Automated Teller Machines) services, 24 hours call centers, electronic shopping
on the web, the use of DTV, integrating cable TV with Internet, etc.
• In 1990s and 2000 till now, the IT enabled services (ITES) formed the major
component of remote services such as call centers, data entry etc.

Significant issues
• Security
• Privacy
• Vulnerability of public ICT infrastructure to crime
• Potential for abuse
• Terrorism
• General crime
• Digital divide

Scope of ICT implementation in government machinery can
result in:
• Improvement of efficiency and effectiveness of the executive functions of the government,
including delivery of public services;
• Greater transparency of government to citizens and business, permitting greater access to the
information generated or collected by the government;
• Fundamental changes and improvement in relation between citizen and the state thereby
improving the democratic process; and
• Better interactions and relationships amongst different
• Wings of the same government
• State of local governments within a country,
• Countries whose governments are web-enabled.

Any e-governance activity/project involves appropriate
• Hardware and corresponding system software,
• Networking of the hardware identified above—both the Internet and Intranet
environment, and
• Application software along with appropriate database management software

Present Global Trends of Growth in E-Governance
• Growth of internet users
• Growth of websites
• Policies, Laws, Rules and Standards
• First time Creation of huge Government Database
• Bridging digital gap
Which government websites have you browsed so far and why???

Some facts
• The increased use of government online services is primarily due to rise in the
proportion of people searching for information:
• (from 20 to 24% during the period from September 2001 to September 2002).
• Globally, online government transactions increased from just 6% to 7% during this period
and the percentage of those providing personal details to government increased from 7%
to 8%.
• Among the most significant increases in the use of government services online are:
• Australia (from 31% to 46%),
• Turkey (from 3% to 13%),
• the Netherlands (from 31% to 41%),
• and the US (from 34% to 43%).
• In contrast, in Japan, however, government online usage fell by 4% (17% to 13% of the citizens)
between 2001 and 2002.

• While security issues - main concern for many countries during 2001, perceptions of
safety improved globally during 2002.
• When 23% of citizens worldwide said that they feel safe disclosing personal information
such as credit card and bank account numbers online compared to just 14% of citizens in
2001, representing thus an increase of almost two-thirds (64%).
• As for the use of government online, the Scandinavian markets (Denmark, Finland,
Norway, and Sweden), together with some South East Asian markets (Singapore and
Hong Kong), have perceived the highest levels of safety (around one-third of users), in
the system.
• In contrast, the greatest safety concerns were expressed by citizens in Japan (90% said
they felt accessing government service online was "unsafe"), Germany (82%) and France
(76%).

2020 United Nations E-Government Survey
• Denmark, Korea and Estonia top the 2020 UN e-government ranking.
• As the COVID-19 pandemic forces lockdowns:
• Most countries and municipalities are pursuing digital government strategies
• Many with innovative initiatives –
• But vast numbers of people still do not have access to online services, according to the 2020
edition of the United Nations E-Government Survey.

Contd…
• The 2020 ranking of the 193 UN Member States in terms of digital government –
• Capturing the scope and quality of online services, status of telecommunication infrastructure and
existing human capacity – is led by Denmark, the Republic of Korea, and Estonia, followed by Finland,
Australia, Sweden, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, the United States of America, the Netherlands,
Singapore, Iceland, Norway and Japan.
• Among the least developed countries:
• Bhutan, Bangladesh and Cambodia have become leaders in digital government development, advancing from the middle to
the high E-Government Development Index (EGDI) group in 2020.
• Mauritius, the Seychelles, and South Africa are leading the e-government ranking in Africa.
• Overall, 65% of Member States are at the high or very high EGDI level.

Innovative digital government responses to
COVID-19 include:
• Online dashboards in Canada and Australia to share information and track emergency
responses.
• In China, chatbots are used to assess patients’ risk of being infected.
• A community engagement app in Estonia allowed local governments to directly interact
with their constituents, including through sharing COVID-19 information, posting photos
and videos and even organizing virtual events.

