This document summarizes Samuel Taylor Coleridge's views and contributions to literary criticism and poetry. It discusses his key ideas around imagination, fancy, poetic diction, and poetic genius. The summary is:
Coleridge was a founder of the Romantic Movement in England and developed philosophical principles of literary criticism. He distinguished imagination from fancy and analyzed the primary and secondary imagination. He saw poetry as the product of both nature and the poet's mind, and emphasized imagination's role in reconciling opposites. Coleridge analyzed Wordsworth's views of poetry and established definitions of a poem, poetic language, and poetic genius.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge was an English poet, critic, and philosopher who was a leader of Romantic poetry. He divided imagination into primary and secondary forms. Primary imagination is a creative faculty possessed by all, while secondary imagination is the conscious, creative power of poets. Coleridge believed the purpose of poetry was to give pleasure, and defined a poem as having organic unity and seeking to produce immediate pleasure in readers through the willing suspension of disbelief. He saw imagination as the key distinguishing factor of a true poet.
This document summarizes T.S. Eliot's essay "Tradition and the Individual Talent". The essay is divided into three parts: Eliot's concept of tradition, his theory of the impersonality of poetry, and a conclusion. Eliot argues that a poet must be steeped in tradition through painstaking study in order to create new works of art. A poet surrenders their personality and emotions to tradition, acting as a medium for their fusion. Their work is then judged based on how it compares and contributes to the ongoing tradition, rather than as an expression of personal feelings or experiences.
1. Matthew Arnold introduced the touchstone method of literary criticism to evaluate poetry. He proposed using passages from known classics as "touchstones" to test the quality of contemporary works.
2. According to Arnold's method, a work is considered a true classic if it moves the reader in the same way as passages from great masters like Homer, Dante, Shakespeare, and Milton.
3. The touchstone method provides an objective standard for evaluation that avoids the subjectivity of personal taste or overemphasis on a work's historical importance rather than poetic merit.
Aristotle's Poetics is considered the earliest surviving work of dramatic theory and first systematic treatise on literary criticism. In it, Aristotle defines poetry as a means of mimesis or imitation through language, rhythm, and harmony. He discusses different types of poetry like tragedy, comedy, and epic poetry. For tragedy specifically, Aristotle says the objects imitated are serious actions, the manner is dramatic rather than narrative, and the medium is verse spoken in dialogue. He provides key terms used in tragedy like hamartia, anagnorisis, peripeteia, and katharsis. Aristotle also outlines critical elements of plot and structure for a successful tragedy, including unity of action, completeness, magnitude, and eliciting
This document provides a summary of Samuel Taylor Coleridge's 1817 work Biographia Literaria. It discusses that the work is a critical text divided into 24 chapters where Coleridge presents his views on the nature and functions of poetry. Specifically, it examines Coleridge's definition of a poem as an "organic whole" and his distinction between imagination and fancy. It also analyzes Coleridge's concept of primary imagination as the living power that mimics divine creation and shapes perception, as well as his description of the imagination's "esemplastic" ability to shape disparate ideas into one coherent whole.
This document provides biographical information about Samuel Taylor Coleridge and summarizes some of his views on literary theory and criticism. It includes Coleridge's name, paper details, contact information, and introduces that Biographia Literaria contains 24 chapters of Coleridge's critical work. It then discusses Coleridge's views on the nature and functions of poetry, and two conditions of poetry: fidelity to nature and novelty through imagination. The document also provides biographical details about Coleridge's early life and education.
T.s eliot traditional and individual talentneelab1234
1. The document discusses T.S. Eliot's essay "Tradition and Individual Talent" which outlines his views on the relationship between tradition and an individual artist's work.
2. Eliot believes that great works of art are a combination of an individual's talent as well as their understanding of literary tradition. An artist must be aware of tradition but also add something new through their own work.
3. The essay is divided into three parts discussing Eliot's concepts of tradition, the impersonal nature of poetry, and how an artist's mind works like a catalyst in the creative process through combining tradition and individual talent.
Coleridge's Biographia Literaria is analyzed in a paper submitted for a literary theory course. The document provides biographical information on Coleridge, noting he was a poet, critic, and philosopher born in 1772 in England who was a key figure of Romanticism. It discusses Biographia Literaria, in which Coleridge defines a poem as an organic whole and describes two cardinal points of poetry as giving novelty through imagination. The document also examines Coleridge's views on Wordsworth's poetic creed and the differences between prose, poems, and poetry.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge was an English poet, critic, and philosopher who was a leader of Romantic poetry. He divided imagination into primary and secondary forms. Primary imagination is a creative faculty possessed by all, while secondary imagination is the conscious, creative power of poets. Coleridge believed the purpose of poetry was to give pleasure, and defined a poem as having organic unity and seeking to produce immediate pleasure in readers through the willing suspension of disbelief. He saw imagination as the key distinguishing factor of a true poet.
This document summarizes T.S. Eliot's essay "Tradition and the Individual Talent". The essay is divided into three parts: Eliot's concept of tradition, his theory of the impersonality of poetry, and a conclusion. Eliot argues that a poet must be steeped in tradition through painstaking study in order to create new works of art. A poet surrenders their personality and emotions to tradition, acting as a medium for their fusion. Their work is then judged based on how it compares and contributes to the ongoing tradition, rather than as an expression of personal feelings or experiences.
1. Matthew Arnold introduced the touchstone method of literary criticism to evaluate poetry. He proposed using passages from known classics as "touchstones" to test the quality of contemporary works.
2. According to Arnold's method, a work is considered a true classic if it moves the reader in the same way as passages from great masters like Homer, Dante, Shakespeare, and Milton.
3. The touchstone method provides an objective standard for evaluation that avoids the subjectivity of personal taste or overemphasis on a work's historical importance rather than poetic merit.
