talk by Folke Gunther explains the Carbon challenge and ways to approach it.

1. Real climate mitigation – facts and fears

6. Emission reductions only – is futile ! It is like cutting the branch – but slowering the rate !

7. Assume a 20% emission reduction in ten years For the entire world! Reduced emissions Gt Carbon 7,68 7,53 7,38 7,23 7,09 6,95 6,81 6,67 6,54 6,41 7,84 8,00 390 ppm 0 10 20 30 40 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2016 2017 2019 Current CO 2 concentration

8. Accumulation Emissions Gigatonnes Carbon But, carbon dioxide accumulate in the air 7,68 7,53 7,38 7,23 7,09 6,95 6,81 6,67 6,54 6,41 7,84 16 24 31 38 46 53 60 67 73 80 86 8,00 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2016 2017 2019

9. Accumulated Atmospheric CO 2 concentration, ppm Emissions Gigatonnes Carbon Thus, even a bold emisson reduction will lead to a disastous increase in concentration 413ppm 7,68 7,53 7,38 7,23 7,09 6,95 6,81 6,67 6,54 6,41 7,84 16 24 31 38 46 53 60 67 73 80 86 8,00 389ppm 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 370 375 380 385 390 395 400 405 410 415 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2016 2017 2019

11. Antarctic ozone  Arctic summer sea-ice  Arctic permafrost ( going on ) Atlantic thermohaline circulation (NADW) El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Indian summer monsoon Sahara/Sahel and West African monsoon Amazon rainforest Boreal forest Antarctic Bottom Water Arctic ozone Tipping points = the Humpty Dumpty effect Tipping points: Non-linear changes – a fast change, followed by a very long recovery time Systems prone to tipping: FG FG FG The tipping level The tipping level

12. The CO 2 accumulates in the atmosphere

13. 280 300 350 400 387 Risk for tipping increase considerably over 350 ppm ppm CO 2

15. FG

17. Gt/yr Assume, a radical emission reduction This will not solve the problems ppm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 90%

19. By that, carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere. The process is called photosynthesis /C(H 2 O)/ n /C(H 2 O)/ n /C(H 2 O)/ n /C(H 2 O)/ n /C(H 2 O)/ n /C(H 2 O)/ n When plants add solar energy to the carbon dioxide molecules, carbon dioxide is converted into biomass Carbon sequestration FG

20. However… /C(H 2 O)/ n /C(H 2 O)/ n /C(H 2 O)/ n /C(H 2 O)/ n /C(H 2 O)/ n /C(H 2 O)/ n After a century, or less, the biomass decomposes and releases the carbon dioxide again It is like putting dirt under the carpet. It will reveal… Carbon sequestration FG

21. Gt/yr A radical emission reduction can solve the problems! At this time, the CO2 level stops rising ! ppm if it is combined with carbon sequestration ! 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 Gt net seque- stration Emission reduction Carbon sequestration Atmospheric carbon

23. If you convert biomass into charcoal /C(H 2 O)/ n /C(H 2 O)/ n /C(H 2 O)/ n /C(H 2 O)/ n FG

24. /C(H 2 O)/ n ..and bury it into the soil.. Carbon sequestration FG

25. Then, you have created a pathway for carbon dioxide into a semi-permanent storage Carbon sequestration FG

26. 32 000 years old char !

28. Anila Biomass Gasifier Stove Designed and built by Professor U.N. Ravikumar (Eng) Mysore University, India Biochar production FG

29. Raw Material Pyrolysis Charcoal 4 kg dry waste biomass 1 kg dry hard wood Wood burns from the top down When the waste biomass reaches 360 deg C it begin to release gases and turn into charcoal The Pyrolysis gases burn hot and last for more than 1 hour At the end of the process , the biomass has changed into about 1 kg charcoal FG FG FG AIR

30. Simple char making at home Fill the bucket with biomass Put the bucket upside down in the barrel A barrel And a bucket Make a fire outside the bucket The char is ready! The pyrolysis gasses takes fire More heat! Biochar production FG

31. The savonius pyrolyser FG FG FG FG FG FG

32. Lambiotte continouos charcoal production Kiln

33. 1000-Hour Demonstration of Hydrogen by Biomass Catalytic Steam Reforming and co-products (Completed May 17 th 2007 ) 2007 Bio-refinery Conversion Project at University of Georgia Danny Day, Eprida

34. Commercial Facilty in Blakely, Georgia Biomass Conversion to Activated Carbon and Electricity Danny Day, Eprida

37. Charcoal works as an adsorption lattice for micro-organsism and nutrient particles Biochar soils FG

38. 1 gramme of well-made charcoal will have an inner area of about 400 sq. meters Biochar soils FG

39. Which means that one bag of barbeque char … will have an inner area of 1 sq. km! Biochar soils FG FG

40. The plants seek contact with microorganisms Richard Haard, February 12, 2007 Charcoal after one year of application Biochar soils FG

41. Charcoal is sought out by soil micro-organism Charcoal addition to the soil provides nutrient and water storage for mycorrhizal fungi Their hyphae invade charcoal pores and support spore reproduction Ogawa Kansai Environmental Fungi on New Char Fungi on 100 Yr Old Char Biochar soils FG

44. Humic acids (there are plenty!) FG

45. Complex of humic acids FG

46. Char structure FG

47. Oxisol (normal rain- forest soil) Terra Preta ( anthrosol : charcoal enriched oxisol, made by human activities) FG FG

49. If you want to emit net carbon dioxide: Situation of today :

50. And you must buy an emission permit You have to pay a tax FG

51. Tax and permit fund $ P ayment P ermission E mission The PPE Model (currently used) The economist solution: Climate problems from approved carbon dioxide! FG

53. Is that enough? FG

54. Probably not The arguments don’t speak to our immediate self-interest FG

55. To really get people’s attention , you have to talk money FG

56. What about a fair carbon tax? FG

59. Thank you!