The document discusses biological, cognitive, and learning approaches to explaining addiction initiation, maintenance, and relapse. It focuses on applying these approaches to smoking and gambling addictions. Specifically, it discusses how the cognitive approach views addiction as stemming from dysfunctional beliefs and faulty thought processes. Addicts are seen as having impaired control over their actions due to cognitive biases and a preference for immediate rewards over future consequences. Various studies are described showing how cognitive factors like attitudes, norms, and intentions can predict smoking initiation in adolescents. The cognitive processing model also explains how addictive behaviors become automatic over time, maintaining the addiction. Cognitive biases are discussed as distorting rational decision making in gamblers and fueling relapse.
This course provides training and CEUs for addicitons counselors and LPCs working in Addictions, Mental Health and Co-Occurring Disorders will help counselors, social workers, marriage and family therapists, alcohol and drug counselors and addictions professionals get continuing education and certification training to aid them in providing services guided by best practices. AllCEUs is approved by the california Association of Alcohol and Drug Abuse Counselors (CAADAC), NAADAC, the Association for Addictions Professionals, the Alcohol and Drug Abuse Counseling Board of Georgia (ADACB-GA), the National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC) and most states.
Introduction to the BioPsychoSocial approach to Addictionkavroom
In this 45 minute introductory lecture you will learn about the biopsychosocial approach to addiction
At the end of this session you should:
Have an understanding of the neurological systems that underpin addiction.
Appreciate that the ways addiction is explained has a direct influence upon treatment.
Be aware that there is no unified theory of addition, but that an integrated approach can help explain onset and maintenance of addictive behavior.
NBCC, NAADAC, CAADAC, CBBS, Florida approved continuing education series in mental health, substance abuse and dual disorders counseling for nurses, counselors, therapists, social workers and addictions professionals.
Relapse – in a broader sense, is the return of signs and symptoms of a disease after a remission.
In the case of some psychiatric disorders, relapse is the worsening of symptoms or the re-occurrence of unhealthy behaviors, such as avoidance or substance use, after a period of improvement.
Relapse Prevention – A set of skills designed to reduce the likelihood that symptoms of the illness in question will worsen or that a person will return to an unhealthy behavior, such as substance use.
Skills include, for example, identifying early warning signs that symptoms may be worsening, recognizing high risk situations for relapse, and understanding how everyday, seemingly mundane decisions may put you on the road to relapse (for example, skipping lunch one day may make you more vulnerable to get in a bad mood).
Relapse can be prevented through the use of specific coping strategies, such as identifying early warning signs.
Early Intervention is simply bridging the gap between prevention and treatment. Early intervention is essential to reducing drug use and its costs to society
This course provides training and CEUs for addicitons counselors and LPCs working in Addictions, Mental Health and Co-Occurring Disorders will help counselors, social workers, marriage and family therapists, alcohol and drug counselors and addictions professionals get continuing education and certification training to aid them in providing services guided by best practices. AllCEUs is approved by the california Association of Alcohol and Drug Abuse Counselors (CAADAC), NAADAC, the Association for Addictions Professionals, the Alcohol and Drug Abuse Counseling Board of Georgia (ADACB-GA), the National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC) and most states.
Introduction to the BioPsychoSocial approach to Addictionkavroom
In this 45 minute introductory lecture you will learn about the biopsychosocial approach to addiction
At the end of this session you should:
Have an understanding of the neurological systems that underpin addiction.
Appreciate that the ways addiction is explained has a direct influence upon treatment.
Be aware that there is no unified theory of addition, but that an integrated approach can help explain onset and maintenance of addictive behavior.
NBCC, NAADAC, CAADAC, CBBS, Florida approved continuing education series in mental health, substance abuse and dual disorders counseling for nurses, counselors, therapists, social workers and addictions professionals.
Relapse – in a broader sense, is the return of signs and symptoms of a disease after a remission.
In the case of some psychiatric disorders, relapse is the worsening of symptoms or the re-occurrence of unhealthy behaviors, such as avoidance or substance use, after a period of improvement.
Relapse Prevention – A set of skills designed to reduce the likelihood that symptoms of the illness in question will worsen or that a person will return to an unhealthy behavior, such as substance use.
Skills include, for example, identifying early warning signs that symptoms may be worsening, recognizing high risk situations for relapse, and understanding how everyday, seemingly mundane decisions may put you on the road to relapse (for example, skipping lunch one day may make you more vulnerable to get in a bad mood).
Relapse can be prevented through the use of specific coping strategies, such as identifying early warning signs.
Early Intervention is simply bridging the gap between prevention and treatment. Early intervention is essential to reducing drug use and its costs to society
Presentation by Dr. Jacob Kagan on addiction psychiatry, covers the neurobiology of addiction, diagnosis and management od dually-diagnosed patients, relapse prevention, psycopharmacology interventions and more. http://www.jacobkaganmd.com
In this 1 hour introductory lecture you will learn about psychological theories of addiction
At the end of this session you should:
Understand the relationship between self control and behavior
Be familiar with psychological theories of addiction
Be able to distinguish between rational and irrational models of behavior
For our second edition of our brand new e-zine, we’re shining the spotlight on the intriguing topic of patient insights. We discuss the role of patient insights and what impact it has on improving patient outcomes, and highlight new ways pharma can engage with patients.