Aristotle's Poetics is considered the earliest surviving work of dramatic theory and first systematic treatise on literary criticism. In it, Aristotle defines poetry as a means of mimesis or imitation through language, rhythm, and harmony. He discusses different types of poetry like tragedy, comedy, and epic poetry. For tragedy specifically, Aristotle says the objects imitated are serious actions, the manner is dramatic rather than narrative, and the medium is verse spoken in dialogue. He provides key terms used in tragedy like hamartia, anagnorisis, peripeteia, and katharsis. Aristotle also outlines critical elements of plot and structure for a successful tragedy, including unity of action, completeness, magnitude, and eliciting
This document provides a summary of Samuel Taylor Coleridge's 1817 work Biographia Literaria. It discusses that the work is a critical text divided into 24 chapters where Coleridge presents his views on the nature and functions of poetry. Specifically, it examines Coleridge's definition of a poem as an "organic whole" and his distinction between imagination and fancy. It also analyzes Coleridge's concept of primary imagination as the living power that mimics divine creation and shapes perception, as well as his description of the imagination's "esemplastic" ability to shape disparate ideas into one coherent whole.
This document provides biographical information about Samuel Taylor Coleridge and summarizes some of his views on literary theory and criticism. It includes Coleridge's name, paper details, contact information, and introduces that Biographia Literaria contains 24 chapters of Coleridge's critical work. It then discusses Coleridge's views on the nature and functions of poetry, and two conditions of poetry: fidelity to nature and novelty through imagination. The document also provides biographical details about Coleridge's early life and education.
T.s eliot traditional and individual talentneelab1234
1. The document discusses T.S. Eliot's essay "Tradition and Individual Talent" which outlines his views on the relationship between tradition and an individual artist's work.
2. Eliot believes that great works of art are a combination of an individual's talent as well as their understanding of literary tradition. An artist must be aware of tradition but also add something new through their own work.
3. The essay is divided into three parts discussing Eliot's concepts of tradition, the impersonal nature of poetry, and how an artist's mind works like a catalyst in the creative process through combining tradition and individual talent.
Coleridge's Biographia Literaria is analyzed in a paper submitted for a literary theory course. The document provides biographical information on Coleridge, noting he was a poet, critic, and philosopher born in 1772 in England who was a key figure of Romanticism. It discusses Biographia Literaria, in which Coleridge defines a poem as an organic whole and describes two cardinal points of poetry as giving novelty through imagination. The document also examines Coleridge's views on Wordsworth's poetic creed and the differences between prose, poems, and poetry.
T.S. Eliot was one of the most influential literary critics of the 20th century. As a critic, he argued for the importance of tradition and history in poetry. He defended the metaphysical poets like Donne for their inventive use of conceits. Eliot also believed that poets after the 17th century experienced a "dissociation of sensibility" where they could no longer fuse thought and emotion. As a poet himself, Eliot's works helped change modern literature with poems like The Waste Land.
According to Aristotle, there are six essential parts that make up a tragedy: the plot, which is considered the soul of tragedy; characters, with the hero being most important; thought, which proves particular points and teaches truth; diction, or writing skill; song or melody, with the chorus integrated into the play; and spectacle, related to stage performance but should not create a sense of the monstrous.
Samuel Johnson wrote the preface to Shakespeare's plays in which he analyzed Shakespeare's style and characters. Johnson acknowledged Shakespeare's genius but also discussed three main faults: immoral plots, disregarding time and place unities, and loose plots. Johnson argued that critics should judge works based on their merits rather than following outdated conventions. He believed Shakespeare followed the unity of action but intentionally disregarded the unities of time and place, which was acceptable for history plays depicting events over long periods. Overall, Johnson provided a balanced analysis of Shakespeare's strengths and weaknesses through a classic critical lens.
The document discusses Matthew Arnold's views on poetry criticism as presented in his essay "Three Estimates of Matthew Arnold". Arnold describes three types of estimates used to evaluate poetry: the Real Estimate, which judges a work based solely on its artistic merit; the Historic Estimate, which overvalues a work due to the poet's historical context; and the Personal Estimate, which is swayed by personal biases towards contemporary poets. Arnold advocates for his "touchstone method" to properly analyze poetry by comparing excerpts to established classics and evaluating them based on their highest poetic quality.
Four characters in Dryden's essay of dramatic poesyHema Goswami
Dryden's Essay on Dramatic Poesy features a debate between four friends - Eugenius, Crites, Lisideius, and Neander - on issues of English versus ancient drama, the unities, French versus English drama, separating tragedy and comedy, and the use of rhyme. Crites favors the ancients and their use of blank verse, while Eugenius favors the moderns. Lisideius prefers French drama for its adherence to separating genres, and Neander favors English drama for embracing subplots and action over French drama's narrow focus.
John Dryden was an influential English poet, playwright and critic in the 17th century. As a critic, he wrote An Essay of Dramatic Poesy in 1668 to discuss issues in English drama. In the essay, Dryden argues through a dialogue between four characters with different positions on topics like the ancients vs moderns, the unities, French vs English drama, and the appropriateness of rhyme in plays. Though he favors modern English plays, Dryden does not disparage the ancients. He also favors English drama over French drama and compares Shakespeare favorably to Jonson.
T.s eliot traditional and individual talentneelab1234
1. The document discusses T.S. Eliot's essay "Tradition and Individual Talent" which outlines his views on the relationship between tradition and an individual artist's work.
2. Eliot believes that great works of art are a combination of an individual's talent as well as their understanding of literary tradition. An artist must be aware of historical and cultural influences through studying past works.
3. The essay argues that an artist's personality and emotions should be "depersonalized" - they should act as a conduit for tradition rather than expressing individualism. A good poem incorporates all of poetry that came before it.