Contd…
• In Croatia, a “virtual doctor” is powered by AI and developed by technology firms in
cooperation with epidemiologists.
• In London, the use of cameras, sensors and AI algorithms, normally intended to control
traffic, now measures distance between pedestrians to control social distance.

Task
• What can be done in case of Nepal for responses to COVID ???
• Develop e-governance framework.

Conclusion
• Majority - citizens searching for information online rather than making transactions or
providing personal information to government.
• This may be due to perceived security risks but if the use of these services is to increase,
messages about the safety of government online services need to be communicated
effectively.

Further Readings
• https://publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/en-us/About/Overview/-E-Government-Development-
Index
• https://www.statista.com/statistics/421580/egdi-e-government-development-index-ranking/
• http://oecdinsights.org/2015/06/10/chile-leading-but-lacking-in-e-governance/
• http://www.oecd.org/gov/governanceinchina.htm
• https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2015/09/24/afghanistan-shows-way-e-government
• https://www.oecdobserver.org/news/archivestory.php/aid/4031/E-governance_in_Egypt.html

E-Governance Models
• Digital Governance models keep on expanding and evolving as new applications of ICTs
come to light and to deal with new issues in the area of governance.
• There are no rigid or finite models of Digital Governance.
• In fact, developing countries are experimenting on their own to find which models will
works for them and will best serve their needs.
• Some of these models may be technologically simple but are changing the way
information is distributed and used in the society.
August 1, 2022 1

Models of Digital Governance
• Based on primary experimentation and secondary research, a few generic models
which have emerged and are being practiced have been identified.
• These Digital Governance models should be examined in light of:
Emergence of knowledge societies and knowledge networkers
Role of information in governance process, and
Link between ICT and governance.
August 1, 2022 2

Generic Models
1. Broadcasting/Wider Dissemination Model
2. Critical Flow Model
3. Comparative Analysis Model
4. Mobilization and Lobbying Model
5. Interactive Service Model
August 1, 2022 3

Broadcasting/Wider Dissemination Model
• The model is based on dissemination of information relevant to better
governance that is already in the public domain into wider public domain through
the use of ICT and convergent media.
government uses public domain to send the information to public
government send information to its domain address so that public can see it
August 1, 2022 4

Applications/Uses
1. Putting government laws and legislation online.
üGovernment wants to send information about law and legal action to the public.
üGovernment send these information through its domain address through computer.
2. Making available the names, contact addresses, e-mails, and fax numbers of local
governmental officials online.
3. Making available key information pertaining to governmental plans, schemes, budgets,
expenditures, and performances online.
4. Making available legal matter online regarding citizen like Rights of Citizen.
August 1, 2022 5

Critical Flow Model
• This model provide critical value information to public or officers by using ICT
(i.e. providing information online)
üCritical value information flow model
üOnly send information to the related departments/officers
August 1, 2022 7

Applications / uses
1. To provide online information of corruption to any minister.
2. To provide any information to NGO.
3. Research studies, enquiry reports and appraisals commissioned by the government to
the affected parties/stakeholders.
4. Environment related information to local communities:
- for example, information on radioactivity spills, effluent discharge in rivers, green ratings of a
company, etc.
August 1, 2022 8

Comparative Analysis Model
• Comparative Analysis Model is one of the least-used but a high potential e-governance
model for developing countries.
• It is based on principle of providing comparative government information to the public.
üSend comparative information to public
üFor example: use historical data for prediction in future/policy making
August 1, 2022 10

Application/uses
To examine historical plan to avoid error to frame new plans.
• For example government can use comparative analysis model to make new plan by checking
past/historical information.
- On the basis of previous knowledge to decide future actions.
- It help to take decisions.
August 1, 2022 11

E-Advocacy/Mobilization and Lobbying Model
• This model focuses on adding the opinions and concerns expressed by virtual
communities.
• It helps the global civil society to impact global decision-making processes.
• Its basis is setting up a planned, directed flow of information to build strong virtual allies
in order to complement actions in the real world.
• Virtual communities are formed which share similar values and concerns and these
communities in turn link up and network with or support real life groups/activities for
concerted action.
August 1, 2022 13

