The document summarizes a numerical analysis of fatigue for a connecting rod in an internal combustion engine. It describes the finite element analysis methodology, including defining the 3D model, loads, meshing, and solving. Stress results are presented for two load cases: maximum compression at 1800 RPM and maximum tension at 2625 RPM. A fatigue life prediction is performed using the stress-life method and Goodman diagram. The lowest fatigue factor of 1.32 was above the acceptable limit of 1.3, indicating no expected fatigue failures under these loads.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Static Aeroelasticity Analysis of Spinning Rocket for Divergence Speed -- Zeu...Abhishek Jain
Above Research Paper can be downloaded from www.zeusnumerix.com
The research paper aims to develop a method to model the spin effects of rocket for Aeroelastic analysis. As the speed of the rocket increases, the structural integrity of the fins becomes more dependent on aeroelastic loads. Methods exist to analyze aeroelasticity of fins for non-spinning missiles. Most software use panel methods for calculation of load distribution. The current research replaces the panel methods to RANS CFD and introduces source terms in equations to model spin. The results of new formulation are validated w.r.t. published data on non-spinning projectile and then the method is used to simulate current projectile. Mode shapes up to 6th mode are delivered as result. Authors - Sanjay Kumar and Prof GR Shevare (Zeus Numerix), Subhash Mukane and PT Rojatkar (ARDE, DRDO)
Study of Steel Moment Resisting Frame with Reduced Beam SectionIJERA Editor
A research became necessary after the collapse of steel structure during the 1994 Northridge and 1995 Kobe
earthquakes. Reduced beam section emerged as one of the best solution. Guidelines about the cut, that is to be
introduced in the flange of the beam section, are obtained from FEMA 350. Here, a G+15 storey steel building is
modeled using RBS as a component in one building and regular beam section as a component of the other in
STAAD PRO V8i. Time history analysis is carried out in this paper. Displacement, storey drift, time period and
base shear of both the buildings are compared as the result. Base shear shows no change but considerable change
in displacement and storey drift is observed
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Static Aeroelasticity Analysis of Spinning Rocket for Divergence Speed -- Zeu...Abhishek Jain
Above Research Paper can be downloaded from www.zeusnumerix.com
The research paper aims to develop a method to model the spin effects of rocket for Aeroelastic analysis. As the speed of the rocket increases, the structural integrity of the fins becomes more dependent on aeroelastic loads. Methods exist to analyze aeroelasticity of fins for non-spinning missiles. Most software use panel methods for calculation of load distribution. The current research replaces the panel methods to RANS CFD and introduces source terms in equations to model spin. The results of new formulation are validated w.r.t. published data on non-spinning projectile and then the method is used to simulate current projectile. Mode shapes up to 6th mode are delivered as result. Authors - Sanjay Kumar and Prof GR Shevare (Zeus Numerix), Subhash Mukane and PT Rojatkar (ARDE, DRDO)
Study of Steel Moment Resisting Frame with Reduced Beam SectionIJERA Editor
A research became necessary after the collapse of steel structure during the 1994 Northridge and 1995 Kobe
earthquakes. Reduced beam section emerged as one of the best solution. Guidelines about the cut, that is to be
introduced in the flange of the beam section, are obtained from FEMA 350. Here, a G+15 storey steel building is
modeled using RBS as a component in one building and regular beam section as a component of the other in
STAAD PRO V8i. Time history analysis is carried out in this paper. Displacement, storey drift, time period and
base shear of both the buildings are compared as the result. Base shear shows no change but considerable change
in displacement and storey drift is observed
Ring or circular rafts can be used for cylindrical structures such as chimneys, silos, storage tanks, TV-towers and other structures. In this case, ring or circular raft is the best suitable foundation to the natural geometry of such structures. The design of circular rafts is quite similar to that of other rafts.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF RESIDENTIAL TOWER BY DYNAMIC ANALYSIS USING RESPONSE S...Ijripublishers Ijri
This Project Named As “Analysis And Design Of Residential Tower (2basemetns+Stilt+31 Upper Floors)By Dynamic Analysis
Using Response Spectrum Method” Involves The Analysis And Design Of Residential Tower 3-D Frames Of Uniform
Floor heights for typical floors using very popular software tool ETABS 9.7.2.
The main thesis of this Project is to achieve the following:
1).To arrive at minimum number of modes required to get modal mass participating ratio more than 90% by dynamic
analysis using Response Spectrum Method.