Longinus was a Greek rhetorician and philosopher in the 3rd century AD known for his literary criticism. He taught rhetoric in Athens and later advised Queen Zenobia of Palmyra before being executed as a traitor by the Romans. Longinus made important contributions as one of the first comparative critics, focusing on individual elements of texts and defining what makes a work a literary classic. His work "On the Sublime" analyzed what creates grandeur in literature and argued that great works not only please or instruct but also move and elevate readers. Longinus believed that a work becomes excellent when it has the power to sublime the reader through qualities like strength, vehemence or inspiration.
In the 18th century, philosophy failed to explain life's mysteries so focus shifted to emotions, imagination, and feelings, known as Romanticism. Romantic criticism arose from "Reviewers" who judged literature based on personal tastes, though this led to impressionism. Coleridge and Wordsworth voiced against neo-classicism and laid the foundations of romantic criticism. Coleridge differentiated primary imagination, which receives external impressions, and secondary imagination, which enables artistic creation. He believed fancy merely combines perceptions beautifully while imagination is a creative power transforming ingredients into something new.
Poetry, he wrote in the Preface, originates from ‘the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings’ which is filtered through ‘emotion recollected in tranquillity’.
This document provides information about T.S. Eliot's essay "Tradition and Individual Talent". It discusses that the essay was first published in 1919 and later included in Eliot's 1920 collection The Sacred Wood. The essay is divided into three parts that discuss Eliot's concepts of tradition, the theory of depersonalization in poetry, and his conclusion that poetry is an escape from emotion and personality rather than an expression of it. It also notes that Eliot believes a poet can understand what to do if they have a sense of literary tradition and history.
A Study of Poetry | Critical Essay by Matthew ArnoldMansur Saleem
Matthew Arnold's essay criticizes poetry and criticism. He argues that poetry will provide enduring comfort through its ideas. Arnold proposes evaluating poetry through "real," "historic," and "personal" estimates. The "real estimate" judges poetry objectively based on creative merit, while the "historic estimate" prioritizes historical context over artistic value. The "personal estimate" relies on subjective tastes. Arnold advocates the "touchstone method" of comparing works to classics like Homer, Dante and Shakespeare to assess poetic quality. He analyses various poets like Chaucer, Dryden and Pope through this framework.
Aristotle's theory of imitation argues that imitation leads to truth and should be learned by all. In contrast to Plato, who viewed imitation as twice removed from reality, Aristotle saw imitation as a creative process that can uplift morality. Aristotle defined three ways of imitation: medium, which is the means of creation; object, such as whether tragedy depicts humans as better than reality; and manner, like whether narration is used.
Literary Theory and Criticism
By Belachew Weldegebriel
Jimma University
College of Social Sciences and Humanities
Department of English Language and Literature
This document provides an overview of T.S. Eliot's important literary works and critical writings. It discusses his poems such as The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock and The Wasteland. Eliot's critical essays examined the nature of criticism and analyzed authors like the Metaphysical poets. The document also examines Eliot's theories of tradition, impersonality, and the objective correlative. It analyzes how Eliot defended the Metaphysical poets and influenced the development of literary criticism.
The Preface to the Lyrical Ballads is an essay, composed by William Wordsworth, for the second edition of the poetry collection Lyrical Ballads, and then greatly expanded in the third edition of 1802. It has come to be seen as a de facto manifesto of the Romantic movement.
Fancy and Imagination in Biographia LiterariaDharaba Gohil
This document summarizes Coleridge's distinction between fancy and imagination as outlined in his work Biographia Literaria. It explains that Coleridge defines fancy as a mechanical, associative faculty that merely reproduces materials, while imagination is a creative faculty. Coleridge further distinguishes between primary imagination, which is the living power of human perception, and secondary imagination, which is the artistic faculty that exists alongside the conscious will. The document provides examples from Coleridge to illustrate these concepts and their significance to his aesthetic theory.
Hellenism refers to Greek culture and arts that developed in the 5th and 4th centuries BC. Though Keats did not know Greek, he was influenced by Greek culture through translations of classics, sculptures, and his own nature. This influence is seen in his use of Greek myths, legends, and themes of beauty, tragedy, and the relationship between truth and beauty. Keats admired ancient Greek art and culture and alluded to them frequently in poems like "Ode on a Grecian Urn" to convey his love of beauty.
Matthew Arnold (24 December 1822 – 15 April 1888) was an English poet and cultural critic who worked as an inspector of schools. He was the son of Thomas Arnold, the famed headmaster of Rugby School, and brother to both Tom Arnold, literary professor, and William Delafield Arnold, novelist and colonial administrator.
During this time Arnold wrote the bulk of his most famous critical works, Essays in Criticism (1865) and Culture and Anarchy (1869), in which he sets forth ideas that greatly reflect the predominant values of the Victorian era.
This document discusses the concept of organic form in Romantic poetry. The key points are:
1) Romantic poets believed that the language of a poem should evolve naturally from its content, rather than being imposed from outside. Each feeling was thought to have its own natural form of expression.
2) Coleridge explained this as an "organic" relationship where the content and form grow together like a living organism. He cited Wordsworth's poem "Daffodils" as exemplifying this organic unity.
3) Keats struggled early in his career to achieve organic form, borrowing styles from other poets. His later odes were praised for their successful embodiment of thought and language evolving together spontaneously.
Notes: A Defense of Poetry by Percy Bysshe Shelly + From the Letters by John ...Sarah Abdussalam
This summary provides an overview of key ideas from Percy Bysshe Shelley's "A Defense of Poetry" and excerpts from John Keats' letters on literary criticism:
1) Shelley argues that poetry is the expression of imagination and is innate to human beings. A poet apprehends the true, beautiful, and good in nature and perception, and expresses it through imaginative language.