So what are you waiting for? Head over to the website now for the latest edition of Spotlight On. Again, if you like what you see, feel free to share it with others. And if the first edition passed you by, don’t worry, it’s still available to read. Enjoy!
If you need your loved one to walk on the pathway to recovery,not only do you need to be the one giving them a gentle pushtowards it, you need to walk beside them! Anyone who is willing to change can get well...
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
1. Biological, Cognitive and Learning
approaches to explaining initiation,
maintenance and relapse, and their
applications to smoking and gambling
Addictive Behaviour
2. Initiation Maintenance Relapse
Addiction
A repetitive habit pattern that
increases the risk of disease
and/or associated personal and
social problems
Often experienced
subjectively as a „loss of
control‟
The behaviour continues
despite attempts to abstain
or moderate use
3. Cognitive Explanation
In groups identify key words that you
associate with the cognitive approach
to Psychology
How can we apply these terms to
addictive behaviour?
i) Theory of planned behaviour
ii) Cognitive processing
iii) Cognitive bias
4. According to the Cognitive
Approach
• Addiction is due to dysfunctional beliefs
(e.g. A belief that they can‟t get through
the day without engaging in their addictive
activity)
• Maladaptive thoughts may link to mood
• Incapability of controlling the addiction
• Positive consequences outweigh negative
• Has formed the basis for lots of very
successful treatments
A01
People who engage in potentially self-
destructive activities such as addictive
behaviours have impaired control over their
own actions.
They often want to stop or reduce their
addiction but seem unable to do so.
One reason for this is that addicts have
faulty ways of thinking when they are
weighing up the consequences of an action
demonstrating a preference for immediate
reward over future benefits
– Cognitive Myopia
5. Smoking initiation –
TPB
Attitude – positive/negative
evaluation of the behaviour
Subjective norm – Perception of
norms/pressures to perform
behaviour (including motivation to
comply)
Perceived behavioural control –
belief that they can carry out the
behaviour based on internal &
external control factors
Behavioural
intention
Actual
Behaviour
On the TPB sheets in
front of you, in pairs think
of as many attitudes,
subjective norms and
behavioural controls as
you can think of relating
to smoking
A01
6. Smoking initiation –
TPB
Attitude towards the
behaviour e.g., smoking
will make me popular
Subjective norms
e.g., my friends smoke
and I want their
approval
Perceived behavioural
control e.g., I can
give up when I want to
Behavioural
intention
Actual
Behaviour
I.e., start
smoking
A01
7. Smoking initiation –
TPB
Conner et al (2006) investigated the role of planned behaviour
in smoking initiation in 11-12 year olds.
- 675 non-smoking adolescents with various baseline measures
including TPB
- 9 months later they checked whether any of the adolescents
had taken up smoking, (they used a carbon-monoxide breath
monitor to assess this).
- They found that behavioural intentions were generally a good
predictor of later smoking behaviour.
This shows that cognitive factors in adolescents may influence
whether an individual becomes addicted to smoking. These
cognitive factors are also influenced by social factors
associated with group membership and a feeling of group
acceptance.
A02
8. Smoking initiation –
TPB
It is estimated that over one-third of the world‟s
smokers live in China, so identifying people most likely
to start smoking is important in developing prevention
campaigns.
- Guo et al (2007) tested more than 14,000 Chinese
schoolchildren with TPB measures and found that these
measures were useful predictors of later smoking
behaviour.
• This supports the cognitive explantion of smoking
initiation as it shows a link between cognitive factors
and the start of smoking behaviour.
A02
9. Smoking maintenance & relapse
- Cognitive processing model
We pay little attention to routine tasks.
When a behaviour such a smoking becomes
part of our routine, we become so practiced,
that the behaviour becomes automatic e.g.,
buying cigarettes, lighting up a cigarette
(Tiffany 1990). The cognitive processing
model therefore suggests that smoking
behaviours are maintained because over a
period of time they simply become
automatic.
Think of some things that might trigger an
automatic smoking response
A01
10. Smoking maintenance & relapse
- Cognitive processing model
This was supported by Hester and
Garavan (2005) who suggest that as
the addictive thoughts are in working
memory; so the environmental features
associated with the addiction are also
given attention and focused on – which
in turn leads to thoughts about the
addiction. They suggest that addictive
behaviours and cravings therefore
become self-perpetuating and this
maintains the addiction.
