The seminar report on cloud computing discusses its definition, history, architecture, and types of services, including SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS, emphasizing its paradigm shift towards internet-based resources. Cloud computing reduces costs and infrastructure risks while enhancing scalability and innovation, as it allows users to access computing power without the need for physical servers. The report highlights the trend towards cloud services, reflecting the increasing importance and impact of cloud computing on both individual users and organizations.

1. Sanjivani K.B.P.Polytechnic, Kopargoan.
Seminar Report
On
Cloud Computing
Submitted by
Guided By
Mr. S. A. Patil
For the subject
Professional Practice II
In The Academic Year
2016-17
Name Roll No.
Miss. Rathi Sejal G. 56
Miss. Tamboli Tamanna K. 65
Miss.Pande Rutuja A. 49

2. CONTENTS
 Introduction
 History
 Architectural Considerations
 Cloud Platform
 Cloud Storage
 Cloud Services
 Types of Services
 Software as a Service(SaaS)
 Platform as a Service(PaaS)
 Infrastructure as a Service(IaaS)
 Conclusion
 Reference
INTRODUCTION
Cloud computing is Internet based development and use of computer
technology. In concept, it is a paradigm shift whereby details are
abstracted from the users who no longer need knowledge of, expertise
in, or control over the technology infrastructure "in the cloud" that
supports them. It typically involves the provision of dynamically
scalable and often virtualized resources as a service over the Internet.
The term cloud is used as a metaphor for the Internet, based on how the
Internet is depicted in computer network diagrams and is an abstraction
of the underlying infrastructure it conceals. Typical cloud computing

3. services provide common business applications online that are accessed
from a web browser, while the software and data are stored on the
servers.
These services are broadly divided into three categories: Infrastructure
as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a
Service (SaaS). The name cloud computing was inspired by the cloud
symbol that is often used to represent the Internet in flow charts and
diagrams.
"Cloud Computing" refers to the use of Internet based computer
technology for a variety of services. It is a style of computing in which
dynamically scalable and often virtualized resources are provided as a
service over the Internet on a pay-for-use basis, at a fraction of the cost
of provisioning a traditional Data Center based solution. All the costs
associated with setting up a data center such as procuring a building,
hardware, redundant power supply, cooling systems, upgrading
electrical supply, and maintaining a separate Disaster Recovery site can
be passed on to a third party vendor. Since the customer is charged only
for computer services used, cloud computing costs are a fraction of
traditional technology expenditures.
As a metaphor for the Internet, "the cloud" is a familiar cliché, but when
combined with "computing," the meaning gets bigger and fuzzier. Some
analysts and vendors define cloud computing narrowly as an updated
version of utility computing: basically virtual servers available over the
Internet. Others go very broad, arguing anything we consume outside the
firewall is "in the cloud," including conventional outsourcing.

4. Cloud computing comes into focus only when we think about what IT
always needs: a way to increase capacity or add capabilities on the fly
without investing in new infrastructure, training new personnel, or
licensing new software. Cloud computing encompasses any
subscription-based or pay-per-use service that, in real time over the
Internet, extends IT's existing capabilities.
History
The Cloud is a term that borrows from telephony. Up to the 1990s, data
circuits (including those that carried Internet traffic) were hard-wired
between destinations. Then, long-haul telephone companies began
offering Virtual Private Network (VPN) service for data
communications. Telephone companies were able to offer VPN-based
services with the same guaranteed bandwidth as fixed circuits at a lower
cost because they could switch traffic to balance utilization as they saw
fit, thus utilizing their overall network bandwidth more effectively. As a
result of this arrangement, it was impossible to determine in advance
precisely which paths the traffic would be routed over. The term
"telecom cloud" was used to describe this type of networking, and cloud
computing is in concept somewhat similar.
The underlying concept of cloud computing dates back to 1960, when
John McCarthy opined that "computation may someday be organized as
a public utility"; indeed it shares characteristics with service bureaus that
date back to the 1960s. In 1997, the first academic definition was
provided by Ramnath K. Chellappa who called it a computing paradigm
where the boundaries of computing will be determined by economic
rationale rather than technical limits. The term cloud had already come
into commercial use in the early 1990s to refer to large Asynchronous
Transfer Mode (ATM) networks. By the turn of the 21st century, the
term "cloud computing" began to appear more widely, although most of
the focus at that time was limited to SaaS.
In 1999, Salesforce.com was established by Marc Benioff, Parker Harris,
and their associates. They applied many technologies developed by
companies such as Google and Yahoo! to business applications. They

5. also provided the concepts of "on demand" or SaaS with their real
business and successful customers. The key for SaaS is that it is
customizable by customers with limited technical support required.
Business users have enthusiastically welcomed the resulting flexibility
and speed.
In the early 2000s, Microsoft extended the concept of SaaS through the
development of web services. IBM detailed these concepts in 2001 in
the Autonomic Computing Manifesto, which described advanced
automation techniques such as self-monitoring, self-healing, self-
configuring, and self-optimizing in the management of complex IT
systems with heterogeneous storage, servers, applications, networks,
security mechanisms, and other system elements that can be virtualized
across an enterprise.
Amazon played a key role in the development of cloud computing by
modernizing their data centers after the dot-com bubble, which, like
most computer networks, were using as little as 10% of their capacity at
any one time just to leave room for occasional spikes. Having found that
the new cloud architecture resulted in significant internal efficiency
improvements whereby, small, fast-moving "two-pizza teams" could add
new features faster and easier, Amazon started providing access to their
systems through Amazon Web Services on a utility computing basis in
2005.
In 2007, Google, IBM, and a number of universities embarked on a large
scale cloud computing research project. By mid-2008, Gartner saw an
opportunity for cloud computing "to shape the relationship among
consumers of IT services, those who use IT services and those who sell
them", and observed that" organizations are switching from company-
owned hardware and software assets to per-use service-based models" so
that the "projected shift to cloud computing ... will result in dramatic
growth in IT products in some areas and in significant reductions in
other areas."
Common used measureable parameters (upon which the application is
charged for):
 CPU Usage.
 External network usage (the amount of data transferred from and to
the server).