2) Keats discusses the concept of "negative capability," where a poet is able to embrace uncertainties and ambiguities without providing direct answers. He also writes about "sublime egotism," where a poet expresses themselves through their work.
3) The documents examine ideas around what defines a poet,
T.S. Eliot was one of the most influential literary critics of the 20th century. As a critic, he argued for the importance of tradition and history in poetry. He defended the metaphysical poets like Donne for their inventive use of conceits. Eliot also believed that poets after the 17th century experienced a "dissociation of sensibility" where they could no longer fuse thought and emotion. As a poet himself, Eliot's works helped change modern literature with poems like The Waste Land.
According to Aristotle, there are six essential parts that make up a tragedy: the plot, which is considered the soul of tragedy; characters, with the hero being most important; thought, which proves particular points and teaches truth; diction, or writing skill; song or melody, with the chorus integrated into the play; and spectacle, related to stage performance but should not create a sense of the monstrous.
Samuel Johnson wrote the preface to Shakespeare's plays in which he analyzed Shakespeare's style and characters. Johnson acknowledged Shakespeare's genius but also discussed three main faults: immoral plots, disregarding time and place unities, and loose plots. Johnson argued that critics should judge works based on their merits rather than following outdated conventions. He believed Shakespeare followed the unity of action but intentionally disregarded the unities of time and place, which was acceptable for history plays depicting events over long periods. Overall, Johnson provided a balanced analysis of Shakespeare's strengths and weaknesses through a classic critical lens.
The document discusses Matthew Arnold's views on poetry criticism as presented in his essay "Three Estimates of Matthew Arnold". Arnold describes three types of estimates used to evaluate poetry: the Real Estimate, which judges a work based solely on its artistic merit; the Historic Estimate, which overvalues a work due to the poet's historical context; and the Personal Estimate, which is swayed by personal biases towards contemporary poets. Arnold advocates for his "touchstone method" to properly analyze poetry by comparing excerpts to established classics and evaluating them based on their highest poetic quality.
Four characters in Dryden's essay of dramatic poesyHema Goswami
Dryden's Essay on Dramatic Poesy features a debate between four friends - Eugenius, Crites, Lisideius, and Neander - on issues of English versus ancient drama, the unities, French versus English drama, separating tragedy and comedy, and the use of rhyme. Crites favors the ancients and their use of blank verse, while Eugenius favors the moderns. Lisideius prefers French drama for its adherence to separating genres, and Neander favors English drama for embracing subplots and action over French drama's narrow focus.
John Dryden was an influential English poet, playwright and critic in the 17th century. As a critic, he wrote An Essay of Dramatic Poesy in 1668 to discuss issues in English drama. In the essay, Dryden argues through a dialogue between four characters with different positions on topics like the ancients vs moderns, the unities, French vs English drama, and the appropriateness of rhyme in plays. Though he favors modern English plays, Dryden does not disparage the ancients. He also favors English drama over French drama and compares Shakespeare favorably to Jonson.
T.s eliot traditional and individual talentneelab1234
1. The document discusses T.S. Eliot's essay "Tradition and Individual Talent" which outlines his views on the relationship between tradition and an individual artist's work.
2. Eliot believes that great works of art are a combination of an individual's talent as well as their understanding of literary tradition. An artist must be aware of historical and cultural influences through studying past works.
3. The essay argues that an artist's personality and emotions should be "depersonalized" - they should act as a conduit for tradition rather than expressing individualism. A good poem incorporates all of poetry that came before it.
Longinus was a Greek rhetorician and philosopher in the 3rd century AD known for his literary criticism. He taught rhetoric in Athens and later advised Queen Zenobia of Palmyra before being executed as a traitor by the Romans. Longinus made important contributions as one of the first comparative critics, focusing on individual elements of texts and defining what makes a work a literary classic. His work "On the Sublime" analyzed what creates grandeur in literature and argued that great works not only please or instruct but also move and elevate readers. Longinus believed that a work becomes excellent when it has the power to sublime the reader through qualities like strength, vehemence or inspiration.
In the 18th century, philosophy failed to explain life's mysteries so focus shifted to emotions, imagination, and feelings, known as Romanticism. Romantic criticism arose from "Reviewers" who judged literature based on personal tastes, though this led to impressionism. Coleridge and Wordsworth voiced against neo-classicism and laid the foundations of romantic criticism. Coleridge differentiated primary imagination, which receives external impressions, and secondary imagination, which enables artistic creation. He believed fancy merely combines perceptions beautifully while imagination is a creative power transforming ingredients into something new.
Poetry, he wrote in the Preface, originates from ‘the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings’ which is filtered through ‘emotion recollected in tranquillity’.
This document provides information about T.S. Eliot's essay "Tradition and Individual Talent". It discusses that the essay was first published in 1919 and later included in Eliot's 1920 collection The Sacred Wood. The essay is divided into three parts that discuss Eliot's concepts of tradition, the theory of depersonalization in poetry, and his conclusion that poetry is an escape from emotion and personality rather than an expression of it. It also notes that Eliot believes a poet can understand what to do if they have a sense of literary tradition and history.
A Study of Poetry | Critical Essay by Matthew ArnoldMansur Saleem
Matthew Arnold's essay criticizes poetry and criticism. He argues that poetry will provide enduring comfort through its ideas. Arnold proposes evaluating poetry through "real," "historic," and "personal" estimates. The "real estimate" judges poetry objectively based on creative merit, while the "historic estimate" prioritizes historical context over artistic value. The "personal estimate" relies on subjective tastes. Arnold advocates the "touchstone method" of comparing works to classics like Homer, Dante and Shakespeare to assess poetic quality. He analyses various poets like Chaucer, Dryden and Pope through this framework.