A02
11. Smoking maintenance & relapse
- Cognitive processing model
Brandon (2004) suggests that as an
addiction develops, the activity is
influenced less by conscious expectations
but rather unconscious expectations
involving automatic processes – explaining
the „loss of control‟ subjectively
experienced by addictsA02
13. According to the Cognitive
Approach
• Addiction is due to dysfunctional beliefs
(e.g. A belief that they can‟t get through
the day without engaging in their addictive
activity)
• Maladaptive thoughts may link to mood
• Incapability of controlling the addiction
• Positive consequences outweigh negative
• Has formed the basis for lots of very
successful treatments
A01
People who engage in potentially self-
destructive activities such as addictive
behaviours have impaired control over their
own actions.
They often want to stop or reduce their
addiction but seem unable to do so.
One reason for this is that addicts have
faulty ways of thinking when they are
weighing up the consequences of an action
demonstrating a preference for immediate
reward over future benefits
– Cognitive Myopia
14. Gambling initiation
- Rational Choice
Initially –
It would be
fun/exciting/interesting
to gamble
Eventually…
I must put a bet on today,
I must log onto the online
bingo
Gambling seems like a rational choice at the beginning – it‟s exciting/daring
to engage in gambling, however soon the individuals thinking changes
Eventually the behaviour changes from being exciting to being an absolute
necessity…
It would be awful to forget to get a lottery ticket, I‟ve got to put a bet on
today
A01
15. Gambling initiation
- Rational Choice
Koski-Jannes (1992) found that addictions can
initially form from short-sighted means of dealing
with stressful situations, giving initially positive but
later negative consequences, leading to a self-
perpetuating cycle of addiction regulated by self-
serving thoughts.
This demonstrates that addicts are likely to seek
only the short-term consequences of a behaviour
and so it is easy to make a rational choice to engage
in the behaviour – link to gambling…
A02
16. Gambling initiation
- Rational Choice
According to the Rational Choice theory
should addicts be able to make the decision
to stop the gambling behaviour entirely?
YES!
A02
If any activity is measured in
terms of its utility (i.e.,
benefit), then the individual
might reach a point whereby
life is so unpleasant and the
prospect of a better life
without the addictive
behaviour is so strong that
they choose to stop.
For example, if a gambler was
facing bankruptcy, losing
family, friends, facing prison
etc it is likely that eventually
the Rational Choice would be to
stop gambling – in theory this
would continue to be the
rational choice until the
situation changed
17. Gambling initiation
- Rational Choice
How can we apply this theory to create a
therapy?
A02
Floyd et al (2006) demonstrated that
Cognitive Therapy can be effective in
changing the beliefs and gambling behaviour
of students who were asked to play
computerised roulette with imaginary money.
This suggests that the cognitive problems
identified and explained by the theory must
be important factors in developing and
maintaining addictive behaviours.
If cognitive
therapies
help to treat
gambling it
suggests
that the
cause was
cognitive
18. Gambling M&R
- Cognitive Bias
Gambling addiction may also be based on
cognitive bias, i.e., gamblers may have
irrational thoughts or faulty beliefs that
distort the reasoning of their gambling
behaviour i.e., they make irrational
verbalisations to justify continuing to gamble
such as; “I am due a win any day now”
This is known as the gamblers fallacy – i.e.,
the belief that subsequent events will cancel
out previous events to produce a
representative sequence – Holtgraves and
Skeel 1992. As well as the mistaken belief
that the probability of winning will increase
with the length of an on-going run of losses
(Wagenaar, 1988)
This cognitive bias makes it difficult to give
up the gambling behaviour.
A01
Cognitive Bias is a
pattern of judgment
where an individual
makes
inferences/draws
conclusions about a
situation in an illogical
way
19. Gambling M&R
- Cognitive Bias
Griffiths (1994) set out to discover whether regular gamblers
thought and behaved differently to non-regular gamblers.
This shows that gambling addiction is based on
cognitive bias, featuring irrational thoughts that
distort the reasoning of addictive gamblers.
30 regular
gamblers
30 non- regular
gamblers
Regular gamblers believed they were more skilful than they actually were,
and were more likely to make irrational verbalisations during play (e.g.
“putting a quid in bluffs the machine”). They tended to treat the machine
as if it were a person (e.g. referring to the mood of the machine).
Regular gamblers also explained away their losses as „near wins‟ – this
justified their continuation
A02
20. Gambling M&R
- Cognitive Bias A02
Brandon (2004) – loss of
control can be explained as
the cognitive approach views
gambling behaviour to be
influenced by unconscious
expectations
Automatic processing
Ratelle et al (2004) – found via
questionnaire, that gambling addicts had
persistent thoughts about gambling and
had poorer concentration on daily tasks
- Continual focus on gambling will make
changing a bias view extremely difficult
Toneatto (1999) – identified typical
cognitive distortions of gamblers including
maximisation, magnification, superstitious
beliefs, selective memory and illusion of
control – all of which illustrate faulty
thinking
Joukhador et al (2003)
found problem gamblers held
more irrational beliefs (e.g.
illusions of control) than
social gamblers