The capability to operate cloud-native applications can create enormous business growth and value. But enterprise architects should be aware that cloud-native applications are vulnerable to vendor lock-in. We investigated cloud-native application design principles, public cloud service providers, and industrial cloud standards. All results indicate that most cloud service categories seem to foster vendor lock-in situations which might be especially problematic for enterprise architectures. This might sound disillusioning at first. However, we present a reference model for cloud-native applications that relies only on a small subset of well standardized IaaS services. The reference model can be used for codifying cloud technologies. It can guide technology identification, classification, adoption, research and development processes for cloud-native application and for vendor lock-in aware enterprise architecture engineering methodologies.

1. ClouNS
A Cloud-native Application Reference
Model for (Enterprise) Architects
1) Lübeck University of Applied Sciences
2) Hof University of Applied Sciences
Nane Kratzke1 and René Peinl2
1
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Computer Science and Business Information Systems

2. The next 30 minutes are about ...
• What is the meaning of 'cloud-native'?
• Research Methodology
• What are Cloud-native Applications?
• A Cloud-native Application Definition Proposal
• How to Avoid Cloud Vendor Lock-In?
• A Cloud-native Application Reference Model
• Conclusion and Outlook
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Computer Science and Business Information Systems
2

3. We try to answer just one question ...
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Computer Science and Business Information Systems
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What is the meaning
of cloud-native?

4. Research Methodology
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Computer Science and Business Information Systems
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Main focus of this contribution
CNA == Cloud-native Application

5. Systematic Mapping Study Results
on Cloud-native Applications (I)
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Computer Science and Business Information Systems
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Published Papers Extrapolation (for 2016)
Google Trends (2006 – 2016)

6. Systematic Mapping Study Results
on Cloud-native Applications (II)
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Computer Science and Business Information Systems
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7. Systematic Mapping Study Results
on Cloud-native Applications (III)
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Computer Science and Business Information Systems
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CNA Architecture ←→ Patterns
Patterns ←→ CNA Design
CNA Design ←→ Microservices
Microservices ←→ Deployment Units (Containers)
Microservices ←→ Service Composition
Microservices ←→ (Elastic) Automation Platform
(Elastic) Automation Platform ←→ Resilience
(Elastic) Automation Platform ←→ Scalability

8. Microservices
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Computer Science and Business Information Systems
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„The microservice architectural style is an approach to developing a
single application as a suite of small services, each running in its
own process and communicating with lightweight mechnisms, often
an HTTP resource API.“
Martin Fowler

9. Cloud-native Application
What?
Be IDEAL
• Isolated State
• Distributed
• Elastic
• Automated
management
• Loosely coupled
Why?
There is a need for ..
• Speed (delivery)
• Safety (fault tolerance,
design for failure)
• Scalability
• Client diversity
How?
Integrate ...
• (Micro)service oriented
architectures (M)SOA
• Keep in mind: a service
should do one thing
well
• Use API-based
collaboration
• Consider cloud-focused
pattern catalogues
• Use self-service agile
platforms
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Computer Science and Business Information Systems
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C. Fehling, F. Leymann, R. Retter,
W. Schupeck, and P. Arbitter, Cloud
Computing Patterns:
Fundamentals to Design, Build,
and Manage Cloud Applications.
Springer, 2014.
M. Stine, Migrating to Cloud-Native
Application Architectures. O’Reilly,
2015
A. Balalaie, A. Heydarnoori, and P.
Jamshidi, “Migrating to Cloud-
Native Architectures Using
Microservices”, CloudWay 2015,
Taormina, Italy
S. Newman, Building
Microservices. O’Reilly, 2015.

10. Cloud-native Application Definition
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Computer Science and Business Information Systems
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11. How to Avoid Cloud Vendor Lock-In?
Industrial Top Down
Approaches
• CIMI + OVF (Infra)
• OCCI (Infra)
• CDMI (Data)
• OCI (Container)
Open-Source
Bottom Up
Approches
• Deltacloud
• fog.io
• jClouds
• Apache Libcloud
Formalized
Deployment
• Several XML-
based descriptional
approaches
• TOSCA (Orch.)
• SALSA (Elasticity)
• SPEEDL
(Elasticity)
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Computer Science and Business Information Systems
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„Vendor lock-in is defined to make a customer dependent on a vendor for products
and services, unable to use another vendor without substantial switching costs“
(according to: The Linux Information Project, “Vendor Lock-in Definition”, 2006).
According to practitioner experiences, none of these approaches avoid
application adaption efforts coming along when switching a cloud service
provider.

12. Cloud Standardization Approaches
Basic Insight
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Praktische Informatik und betriebliche Informationssysteme
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2 2
2 4 6
7
7
7 7 11 11
1 1
2 4 7
10
14
21 26 42 44
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Relation of considered services
considered by CIMI, OCCI, CDMI, OVF, OCI, TOSCA not considered
Cloud standards improved. However, cloud
standardization coverage decreased (in relation
to available services) over the last 10 years.
Analyzed using over 2300 offical release notes of Amazon Web
Services (AWS). Data for other providers like Google, Azure,
Rackspace, etc. not presented. Basic conclusions for these
providers are the same.
So, cloud native
applications are
vulnerable to vendor lock-
in, especially if they are
provided by SMEs.