Aristotle's theory of imitation argues that imitation leads to truth and should be learned by all. In contrast to Plato, who viewed imitation as twice removed from reality, Aristotle saw imitation as a creative process that can uplift morality. Aristotle defined three ways of imitation: medium, which is the means of creation; object, such as whether tragedy depicts humans as better than reality; and manner, like whether narration is used.
Literary Theory and Criticism
By Belachew Weldegebriel
Jimma University
College of Social Sciences and Humanities
Department of English Language and Literature
This document provides an overview of T.S. Eliot's important literary works and critical writings. It discusses his poems such as The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock and The Wasteland. Eliot's critical essays examined the nature of criticism and analyzed authors like the Metaphysical poets. The document also examines Eliot's theories of tradition, impersonality, and the objective correlative. It analyzes how Eliot defended the Metaphysical poets and influenced the development of literary criticism.
The Preface to the Lyrical Ballads is an essay, composed by William Wordsworth, for the second edition of the poetry collection Lyrical Ballads, and then greatly expanded in the third edition of 1802. It has come to be seen as a de facto manifesto of the Romantic movement.
Fancy and Imagination in Biographia LiterariaDharaba Gohil
This document summarizes Coleridge's distinction between fancy and imagination as outlined in his work Biographia Literaria. It explains that Coleridge defines fancy as a mechanical, associative faculty that merely reproduces materials, while imagination is a creative faculty. Coleridge further distinguishes between primary imagination, which is the living power of human perception, and secondary imagination, which is the artistic faculty that exists alongside the conscious will. The document provides examples from Coleridge to illustrate these concepts and their significance to his aesthetic theory.
Hellenism refers to Greek culture and arts that developed in the 5th and 4th centuries BC. Though Keats did not know Greek, he was influenced by Greek culture through translations of classics, sculptures, and his own nature. This influence is seen in his use of Greek myths, legends, and themes of beauty, tragedy, and the relationship between truth and beauty. Keats admired ancient Greek art and culture and alluded to them frequently in poems like "Ode on a Grecian Urn" to convey his love of beauty.
Matthew Arnold (24 December 1822 – 15 April 1888) was an English poet and cultural critic who worked as an inspector of schools. He was the son of Thomas Arnold, the famed headmaster of Rugby School, and brother to both Tom Arnold, literary professor, and William Delafield Arnold, novelist and colonial administrator.
During this time Arnold wrote the bulk of his most famous critical works, Essays in Criticism (1865) and Culture and Anarchy (1869), in which he sets forth ideas that greatly reflect the predominant values of the Victorian era.
This document discusses the concept of organic form in Romantic poetry. The key points are:
1) Romantic poets believed that the language of a poem should evolve naturally from its content, rather than being imposed from outside. Each feeling was thought to have its own natural form of expression.
2) Coleridge explained this as an "organic" relationship where the content and form grow together like a living organism. He cited Wordsworth's poem "Daffodils" as exemplifying this organic unity.
3) Keats struggled early in his career to achieve organic form, borrowing styles from other poets. His later odes were praised for their successful embodiment of thought and language evolving together spontaneously.
Notes: A Defense of Poetry by Percy Bysshe Shelly + From the Letters by John ...Sarah Abdussalam
This summary provides an overview of key ideas from Percy Bysshe Shelley's "A Defense of Poetry" and excerpts from John Keats' letters on literary criticism:
1) Shelley argues that poetry is the expression of imagination and is innate to human beings. A poet apprehends the true, beautiful, and good in nature and perception, and expresses it through imaginative language.
2) Keats discusses the concept of "negative capability," where a poet is able to embrace uncertainties and ambiguities without providing direct answers. He also writes about "sublime egotism," where a poet expresses themselves through their work.
3) The documents examine ideas around what defines a poet,
This presentation is about the critical essay of I. A. Richards. I have gone through whole essay and tried my best to present it in simplest language. I hope this essay will be useful for you. thanks for visiting. please suggest if you find to change anything. you van also read my blog on same topic-
https://jheelbarad.blogspot.com/2021/06/the-imagination-by-ia-richards.html
and have a you tube video too https://youtu.be/67UxNPNT8Io
Samuel Taylor Coleridge was an influential English poet and philosopher in the Romantic movement. He developed a theory of imagination that distinguished between primary and secondary imagination. Primary imagination observes the world directly through perception, while secondary imagination is a more conscious and comprehensive faculty that shapes raw materials through all human faculties into objects of beauty and meaning. Coleridge believed secondary imagination was responsible for truly creative and inventive acts in poetry by unifying different forms and extracting hidden ideas.
Characteristics of Metaphysical Poetry 101UpasnaGoswami2
Metaphysical poetry is characterized by concentration of ideas, use of conceits, learnedness, cynicism, and a unification of sensibility and thought. It began in the Jacobean era and notable metaphysical poets included John Donne, George Herbert, Henry Vaughan, Andrew Marvell, and Richard Crashaw. Metaphysical poetry explores spiritual ideas beyond the physical world through short, tightly written poems that compress ideas and make unexpected comparisons through conceits.
The concept of imagination in biographia literariaDayamani Surya
Coleridge's Biographia Literaria discusses his concepts of imagination and fancy. He divides the mind into two faculties: primary imagination, which is a creative power that mimics the divine principle of creation; and secondary imagination, which relies on the will to recreate primary imagination. Coleridge coined the term "esemplastic" to describe imagination's ability to shape multiple ideas into a unified whole. In contrast, fancy is a mechanical, passive faculty that accumulates facts but cannot create anything new. Coleridge viewed imagination as the primary creative force in writing.