2). To limit the lateral deflection at the top of the tower less than H/250(Where H = Height of the tower till terrace) for
seismic load.
3). To limit the Inter Storey Deflection(Storey Drift) in any storey due to the minimum specified design lateral force,
with factor of 1.0 less than 0.004 times the storey height.
This document gives the class notes of Unit-8: Torsion of circular shafts and elastic stability of columns. Subject: Mechanics of materials.
Syllabus contest is as per VTU, Belagavi, India.
Notes Compiled By: Hareesha N Gowda, Assistant Professor, DSCE, Bengaluru-78.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Design of short sstt confined circular hsc columnseSAT Journals
Abstract Steel-straps tensioning technique (SSTT) has been proven to be an effective mean to confined High-strength concrete (HSC). The pre-tensioned force offers by this confining method can significantly restraint the small lateral dilation of HSC. However, most of the design guidelines only concerned with FRP-confined columns subjected to concentric compression. The direct application of these design guidelines on the SSTT-confined HSC column is being questioned due to different material and confining method adopted. Hence, a numerical study was carried out in the view of developing a simple design equation for HSC column confined with SSTT. The parameters such as SSTT-confinement ratio, load eccentricities and slenderness ratio were tested. Based on the numerical results, design equations based on regression analysis were proposed to determine the ultimate load and bending moment of SSTT-confined HSC columns. Index Terms:Confinement, Steel Straps, Eccentric loads, and Theoretical Model.
Ring or circular rafts can be used for cylindrical structures such as chimneys, silos, storage tanks, TV-towers and other structures. In this case, ring or circular raft is the best suitable foundation to the natural geometry of such structures. The design of circular rafts is quite similar to that of other rafts.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF RESIDENTIAL TOWER BY DYNAMIC ANALYSIS USING RESPONSE S...Ijripublishers Ijri
This Project Named As “Analysis And Design Of Residential Tower (2basemetns+Stilt+31 Upper Floors)By Dynamic Analysis
Using Response Spectrum Method” Involves The Analysis And Design Of Residential Tower 3-D Frames Of Uniform
Floor heights for typical floors using very popular software tool ETABS 9.7.2.
The main thesis of this Project is to achieve the following:
1).To arrive at minimum number of modes required to get modal mass participating ratio more than 90% by dynamic
analysis using Response Spectrum Method.
2). To limit the lateral deflection at the top of the tower less than H/250(Where H = Height of the tower till terrace) for
seismic load.
3). To limit the Inter Storey Deflection(Storey Drift) in any storey due to the minimum specified design lateral force,
with factor of 1.0 less than 0.004 times the storey height.
This document gives the class notes of Unit-8: Torsion of circular shafts and elastic stability of columns. Subject: Mechanics of materials.
Syllabus contest is as per VTU, Belagavi, India.
Notes Compiled By: Hareesha N Gowda, Assistant Professor, DSCE, Bengaluru-78.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Design of short sstt confined circular hsc columnseSAT Journals
Abstract Steel-straps tensioning technique (SSTT) has been proven to be an effective mean to confined High-strength concrete (HSC). The pre-tensioned force offers by this confining method can significantly restraint the small lateral dilation of HSC. However, most of the design guidelines only concerned with FRP-confined columns subjected to concentric compression. The direct application of these design guidelines on the SSTT-confined HSC column is being questioned due to different material and confining method adopted. Hence, a numerical study was carried out in the view of developing a simple design equation for HSC column confined with SSTT. The parameters such as SSTT-confinement ratio, load eccentricities and slenderness ratio were tested. Based on the numerical results, design equations based on regression analysis were proposed to determine the ultimate load and bending moment of SSTT-confined HSC columns. Index Terms:Confinement, Steel Straps, Eccentric loads, and Theoretical Model.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Apresentação realizada em defesa pública da dissertação "Os fatores de influência no processo decisório do estudante na escolha do ensino superior privado".
