THIS PRESENTATION IS UPLOADED TO HELP THE EDUCATOR OF MEDICAL, NURSING & ALLIE HEALTH SCIENCES TO TEACH THEIR STUDENTS ABOUT THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. IT WILL ALSO CREATE AWARENESS AMONG THE COMMON PEOPLE REGARDING NERVOUS SYSTEM.
control system in humans, neurons, types of neurons, nerves, human nervous system, CNS, PNS, ANS, Brain, parts of brain, spinal cord, functions of spinal cord, reflex arc, PNS, ANS,
INTRODUCTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF NERVOUS SYSTEM (2).pptxWINCY THIRUMURUGAN
The nervous system derives its name from nerves, which are cylindrical bundles of fibers
(the axons of neurons), that emanate from the brain and spinal cord, and branch repeatedly to innervate every part of the body.
The system of nerves and nerve centers in human, including the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and ganglia.
A nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of axons (the projections of neurons) in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
In the central nervous system, the same structures are known as tracts. A nerve provides a structured pathway that supports the electrochemical
nerve impulses transmitted along each of the axons through synapse.
Nerves are the organs that make up the peripheral nervous system
(PNS).
They serve as information pipelines that allow the brain and spinal cord to communicate with other tissues and organs.
Inside the nerves, groups
called fascicles (fasciculi).
Surrounding and holding together each fascicle is the perineurium.
Inside the fasicles,each neurons and blood vessels are held in place by a loose connectivetissue referrred to as endoneurium
Epineurium, a layer of dense connective tissue, covers and holds together the outer surface of
nerves.
Arteries and veins are located between the fascicles. Branches of these vessels enter the fascicles
and supply the neurons with nutrients and gases.
Renaut body is the pink colour cellular structure that perform supportive and mechanical cushion effect on neurons.
the nervous system is classified int CNS, ANS,PNS & SNS.
THE CNS IS MADE UP OF
THE BRAIN
SPINAL CORD
BRAINSTEM and
RETINA.
BRAIN OVERVIEW:
The average adult human brain weighs about 3 pounds (1300 to 1400 grams). When we consider a newborn baby’s brain, it weighs approximately three-quarters of a pound (350 to 400 grams).
In terms of dimensions, the human brain measures about 5.5 x 6.5 x 3.6 inches (140 x 167 x 93 mm).
It has 86 -100 billion neurons, enables memory, learning, and adaptability.
the brain is considered fully formed by the age of 25.
It develops from back to front, with the prefrontal cortex responsible for decision-making and reasoning.
Interestingly, men tend to have slightly larger brains than women.
cerebrum It is the largest part of the brain and is composed of right and left hemispheres.
The surface of the cerebrum is called the cortex.
The cerebrum is divided into two halves: the right and left hemispheres.
Each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body.
The cortex has a folded appearance. A fold is called a gyrus and the valley between is a sulcus.
The cortex contains neurons cellbodies (grey matter), which are
interconnected to other brain areas by axons (white matter).
Each hemisphere has 4 lobes: frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital.
There are mainly six deep structure in the brain they includes pituitary gland, pineal gland, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia and limbic system including cingulate Gyrus, amygdala, hippocampus and olfactory bulb
THIS PRESENTATION IS UPLOADED TO HELP THE EDUCATOR OF MEDICAL, NURSING & ALLIE HEALTH SCIENCES TO TEACH THEIR STUDENTS ABOUT THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. IT WILL ALSO CREATE AWARENESS AMONG THE COMMON PEOPLE REGARDING NERVOUS SYSTEM.
control system in humans, neurons, types of neurons, nerves, human nervous system, CNS, PNS, ANS, Brain, parts of brain, spinal cord, functions of spinal cord, reflex arc, PNS, ANS,
INTRODUCTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF NERVOUS SYSTEM (2).pptxWINCY THIRUMURUGAN
The nervous system derives its name from nerves, which are cylindrical bundles of fibers
(the axons of neurons), that emanate from the brain and spinal cord, and branch repeatedly to innervate every part of the body.
The system of nerves and nerve centers in human, including the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and ganglia.
A nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of axons (the projections of neurons) in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
In the central nervous system, the same structures are known as tracts. A nerve provides a structured pathway that supports the electrochemical
nerve impulses transmitted along each of the axons through synapse.
Nerves are the organs that make up the peripheral nervous system
(PNS).
They serve as information pipelines that allow the brain and spinal cord to communicate with other tissues and organs.
Inside the nerves, groups
called fascicles (fasciculi).
Surrounding and holding together each fascicle is the perineurium.
Inside the fasicles,each neurons and blood vessels are held in place by a loose connectivetissue referrred to as endoneurium
Epineurium, a layer of dense connective tissue, covers and holds together the outer surface of
nerves.
Arteries and veins are located between the fascicles. Branches of these vessels enter the fascicles
and supply the neurons with nutrients and gases.
Renaut body is the pink colour cellular structure that perform supportive and mechanical cushion effect on neurons.
the nervous system is classified int CNS, ANS,PNS & SNS.
THE CNS IS MADE UP OF
THE BRAIN
SPINAL CORD
BRAINSTEM and
RETINA.
BRAIN OVERVIEW:
The average adult human brain weighs about 3 pounds (1300 to 1400 grams). When we consider a newborn baby’s brain, it weighs approximately three-quarters of a pound (350 to 400 grams).
In terms of dimensions, the human brain measures about 5.5 x 6.5 x 3.6 inches (140 x 167 x 93 mm).
It has 86 -100 billion neurons, enables memory, learning, and adaptability.
the brain is considered fully formed by the age of 25.