Application/uses
• Fostering public debates on issues of larger concerns, namely on the themes of
upcoming conferences, treaties, etc.
• Formation of pressure groups on key issues to force decision-makers to take their
concerns into cognizance (notice).
• Making available opinions of a suppressed groups who are not involved in the decision-
making process into wider public domain.
August 1, 2022 14

Interactive Service Model
• In this model, the various services offered by the government become directly available
to its citizens in an interactive manner by opening up an interactive Government to
Consumer to Govt.
• It is based on the principle that in democracy the people should participate in the
decision process of the government.
üGovernment ask for online opinion with the public before taking decision
üInclude public participation online
Note: As the participation is direct and not through representatives, it can bring greater
objectivity and transparency in decision-making processes, and give a greater feeling of
involvement and empowerment, provided that individuals are willing to engage in the
governance processes.
August 1, 2022 16

Application/uses
• To make possible the dialogue between the planner and the action committee.
üOnline dialogue transaction to reduce the distance between planner and action committee
• To prepare electronic ballot – know public opinion during election
• To conduct public debates/opinion polls on issues of wider concern before formulation of
policies and legislative frameworks.
• To take online public opinion.
August 1, 2022 17

Further Readings:
• http://www.digitalgovernance.org/index.php/models
• https://www.cddc.vt.edu/digitalgov/gov-models.html
• Case studies: https://www.cddc.vt.edu/digitalgov/gov-cases.html
• https://publicadministrationtheone.blogspot.com/2014/02/e-governance-concept-
significance.html
August 1, 2022 19

Task
Explore different websites of/in Nepal and categorize them into different models of
digital governance.
Present your work on upcoming lecture.
August 1, 2022 20

Evolution in E-Governance and Maturity Models
Traditionally, e-governance has been defined as an ICT enabled route to good
governance:
• Enhancing transparency in the system and provide prompt and quality services to the citizen.
Evolutionary path
• Requires a complete understanding of its various elements and at the same time taking a
holistic view to stay focused on its overall objectives.
The E-governance Maturity Model (EMM) proposes five levels of maturity:
• Depending on the effectiveness with which the e-governance efforts have been initiated,
pursued, utilized and institutionalized.
August 3, 2022 1

Contd…
• EMM will facilitate government organizations to assess the current level of e-governance
initiatives and accordingly make efforts for the future.
• The model further identifies the characteristics exhibited by organizations at various
levels of maturity that will facilitate correct assessment of the current status.
• The model also provides Key Focus Areas (KFAs) that need to be focused on to attain a
particular maturity level.
August 3, 2022 2

Maturity Levels
• Measurement of an ability of an organization for continuous improvement in a particular
discipline.
• It’s a way for an organization to assess their improvement in a particular discipline, in our
case data governance.
• In other words, we want to see where we were yesterday, where we are today, is there
any improvement or not and where do we want to be tomorrow, and how do we get
there.
August 3, 2022 3

Five Maturity Levels
The maturity levels, described below, provide a necessary mechanism to benchmark the
efforts invested by an organization to its customers/users.
Level 1: Closed
Level 2: Initial
Level 3: Planned
Level 4: Realized
Level 5: Institutionalized
August 3, 2022 4

Level 1: Closed
• Organizations are closed to e-governance.
• No plans or vision is available.
• They continue with fully manual and conventional operations.
August 3, 2022 5

Level 2: Initial
• Organization lacks strategic thinking and direction for e-governance at top level.
• There are unorganized and isolated efforts of automation in some areas.
• Automation efforts are a result of individual's initiatives.
• The effort sustains as long as the enthusiasm of the individual, who initiated it, remains and is
often abandoned due to lack of direction.
• Organizations generally collect hardware without any planning and much of it goes unutilized or
underutilized.
August 3, 2022 6

Level 3: Planned
• E-governance is a part of organization's agenda.
• Strategic thinking and leadership guide the e-governance initiatives.
• Clear understanding of e-governance needs as projected by the external and internal
customers/users.
• Extensive plan is prepared for implementing e-governance, addressing all Key Focus
Areas (KFAs) and other related issues.
• All the necessary documents for e-governance planning are in place.
• Include Vision and Scope document for e-governance,
• Need Assessment Survey document,
• Policy guidelines, and Action Plan and
• Outsourcing guidelines.
August 3, 2022 7