This document summarizes T.S. Eliot's essay "Tradition and the Individual Talent". It discusses Eliot's views on the importance of tradition for artists. Eliot believes the best parts of an artist's work are those most influenced by past writers and works. He also discusses his theory of impersonality in art, where the artist acts as a catalyst for experiences and impressions. The document provides an overview of Eliot's views on tradition, the individual, and depersonalization in creative works.
This document provides an analysis of Mexican artist Francisco Toledo and his artistic style. It discusses how Toledo draws from both his indigenous Zapotec roots and influences from modern art movements like surrealism. While his work acknowledges his Mexican and indigenous heritage, it is done using a universal artistic language influenced by artists like Picasso, Tamayo, and Klee. The analysis describes Toledo's work as creating new worlds and perspectives through metaphor and symbolism. His art blends the natural and spiritual realms through techniques like metamorphosis and the use of masks. Overall, the document examines how Toledo's work combines pre-Hispanic and modern influences to propose a new vision of the world and humanity's
This document provides a summary of Samuel Taylor Coleridge's Biographia Literaria. It discusses Coleridge's new approach of "appreciative criticism" and how he sought to interpret works of art rather than judge them. It outlines Coleridge's views on the two cardinal points of poetry: fidelity to nature and the power of imagination. Coleridge also distinguishes between poetry and prose, defines what makes a legitimate poem, and discusses the difference between a poem and poetry itself.
Romanticism arose in the late 18th century as a response to Enlightenment ideals. It valued human subjectivity, emotion, nature, imagination and the sublime. Two of its main figures were William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Wordsworth found inspiration in nature and the imagination. His Lyrical Ballads used everyday language. Coleridge distinguished imagination from fancy and viewed imagination as a power that completes understanding. Both poets emphasized the difference between poetic and prose language.
This document provides an overview of poetry and drama. It begins with several definitions of poetry from sources like Wikipedia and poets such as Coleridge, Shelley, Dickinson, and Wordsworth. It then discusses what poetry means to a 12-year-old from a book and the Poetry Foundation. The document also covers poetry forms like slam poetry and websites for poetry. For drama, it defines drama and theater, discusses the purpose of drama and its use in education, and covers forms like reader's theater. It concludes with a section on Native American plays.
This document compares the views of Wordsworth and Coleridge on the nature of poetry as expressed in Wordsworth's Preface to Lyrical Ballads and Coleridge's Biographia Literaria. While Wordsworth saw nature as the source of poetry and advocated using common language focused on common life, Coleridge emphasized the role of imagination and argued that the best language results from educated reflection. They also differed on the purpose of poetry, with Wordsworth seeing an ennobling moral purpose and Coleridge arguing poetry aims to provide immediate pleasure.
This document summarizes key ideas from John Dewey's work Art as Experience regarding how he defines art. Dewey proposes that art should not be viewed as static objects, but as dynamic experiences and interactions between viewers and objects. He argues we must understand art in its unrefined forms found in everyday life, like watching a fire or construction work, before analyzing refined art forms. Dewey believes separating art from lived experience creates barriers to understanding its significance. His view defines art as a process embedded in how people engage with and find enjoyment in their activities, rather than static objects removed from human experience.
The document discusses several works of art including a bronze sculpture of Shiva as Nataraja from 1000 CE, Vincent van Gogh's Starry Night from 1889, and Juan de Valdés Leal's Vanitas painting from 1672. It explains that visual perception is subjective and influenced by factors like personal experience, culture, and knowledge. Works of art can mean different things to different people and our understanding can change over time as we learn more. The document emphasizes close observation of details in works of art to understand the artist's message.
Samuel Coleridge- Biographia Literaria Ch 14Dilip Barad
This presentation deals with chapter 14 of 'Biographia Literaria' written by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. It deals with his famous defence of Wordsworth's poetic creed, difference between prose and poem; and more importantly, difference between poem and poetry
Here are some examples of key literary terms found in poetry and their definitions:
Imagery- Language that appeals to one or more of the five senses to create a vivid picture in the reader's mind. For example, describing the "sweet scent of roses" creates an olfactory image.
Tone- The attitude of the writer towards the subject matter. Tone can be serious, playful, sarcastic, solemn, etc.
Theme- The underlying message or big idea explored in a literary work. The theme is not directly stated but revealed through events and characters.
Symbolism- When an object or idea represents or stands for something else, especially something abstract. Symbols often represent complex ideas or concepts.
CPAR-Presentation1.pptxadjsk bsjsvsueb fake after Friday ! Sex 5avhaj23nwjwbkeithamisredillas
This document discusses different types of subjects that can be depicted in visual artworks, including representational/figurative art which aims to represent actual objects from reality, and non-representational/non-objective art which does not depict recognizable people, places, or things. Specific subjects that are outlined include history, religion, mythology, nature, genre, portraits, nudes, still life, surrealism, and abstraction. Characteristics of each subject type are provided.
This document provides an introduction to the study of literature. It discusses definitions of literature, major theories of literature including imitative, expressive, and affective theories. It also outlines common sources of literature, challenges of interpretation, and the four main genres - narrative fiction, drama, poetry, and nonfiction prose. Finally, it examines some common symbols and archetypes in literature such as water, the sun, colors, circles, and serpents.
Boudoir photography, a genre that captures intimate and sensual images of individuals, has experienced significant transformation over the years, particularly in New York City (NYC). Known for its diversity and vibrant arts scene, NYC has been a hub for the evolution of various art forms, including boudoir photography. This article delves into the historical background, cultural significance, technological advancements, and the contemporary landscape of boudoir photography in NYC.
This tutorial offers a step-by-step guide on how to effectively use Pinterest. It covers the basics such as account creation and navigation, as well as advanced techniques including creating eye-catching pins and optimizing your profile. The tutorial also explores collaboration and networking on the platform. With visual illustrations and clear instructions, this tutorial will equip you with the skills to navigate Pinterest confidently and achieve your goals.