13. Overcome Vendor Lock-In using only
existing Container Technologies
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Praktische Informatik und betriebliche Informationssysteme
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Operate application on current provider.
Scale cluster into prospective provider.
Shutdown nodes on current provider.
Cluster reschedules lost container.
Migration finished.Quint, P.-C., & Kratzke, N. (2016). Overcome Vendor Lock-In by
Integrating Already Available Container Technologies - Towards
Transferability in Cloud Computing for SMEs. In Proceedings of CLOUD
COMPUTING 2016 (7th. International Conference on Cloud Computing,
GRIDS and Virtualization).
Avoiding Vendor Lock-In for Small and
Medium Sized Enterprises:
• The aim is to provide methodologies and
tools to define secure, transferable and
elastic services being deployable to any
IaaS cloud infrastructure.
• Migration of these services from one private
or public cloud infrastructure to another
should be possible.
• The solution should be manageable by small
and medium sized enterprises (1-person IT
staffs).

14. Research Surveillance of Practitioners
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Computer Science and Business Information Systems
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Docker Swarm
Swarm Mode (since
Docker 1.12) Clones
Kubernetes-like control
processes but integrates
them in just one
component. Secure by
default (control and data
plane). Hides operation
complexity.
Google
Control processes that
continuously drive current state
of container based applications
towards a defined desired state.
Makes Google‘s experience of
running large scale production
workloads available as open
source.
Mesosphere
Apache Mesos based
datacenter operating system
for fine grained resource
allocation. Frameworks to
operate containers and data
services. Datacenter focused.
Mesos operates successfully
large scale datacenters since
years (Twitter, Netflix, ...)
Practitioners ask for simple solutions (elastic platforms) ...

15. Research Surveillance of Practitioners
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Computer Science and Business Information Systems
15
Practitioners often prefer layer-based reference models ...
Jason Lavigne, ”Don’t let aPaaS you by - What is aPaaS and why
Microsoft is excited about it”, see
https://atjasonunderscorelavigne.wordpress.com/2014/01/27/dont-let-
apaas-you-by/ (last access 4th August 2016)
Johann den Haan, ”Categorizing and Comparing the Cloud Landscape”,
see http://www.theenterprisearchitect.eu/blog/categorize-compare-cloud-
vendors/ (accessed 4th August 2016)
Josef Adersberger, Andreas Zitzelsberger,
Mario-Leander Reimer, ”Der Cloud-Native-
Stack: Mesos, Kubernetes und Spring Cloud”,
see
http://www.qaware.de/fileadmin/user_upload/QA
ware-Cloud-Native-Artikelserie-Java_Magazin-
1.pdf (accessed 4th August 2016)
MEKUNSCloud Landscape Model

16. Some Cloud-native Tools, Frameworks, Infrastructures
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Computer Science and Business Information Systems
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17. We need some guidance ...
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Computer Science and Business Information Systems
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18. The Cloud-native Application
Reference Model
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Computer Science and Business Information Systems
18

19. The Cloud-native Application
Reference Model
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Computer Science and Business Information Systems
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20. The Cloud-native Application
Reference Model
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Computer Science and Business Information Systems
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21. The Cloud-native Application
Reference Model
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Computer Science and Business Information Systems
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22. The Cloud-native Application
Reference Model
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Computer Science and Business Information Systems
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23. This reference model guides our
research
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Computer Science and Business Information Systems
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Developing a description language for cloud-native
applications.
Developing a standardized way of deploying a clustered
container runtime environment for cloud-native applications.
Make use of commodity services of public cloud service
providers only (IaaS).

24. Conclusion
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Computer Science and Business Information Systems
24
For vendor lock-in aware enterprise
architectures we advocate to operate
cloud-native applications on portable
elastic platforms.
However, it is work in progress ...
E.g. Layer 5 services could be categorized
more precisely to provide more guidance.
• service taxonomy systems
• standardized data transferability
requirements
• upward and downward standardization
requirements
The reference model guides our
• technology identification,
• classification,
• adoption,
• research and development processes.
The reference model contributes to
make
• technologies,
• research approaches and
• standardization
for/of cloud-native application
development
• more comparable,
• more codifyable
• more integrated.

25. Acknowledgement
• Airplane: Pixabay (CC0 Public Domain, Gellinger)
• Definition: Pixabay (CC0 Public Domain, PDPics)
• Order Chaos: Pixabay (CC0 Public Domain, geralt)
• Railway: Pixabay (CC0 Public Domain, Fotoworkshop4You)
• Microservices: Robert Morschel, http://www.soa-probe.com/2015/03/microservices-
summary.html
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Computer Science and Business Information Systems
25
We would like to thank Dr. Adersberger from QAWARE GmbH. He inspired us with his thoughts about his
MEKUNS approach (Mesos, Kubernetes, Cloud-native Stack). This research is funded by German Federal
Ministry of Education and Research (Project Cloud TRANSIT, 03FH021PX4; Project SCHub,
3FH025PX4).The authors thank Lübeck University (Institute of Telematics) and fat IT solution GmbH (Kiel)
for their support of Cloud TRANSIT.
Picture Reference

26. About
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Computer Science and Business Information Systems
26
Nane Kratzke
CoSA: http://cosa.fh-luebeck.de/en/contact/people/n-kratzke
Blog: http://www.nkode.io
Twitter: @NaneKratzke
GooglePlus: +NaneKratzke
LinkedIn: https://de.linkedin.com/in/nanekratzke
GitHub: https://github.com/nkratzke
ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nane_Kratzke
SlideShare: http://de.slideshare.net/i21aneka

27. About
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Computer Science and Business Information Systems
27
René Peinl
iisys: https://www.iisys.de/profile/rene-peinl.html
ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rene_Peinl

28. Backup Slides
Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nane Kratzke
Computer Science and Business Information Systems
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