Design and Analysis of Crankshaft for Internal Combustion Engineijtsrd
In this project design and analysis of the crankshaft for the combustion engine. These components have a large volume component with complex geometry and need huge investment. These will be converts reciprocating or linear motion of the piston into a rotary motion. In this project the product is modeled in a 3D model with all available constraint by using advanced cad software CATIA V5. this model will be converted to initial graphics exchange specification IGES format and imported to ANSYS workbench to perform static analysis. Finite element analysis FEA is performed to obtain the various stress and critical location of crankshaft under loads by using ANSYS software. This project helps to many researchers to select best material to production of crankshaft. Md. Hameed | Chova Deekshith | Gorge Bhanu Prasad | Chalamala Teja ""Design and Analysis of Crankshaft for Internal Combustion Engine"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23531.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23531/design-and-analysis-of-crankshaft-for-internal-combustion-engine/md-hameed
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
EFFECTS OF TRANSIENT LOAD ONGASTURBINE BLADE STRESS AND FATIGUE LIFE CHARACTE...Barhm Mohamad
The turbine blade is the most important component in the jet engine gas turbine. The common fatigue
failures of the blade include the thermo-mechanical fatigue. Firstly, the finite element simulation of
the blade is carried out in the working condition including the centrifugal load and mechanical load.
The aim of this work was to develop and implement methods for the resource calculation of the jet
turbine blade in which fatigue zone were detected during the load. The approach is based on a directstep
simulation of the load point based on the finite-element method (FEM).According to the
simulation results of the thermos-mechanical load, the stress distribution of the blade body is
reasonable in the working condition load; the stress level on the blade suction surface is higher than
the pressure surface; in the blade body, the maximum Von Mises stress is 126 MPa, and the location
of the minimum fatigue life is close to the blade shroud. Above simulation results is very useful for
the structural design and fatigue experiment. Secondly, the stress and thermo-mechanical fatigue life
characteristic are both analyzed with ANSYS software. Through the transient structure stress analysis,
the stress-time history in the blade body is obtained; through the thermo-mechanical fatigue analysis,
the fatigue zone of the blade first appears in the middle of the blade exhaust side. Based on these
virtual results. These results are significant for the blade fatigue failure in the future.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Determination of Buckling Loads of Wave Spring Using ANSYSIJRES Journal
Special performance characteristics are individually built into each spring to satisfy a variety of precise operating conditions. Typically, a wave spring will occupy an externally small area for the amount of work it performs. The present work deals with the structural analysis of wave and coil spring by modeling the structural behavior of these springs using three dimensional finite elements (FE) software. The design of spring in suspension system is very important. In this work a wave type of spring is designed and a 3D model is created using CREO software. The model is also varied by changing the length of the spring. Structural analysis has been conducted on the wave spring by varying thickness and number of turns. For the analysis, loads are bike weight with single and two persons. The buckling load is then estimated for both Wave spring and coil spring with the same parameters.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
A computational approach for evaluating helical compression springseSAT Journals
Abstract Helical compression springs are generally synthesized and evaluated by determining the maximum torsional stress, fatigue life, natural frequency, and/or load loss due to stress relaxation. To this end, researchers have developed finite element analysis (FEA) modeling methods to simulate the design performance of helical compression springs. The intent of this paper was to make a useful contribution to the published works for evaluating round wire helical compression springs. Specifically, commercially available FEA software was used to construct a structural model of a helical compression spring to simulate its full range of compression. The proposed FEA modeling methodology considers coil-to-coil contact and the end coils were modeled as rigid surfaces. With 9 mm of compression, the predicted spring rate correlated with the analytically calculated value to within 5%. Keywords: Helical compression spring, machine component design, spring FEA
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
1. S B Chikalthankar, V M Nandedkar, Surendra Prasad Baratam / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 6, November- December 2012, pp.628-632
Fatigue Numerical Analysis for Connecting Rod
S B Chikalthankar*, V M Nandedkar**, Surendra Prasad Baratam*
*(Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government College of Engineering, and Aurangabad)
** (SGGS Institute of Engineering and Technology, Nanded, India)
ABSTRACT
The connecting rod is a structural
component cyclic loaded during the Internal
Combustion Engines (ICE) operation, it means
that fatigue phenomena should be taken into
account during the development, in order to
guarantee the connecting rod required lifetime.
Numerical tools have been extremely used
during the connecting rod development phase,
therefore, the complete understand of the
mechanisms involved as well as the reliability of
the numerical methodology are extremely
important to take technological advantages,
such as, to reduce project lead time and
prototypes cost reduction. The present work
shows the complete connecting rod Finite
Element Analysis (FEA) methodology. It was
also performed a fatigue study based on Stress
Life (SxN) theory, considering the Modified
Goodman diagram.