Hadj Ounis's most notable work is his sculpture titled "Metamorphosis." This piece showcases Ounis's mastery of form and texture, as he seamlessly combines metal and wood to create a dynamic and visually striking composition. The juxtaposition of the two materials creates a sense of tension and harmony, inviting viewers to contemplate the relationship between nature and industry.
Fashionista Chic Couture Maze & Coloring Adventures is a coloring and activity book filled with many maze games and coloring activities designed to delight and engage young fashion enthusiasts. Each page offers a unique blend of fashion-themed mazes and stylish illustrations to color, inspiring creativity and problem-solving skills in children.
1. Mrs. S. Malathi, M.A., B.Ed., M.Phil.,
Assistant Professor of English,
V.V.Vanniaperumal College for Women,
Virudhunagar.
2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge was an
English poet, literary critic,
philosopher and theologian who,
with his friend William
Wordsworth, was a founder of
the Romantic Movement in
England and a member of the
Lake Poets. He also shared
volumes and collaborated with
Charles Lamb, Robert Southey,
and Charles Lloyd.
1772-1834
3. • He establishes the principles of writing rather than to furnish
rules how to pass judgment on what has been written by others.
• He sought to discover in
- the faculties of the human soul which gave it birth
Coleridge is the first English critic who based his
literary criticism on philosophical principles.
4. His literary works suffer from a woeful lack of system
Biographia Literaria is ill-planned and incomplete
Lectures on Shakespeare are disjointed and ill-reported
The Friend, The Table Talk, the contributions to Southey's
Ominiana, the Letters, the posthumous Anima Poetae- all
these contain fragments of criticism
5. Rene Wellek cites evidence to show that he borrowed freely from
the German philosophers like Lessing, Kant, Schelling,
Schiller, the Schelegels and others.
But it is undeniable too because his principal critical theses has
own special stamp.
6. His Theory of imagination
According to Coleridge,
• all creative activity is an act of the imagination.
• Fancy and imagination were two distinct.
Before Wordsworth, poets only gave 'what oft was thought'.
They never presented 'what was equally felt'.
It was Wordsworth who bridged the gulf between the two.
His feelings issued forth as thoughts and his thoughts as
feelings.
7. Wordsworth defines poetry as 'emotions recollected in
tranquillity.
When we recollected the past, it undergoes deep
contemplation and the result in 'a union of deep feeling
with profound thought'.
In this state, the forms, incidents and situations originally
observed in nature or life and it take on the colour of the
poet's feelings and thoughts and appear in a new light.
They acquire a new significance. They undergo a sea-
change into something rich and strange. Now the
common eye which sees in them, had failed to see
before. It is the work of imagination
8. From this study of the effect of imagination, Coleridge is led to
examine its very nature and genesis - What it is and how
it is set in motion
He finds two forms of imagination - the primary and the
secondary
9. The Primary imagination is
simply the power of perceiving the objects of sense - persons,
places, things- both in their parts and as wholes.
enables the mind to form a clear picture of the object perceived
by the senses.
an involuntary act of the mind when confronted with a
mingled mass of matters.
unconsciously, it reduced it to shape and size to make
perception possible.
10. The Secondary imagination is the conscious use of the power of
perception
is a composite faculty of the soul consisting of all the other
faculties, perception, intellect, will and emotions.
is a more active agent than the primary imagination.
dissolves, diffuses, dissipates inorder to recreate.
reduces all to a solution sweet to generate forms of its own.
is a shaping and modifying power.
From its plastic stress, objects emerge fashioned in its own
likeness. it steeps them in its own light or shade.
They are as the mind conceives them to be not what they are in
the external world of nature. In this process, the mind and
nature act and react on each other.
The mind colouring nature becomes one with nature and
nature coloured by the mind becomes one with the mind. (i-e)
The internal (subject) is made external (object), the external
(object) internal (subject)
11. so, imagination is a unifying or esemplastic power which identifies the mind
with nature (or matter) and nature ( or matter) with the mind.
For the truth which the poet discovers lies neither in himself
nor in the things he sees, but in the identity of both.
It is the product both of what nature presents to the mind and
of what the mind imparts to nature.
so, there is no difference between the primary and the
secondary imagination: both work upon the objects of sense.
There is no difference between Coleridge's concept of
imagination and Wordsworth's.
Coleridge interested in the theory of the concepts, Wordsworth in
the practice.
12. Wordsworth's views on Coleridge's 'Fancy'
• Regarding fancy, Coleridge says that Fancy only combines the
things which it sees into pleasing shapes instead of blending
them and to give them shapes of its own.
• The original material ever remains the same but it is offered in
a new combination.
Example: Chesterton's Lines
The dews of the evening most carefully shun,
They are the tears of the sky for the loss of the sun.
(The image is that of the sky weeping, a new thing certainly)
The poet combines four things-sky, evening, dews, tears. None of
which receives any colouring or modification from his own
mind. It is like putting four separate pictures together on the
same screen to form a new picture.
13. so, Fancy is 'the arbitrary bringing together of things that lie
remote and forming them into a unity’.
It is ‘the faculty of bringing together images dissimilar in the
main by some one point or more of likeness’.
It is akin to talent which is acquired as imagination is akin
to genius which is inborn.
eg: Imagination is the distinguishing quality of the poetry of
Shakespeare and Milton.
Fancy is that of the poets from Donne and Cowley
Spenser has an imaginative fancy but he has not
imagination
14. His View of Art
Coleridge's theory of the imagination modifies the traditional,
particularly the neo-classical (i-e) view of art as a mere
imitation.
Art is the union of the soul with the external world or nature.
It represents nature as thought and thought as nature.
It reveals what lies deep within it (the very spirit of nature),
which presupposes (requires) a bond between nature in the
higher sense and the soul of man.