Level 4: Realized
Retrospected
• Business processes are adapted with the vision and overall e-governance objectives.
• There is awareness about e-governance among all concerned—the stakeholders as well as
the customers/users.
E-ready
• The organization has a sound infrastructure (technological, institutional, legal, and human) in
place, for implementing e-governance.
• The customers/users are oriented and motivated to use e-governance services.
August 3, 2022 8

Partially open
• Partial information exchange among the entities.
• Focus only on their internal or backend processes, allowing an information exchange within
the confines (boundaries) of the organization thus remaining insulated from its external
entities.
Open
• The organization has an integrated system, reflective of smooth information exchange within
and outside the organization, i.e.
• Government-to-Employee (G2E), Government-to-Citizen (G2C), Government-to-Government (G2G) and
Government-to-Business (G2B) interfaces
• Organization focuses on satisfying the users of e-governance services.
• The internal and external customers/users of the organization start utilizing the e-governance
services and become dependent on them.
August 3, 2022 9

Level 5: Institutionalized
• The e-governance system of the organization is driven by a well established Knowledge
Management System:
• Generates an ability in the organization to evolve with time in view of new requirements.
• E-governance becomes an effortless exercise for the organization and it becomes a way
of life for the stakeholders and customers/users.
• The organization at this level is completely paperless.
August 3, 2022 10

Lets discuss
• In which stage of maturity model do you think our country Nepal falls at present?
• Justify your argument.
August 3, 2022 12

Towards Good Governance through E-Governance
• Bring transformation in the existing forms of governance
• Promote democratic control
August 3, 2022 13

Lets discuss !!!
• What are the changes to citizen-governance relationship through digital
governance ???
August 3, 2022 14

Introduction
• Refers to a country’s capacity and state of preparedness to participate in the
electronic world.
• The state of maturity is commonly measured by:
• Country’s ICT infrastructure and
• Ability of its government and citizens to utilize the positive impacts of ICT for sustainable
development
2

Contd…
• The e-readiness of the country is measured by the number of functions operated
electronically out of the total functions operated.
• Measure of e-business environment, a collection of factors that indicate how
willing a market is to internet based opportunities.
3

Defining e-readiness
• E-Readiness defines an “e-ready community” as one of the following:
• High- speed access in a competitive market;
• Constant access and application of ICTs in schools, government offices, businesses,
healthcare facilities and homes;
• User privacy and online security;
• Government policies which are “favorable to promoting connectedness and use of
the network”.
4

Why E-Readiness???
• Lead to SMART government
• Make citizen life easy
• ICT promises various social and economic benefits
• The countries are facing a threat of being left behind
• Overcome development obstacles – smart city
• A key to be in a race towards being a developed nation
7

E-Readiness Objective
E-Infrastructure
• Design a community, department to functions electronically
• Promise privacy and security of citizens data
E-Economy
• E commerce- focus on ICT business
• Computer network and hardware
• Better network accesses
8

E-Society
• Focus on population and social issues like: basic literacy, poverty, health, different
social issues
• Computers are very useful
E-Governance
• Convert government offline process to online
• Computers access and establishment of better network
• Faster and transparent means of delivering government services to citizens
9

Infrastructural Prerequisites
1. Data Systems Infrastructure
2. Legal Infrastructure
3. Human Infrastructure
4. Institutional Infrastructure
5. Technological Infrastructure
6. Leadership and Strategic Planning
10

Task #4
• E-readiness status in Nepal???
19

Lets discuss !!!
• Impact of E- Commerce
• Consumer
• Business
• Economy
29

Further readings
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_GGqygsutIE
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bot_oPuC_oY
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ykft689OfyE
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhpWKUWjOuc
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=seavKppAOoY
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3vPTvvMp5aM
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UFQXNiHSXjg
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5MNnRW0ECRo
30

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