It develops from back to front, with the prefrontal cortex responsible for decision-making and reasoning.
Interestingly, men tend to have slightly larger brains than women.
cerebrum It is the largest part of the brain and is composed of right and left hemispheres.
The surface of the cerebrum is called the cortex.
The cerebrum is divided into two halves: the right and left hemispheres.
Each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body.
The cortex has a folded appearance. A fold is called a gyrus and the valley between is a sulcus.
The cortex contains neurons cellbodies (grey matter), which are
interconnected to other brain areas by axons (white matter).
Each hemisphere has 4 lobes: frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital.
There are mainly six deep structure in the brain they includes pituitary gland, pineal gland, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia and limbic system including cingulate Gyrus, amygdala, hippocampus and olfactory bulb
at a glance
Introduction
Terminologies used in the nervous system
Division of nervous system
Types of nerves- structure and functions
Brain
Cranial nerves
Spinal cord
Motor and sensory pathways of the spinal cord
Autonomic nervous system
at a glance
Introduction
Terminologies used in the nervous system
Division of nervous system
Types of nerves- structure and functions
Brain
Cranial nerves
Spinal cord
Motor and sensory pathways of the spinal cord
Autonomic nervous system
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
14. The brain is an amazing three-pound organ that
controls all functions of the body, interprets
information from the outside world, and embodies the
essence of the mind and soul.
Intelligence, creativity, emotion, and memory are a few
of the many things governed by the brain.
Protected within the skull, the brain is composed of
the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem.
15. It houses & processes vast information
through out the lifetime of a person.
Technically called the encephalon.
16. Lies in a hard bone
cage called “skull”
Weight-1400 gms
Contains 1000
billion neurons
17.
18.
19. It is about two good fistful of
pinkish grey tissue, wrinkled
like a walnut
27. The brain has hollow fluid-filled cavities called
ventricles . Inside the ventricles is a ribbon-like
structure called the choroid plexus that makes clear
colorless cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
28. CSF flows within and around the brain and spinal cord
to help cushion it from injury. This circulating fluid is
constantly being absorbed and replenished.
32. There are two ventricles deep within the cerebral
hemispheres called the lateral ventricles.
They both connect with the third ventricle through a
separate opening called the foramen of Monro.
The third ventricle connects with the fourth ventricle
through a long narrow tube called the aqueduct of Sylvius.
From the fourth ventricle, CSF flows into the subarachnoid
space where it bathes and cushions the brain. CSF is
recycled (or absorbed) by special structures in the superior
sagittal sinus called arachnoid villi.
33.
34. CEREBRUM
It is the largest part of the part of the brain.
It forms bulk of the brain.
It is egg shaped & filled the whole of the upper part of the
skull.
It is supported on the diencephalon & brain stem
35. CEREBRUM
Cerebrum: is the largest part of the brain and is
composed of right and left hemispheres.
It performs higher functions like interpreting touch,
vision and hearing, as well as speech, reasoning,
emotions, learning, and fine control of movement.
36.
37.
38. PARTS OF THE CEREBRUM
CEREBRAL
CORTEX
WHITE
MATTER
NUCLEI
39. CEREBRAL CORTEX
Grey matter or outer surface of cerebrum is
cerebral cortex.
It is 2-4 mm thick
Cortex contains billions of neurons.
40. CEREBRAL CORTEX
During embryonic development there is a rapid
increase in brain size, grey matter of the cortex
enlarges much faster than the underlying white
matter.
The cortical region rolls & folds upon itself.
The folds are gyri which are separated by slit
like grooves called sulci.
The appearance of sulci & gyri increase the
surface area for the neurons many times,
41.
42.
43.
44. FRONTAL LOBE
Personality, behavior, emotions
Judgment, planning, problem solving
Speech: speaking and writing
Body movement (motor strip)
Intelligence, concentration, self awareness
45. Parietal lobe
Interprets language, words
Sense of touch, pain, temperature (sensory strip)
Interprets signals from vision, hearing, motor, sensory
and memory
Spatial and visual perception
48. WHITE MATTER
Beneath the cortex lies the thick layer of white matter
It consists mainly of axons traveling to and from the
cerebral cortex & their myelinated sheaths.
White matter consists of nerve tracts that connect the
cerebral cortex to other areas of cortex or other parts of
CNS.
52. Association fibres-
Transmit impulses btw same
hemisphere
Commissural
Fibres connect one cerebral
hemisphere to other
Projection
Fibres connect other parts of the
brain & spinal cord.
53. Basal ganglia / Basal nuclei
Deep within each cerebral hemisphere ( with in cerebral
white matter ) is a core of grey matter called basal ganglia.
These are several groups of nuclei in each cerebral
hemisphere.
57. Lentiform nucleus
Together, the putamen & globus pallidus form a lens-
shaped mass,the lentiform nucleus that flanks the internal
capsule laterally.
58.
59. Caudate nucleus
The comma-shaped caudate nucleus arches superiorly
over the diencephalon.
60. Corpus striatum
Collectively, the lentiform & caudate nuclei are called the
corpus striatum because the fibers of the internal capsule
that course past & through them give them a striped
appearance.
65. Sensory areas
Sensory areas receive & interpret sensory impulses.
These areas concerned with conscious awareness of
sensation occur in the parietal,temporal & occipital lobes.
67. Motor areas
Motor output from the cerebral cortex flows mainly from
anterior portion of each hemisphere.
68. Association areas
Cortical areas immediately adjacent to the Primary sensory
& motor areas,called association areas are involved in the
process of recognition