15. Imitation is such a version of the original - part thought and part
thing.
It is the mesothesis (reconciliation – reunion), of Likeness and
Difference.
The difference is essential like likeness because without the
difference, it woud be copy or fac-simile.
16. Art, particularly poetic art is the balance or reconciliation of
opposite or discordant (contrary)qualities:
of sameness, with difference;
of the general with the concrete;
the idea, with the image;
the individual, with the representative;
the sense of novelty and of freshness, with old and familiar
objects;
a more than usual state of emotion, with more than usual order;
judgement ever awake and steady self-possession with
enthusiasm and feeling profound (great)or vehement (showing
strong feeling)
In all this work of recociliation, imagination plays the vital role.
17. His Definition of a Poem
Poetry is an activity of the imagination, idealising the real and
realising the ideal.
Eg: As Wordsworth and Coleridge did in the ‘Lyrical Ballads’
Coleridge – a poem uses the same medium as a prose
composition - Words.
But the difference between the two must lie in their different use
of words in consequence of their different objects.
If the object of a poem is to facilitate memory, it should put
words in the metrical form with or without rhyme.
18. Eg: Thirty days hath September,
April, June, and November etc.
Here, we can find pleasure in anticipating the recurrence of
sounds and quantities.
We have different ways of writing – the scientific and the
poetical. Each has an immediate object and an ultimate one.
The immediate object of a work of science is truth and the
immediate object of a poem is pleasure.
Their ultimate object for the work of science may afford a
profound pleasure to its reader and the poem may be found to
contain a profound truth.
19. As pleasure is the immediate object of poetry, it prefers metre
to the language of prose.
Metre should suit the language and content of the poem and not
to be a mere super addition for ornament’s sake or to facilitate
memory.
Coleridge had no objection for long poems.
He admired Milton’s Paradise Lost and Shakespeare’s plays.
But Edgar Allan Poe thought even great epics like Paradise Lost
are insipid and boring
20. On Poetic Diction
Regarding the language, Coleridge considers that ‘a selection of
the real language of men’ or ‘the language of men constituted the
language of poetry. (Wordsworth)
Language of men may differ from person to person, class to class,
place to place.
Coleridge presents that the omissions and changes to be made in
the language of rustics before it could be transferred to any
species of poem. Such a language alone has a universal appeal
and is therefore the language of poetry.
To differ from prose, the poetry should be written in metre using
real language of men.
21. Coleridge distinguishes Genius as the one almost identical with
imagination and talent as the one identical with fancy.
Genius like imagination is creative and inborn. Talent like fancy
is combinatory and acquired.
So, a poet is a genius, born not made.
In chapter XV of the Biographia Literaria, observing
Shakespeare’s early works Venus and Adonis and The Rape of
Lucrece, Coleridge says that genius manifests itself in the
following four ways.
On poetic genius
22. It consists in the perfect sweetness of the versification, its
adaptation to the subject and the power of varying the music of
the words to the requirement of the thought.
It is the outward manifestation of the music in the poet’s soul.
Sense of Musical Delight
23. Objectivity
It shows itself in the choice of subjects very remote from the
private interests and circumstances of the writer himself
and in the utter aloofness of the poet’s own feelings, from those
of which he is at once the painter and the analyst.
He knows no self.
He knows what is reflected from our fellow creature, the flowers,
the trees, the beasts, from the surface of the waters and the sands
of the desert.
His method is God’s own: though He present everywhere in his
creation, he is nowhere visible.
24. The Shaping and modifying power of imagination
A poet's pictures of life are not faithful copies, accurately
rendered in words.
They become poetic when they are modified by a predominant
passion
or by associated thoughts or images awakened by that passion.
or when they have the effect of reducin multitude to unity, or
succession to an instant
or when a human and intellectual life is transferred to them for
the poet's own spirit
25. In the poem or in a play, the sequence of occurence in life or
nature meet together at a common point of time.
Their succession is reduced to an instant.
eg: Shakespeare's King Lear and Othello
A unity of interest is achieved which is more effective than the
mechanical unities of time, place or action
26. Depth and Energy of Thought
Coleridge - No man was ever a great poet without being a
profound philosopher.
Such a man feels in a moment of inspiration and it is naturally
modified and directed by his deep and long thoughts.
So, the poetry is the union of deep feeling with profound thought.
27. On Dramatic Illusion
Coleridge & Wordsworth composed a series of poems of two
sorts
1. The incidents and agents were to be supernatural
2. Subjects were to be chosen from ordinary life
Wordsworth chose the second class to give the charm of novelty
to things of everyday
Coleridge chose the supernatural persons and characters to make
them credible
28. Coleridge's view of fiction, poetic or dramatic pleases the
audience when it is known to be fiction (imaginary)
The reader or spectator knows well that it is a tale or play. He
knows that the stage is only a stage, and the players are only
players (Dr.Johnson's)
The true stage illusion consists not in the mind's judging it to be a
forest, but in its remission of the judgement that it is not a
forest.
It is enjoyed neither unconsciously nor consciously but when
consciousness is voluntarily suspended.
29. The Value of his criticism
Coleridge differs from all the previous English critics by his
psycholoical approach to literary problem.
The study of poetry led him to probe the imaginative processes
that gave it birth
The study of art led him to the transcendental principle that it is a
self-revelation inspite of the artist
The study of drama led him to the state of mind in which it is
enjoyed
30. His theory of imagination is heavily weighted in favour of the
romantic
It justifies the ways of the romantics to the world, of those who
made the internal external and the external internal, ignoring
poetry that has stood the test of time
eg: Gray's Elegy or Spenser's Faerie Queen
It taught English critics to think for themselves rather than 'parrot
those who have parroted others'.