Keywords – Crank System Kinematics, Fatigue
analysis, FEA Figure 1 – Connecting rod development phases
I. INTRODUCTION III. CRANK SYSTEM KINEMATICS
During the ICE operation, the connecting The connecting rod function is to link the
rod is cyclic loaded due to the engine physics piston and the crankshaft, transforming the
behavior. Basically, the tensile and compressive reciprocating movement of the piston in a rotative
forces are applied on the connecting rod during the movement of the crankshaft. The complete
engine cycle. The tensile force is applied during the knowledge of the ICE loads is important to design
exhaust stroke, while the compression occurs at the structural components such as connecting rods,
power stroke. Depending on these loads bearings and crankshafts.
magnitudes and its combination, localized cracks
can be nucleated. Adding the fact of the high cycles
presented on the ICE, premature and catastrophic
failures can occur. The intention is to present the
connecting rod FEA methodology as well as the
fatigue treatment based on SxN assumption.
II. FINITE ELEMNT METHODOLY
The FEA is divided in three different
steps:
- Pre processor: Includes the 3D model preparation,
loads and boundary condition definition, to select
the appropriated element type and shape function
and Finite Element (FE) mesh generation.
- Solver: Definition of the numerical method to
solve the linear system of equations, convergence
criteria, error estimation and strain stress
calculation.
- Post Processor: Engineers analysis and judgment Figure 2 – Scheme of conrod – crankshaft
phase based on stabilished design criteria. mechanisms
628 | P a g e
2. S B Chikalthankar, V M Nandedkar, Surendra Prasad Baratam / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 6, November- December 2012, pp.628-632
Where: neglected, and thus the final equation that
L = Connecting rod length represents the piston displacement is:
r = Crank radius
θ = Crank angle
(5)
β = Connecting rod angle
x = Piston instantaneous position The instantaneous velocity can be directly obtained
TDC = Top dead center by differentiating the equation 5
The piston instantaneous position can be
calculated according to the scheme presented in
Figure 2.
Thus, we have:
(1)
(6)
Rewriting the expression:
(2) The piston acceleration can be determined by:
The equation 2 has two degrees of
freedom, but it is possible to obtain the angle β in Therefore:
terms of angle θ. (7)
Therefore: IV. DYNAMIC LOADS
The connecting rod dynamic load
calculation is determined based on the cylinder gas
Denominating λ as the relation between pressure versus crank angle curve (Figure 3), and
the crank radius ® and the connecting rod length the inertia forces generated due to the reciprocating
(L) we have: masses and the engine speed (Figure 4). The
combination of the gas force, generated due to the
cylinder gas pressure, and the inertia force, provide
Through the first trigonometry law we have: the resultant force applied on the connecting rod
(Figure 5).The conventional connecting rod
structural analysis has been performed considering
(3)
Therefore: the over load and over speed operational
conditions.
Historically, these regimes are the
(4) responsible for the maximum tensile force and
The equation 4 can be approximated by maximum compressive force respectively.
the relation: However, a combination of cylinder gas pressure
and engine speed for the intermediate operational
conditions may provide critical loads for the
connecting rod. Therefore, the complete engine
operational conditions map evaluation is
recommended in order do not omit important loads.
Therefore:
Naming a=1, we will
have:
Performing the transformations we will have:
The values of λ are usually small,
Figure 3 – Cylinder gas pressure versus crank angle
therefore the series high order terms can be
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3. S B Chikalthankar, V M Nandedkar, Surendra Prasad Baratam / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 6, November- December 2012, pp.628-632
The gas force can be calculated for each crank (10)
angle according to the expression bellow:
V. FINITE ELEMENT MODEL
Where: A FEA was performed in order to obtain
= Gas force at crank angle θ the connecting rod strain and stress results. In order
to simulate the connecting rod structural behavior,
= Cylinder gas pressure at crank the complete connecting rod assembly should be
angle θ taken into account, therefore, the piston pin,
D = Piston diameter bushing, bearings, crank pin and bolts should be
The inertia force is calculated by the following considered in the FE model.
expression: Historically, most connecting rod fatigue
(9) failures occur at the small end region, due to this
fact, the present study will be concentrated in this
Where
region. Therefore, the connecting rod joint surface
= Inertia force will be considered completely bonded without bolts
= Reciprocating masses and the bearings are also omitted in this analysis.
a = piston acceleration The FEA was performed using ANSYS software.
Figure 6 – Connecting rod model for FEA.
Figure 4 – Inertia force versus crank angle.
MODEL INFORMATION:
Element Type Number of elements
SOLID
6388
TETRAHEDRAL
CONTACT 77
Table 1 – FEA model information.
VI. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
As described previously, there are two
critical loads for each engine operating condition,
the tensile force generated due to inertia, and
compressive force due to the gas load. The work
presents the FEA results performed for over load @
1800 rpm and over speed @ 2625 rpm conditions.
Figure 5 – Connecting rod resultant force.
After calculating the gas and inertia
forces, the resultant connecting rod force can be
directly determined by the expression:
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4. S B Chikalthankar, V M Nandedkar, Surendra Prasad Baratam / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 6, November- December 2012, pp.628-632
Figure 7 – Connecting rod load cases.
Figure 9 –Maximum principal stress @ 2625 rpm.
Over Load @1800
Over Speed @2625
rpm The figures 8 and 9 show the stress
distribution for the compressive load @ 1800 rpm
and the tensile load @2625 rpm respectively.
Table 2 - Load cases summary VIII. FATIGUE LIFE PREDICTION
The Stress Life (SxN) theory was
VII. STRESS RESULTS employed to evaluate the connecting rod fatigue
The connecting rod assembly was life. It implicates that the component will have
numerically simulated by FEA in order to evaluate infinite life for a number of cycles over to 107,
the maximum and minimum loads, according to according to.
described previously. The prestress due to press fit
assembly was also considered in all simulated
cases.
Figure 10 – Typical SxN diagram
In order to perform the fatigue study, the
finite element results should be combined to obtain
the alternate and mean stresses for each operating
condition, according to the definition bellow:
Figure 8 – Maximum principal stress @ 1800 rpm.
Figure 11 – Nomenclature for constant amplitude
cyclic loading.
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5. S B Chikalthankar, V M Nandedkar, Surendra Prasad Baratam / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 6, November- December 2012, pp.628-632
Based on the figure above, we can define:
(11)
(12)
Where
= Alternative stress
= Mean stress
= Maximum stress Table 3 – FEA stress results
= Minimum stress Fatigue Factors
0˚ 90˚ 180˚
Over load 4.33 2.24 1.73
The alternate and mean stresses were
Over speed 11.93 1.32 1.46
calculated for each operating condition, combining
the finite element results according to explained
below: Table 4 – Calculated fatigue factors.
According to table 4, the lowest fatigue
factor obtained was 1.32 (90º small end region).
The KMCL fatigue factor acceptable criteria is 1.3.
By analyzing the numerical results and established
acceptable criteria, we can conclude that no
After calculating the alternate and mean connecting rod fatigue failures are expected for
stresses, we can plot the Modified Goodman these loads level.
diagram.
IX. CONCLUSIONS
According to obtained results, the highest
stresses were observed in the small end region and
fatigue factors calculated for most critical nodes at
three different positions at the small end. Lowest
fatigue factor obtained was 1.32 in acceptable
range, So we can verified that the proposed
numerical methodology to evaluate the connecting
rod structural and fatigue lifetime. Therefore the
methodology presented in this work, showed to be
an important tool to be applied during the
connecting rod development phase.
REFERENCES
[1] Brunetti F., Garcia O., 1992, Motores de
Combustão Interna, FEI.
[2] ANSYS 10.0 – Release Documentation,
ANSYS Inc.
[3] Timoshenko S., 1976, Strength of Material
Vol.2, Krieger Pub Co.
Figure 12 – Modified Goodman diagram. [4] Fuchs H.O., 1980, Metal Fatigue in
Where: Engineering, A Willey-Interscience
Su = Ultimate strength Publication.
Sy = Yield strength [5] Shygley J.E., Mischke C.R., Budynas
Se = Endurance limit R.G., 2003, Mechanical Engineering
With the alternate and mean stresses, and Design, McGraw Hill.
using the Modified Goodman diagram for the [6] Lipson C., Sheth N.J., Statistical Design
connecting rod material, it is possible to evaluate and Analysis of Engineering Experiments,
the fatigue factors. Based on FEA results, the McGraw Hill.
highest stresses were observed in the small end
region, therefore, the fatigue factors were
calculated for the most critical nodes in three
different positions at the small end.
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