6.  Data transactions (the # of transactions and the amount of data
sent/received).
Clouds as a Services Supermarket
 Amazon Web Services
 Google
 Facebook
 Force.com
Architectural Considerations
Cloud architecture, the systems architecture of the software systems
involved in the delivery of cloud computing, comprises hardware and
software designed by a cloud architect who typically works for a cloud
integrator. It typically involves multiple cloud components
communicating with each other over application programming
interfaces, usually web services.
This closely resembles the UNIX philosophy of having multiple
programs each doing one thing well and working together over universal
interfaces. Complexity is controlled and the resulting systems are more
manageable than their monolithic counterparts.
Cloud architecture extends to the client, where web browsers and/or
software applications access cloud applications. Cloud storage
architecture is loosely coupled, where metadata operations are
centralized enabling the data nodes to scale into the hundreds, each
independently delivering data to applications or users.
CloudStorage:

7. It’s a method of managing our data (files, photos, music, video,
whatever, etc…) from one or more web based solutions. Rather than
keeping our data primarily on hard drives that are tethered to our
computers or other devices, we keep it “in the cloud” where it may be
accessible from any number of devices.
Cloud Services:
A Cloud Service is an independent piece of software which can be used
in conjunction with other services to achieve an interoperable machine-
to-machine interaction over the network. Examples include Amazon’s
Simple Queue Service, Google maps, Amazon’s flexible payment
service etc.
Types of Services
Cloud computing can describe services being provided at any of the
traditional layers from hardware to applications. In practice, cloud
service providers tend to offer services that can be grouped into three
categories: software as a service, platform as a service, and
infrastructure as a service.
Software as a service (SaaS)
Software as a service features a complete application offered as a service
on demand. A single instance of the software runs on the cloud and
services multiple end users or client organizations. The most widely
known example of SaaS is salesforce.com, though many other examples
have come to market, including the Google Apps offering of basic
business services including email and word processing. Although
salesforce.com preceded the definition of cloud computing by a few
years, it now operates by leveraging its companion force.com, which can
be defined as a platform as a service.

8. Platform as a service (PaaS):
Platform as a service encapsulates a layer of software and provides it as
a service that can be used to build higher-level services. There are at
least two perspectives on PaaS depending on the perspective of the
producer or consumer of the services:
• Someone producing PaaS might produce a platform by integrating an
OS, middleware, application software, and even a development
environment that is then provided to a customer as a service.
• Someone using PaaS would see an encapsulated service that is
presented to them through an API. The customer interacts with the
platform through the API, and the platform does what is necessary to
manage and scale itself to provide a given level of service. Virtual
appliances can be classified as instances of PaaS. A content switch
appliance, for example, would have all of its component software hidden
from the customer, and only an API or GUI for configuring and
deploying the service provided to them.
PaaS offerings can provide for every phase of software development and
testing, or they can be specialized around a particular area such as
content management. Commercial examples of PaaS include the Google
Apps Engine, which serves applications on Google’s infrastructure.
PaaS services such as these can provide a powerful basis on which to
deploy applications, however they may be constrained by the
capabilities that the cloud provider chooses to deliver.
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS):
Infrastructure as a service delivers basic storage and compute
capabilities as standardized services over the network. Servers, storage
systems, switches, routers, and other systems are pooled and made
available to handle workloads that range from application components to
high-performance computing applications. Commercial examples of
IaaS include Joyent, whose main product is a line of virtualized servers
that provide a highly available on-demand infrastructure.
Cloud Computing Basics:

9. Cloud computing is a paradigm of distributed computing to provide the
customers On-demand, utility based computing services. Cloud users
can provide more reliable, Available and updated services to their clients
in turn. Cloud itself consists Of physical machines in the data centers of
cloud providers. Virtualization is provided On top of these physical
machines. These virtual machines are provided to the Cloud users.
Di_erent cloud provider provides cloud services of di_erent abstraction
level. E.g. Amazon EC2 enables the users to handle very low level
details where Google App-Engine provides a development platform for
the developers to develop their applications. So the cloud services are
divided into many types like Software as a Service, Platform as a
Service or Infrastructure as a Service. These services are available over
the Internet in the whole world where the cloud acts as the single
point of access for serving all customers. Cloud computing architecture
addresses di_culties of large scale data processing.
Types of Cloud
Cloud can be of three types
1. Private Cloud:
This type of cloud is maintained within an organization and
used solely for their internal purpose. So the utility model is not a big
term in this scenario. Many companies are moving towards this setting
and experts consider this is the 1st step for an organization to move into
cloud. Security, bandwidth are not critical issues for private cloud.
2. Public Cloud:
In this type an organization rents cloud services from cloud
provider’s on-demand basis. Services provided to the users using utility
computing model.
3. Hybrid Cloud:
This type of cloud is composed of multiple internal or external
cloud. This is the scenario when an organization moves to public cloud
computing domain from its internal private cloud.

10. Conclusion
In order to benefit the most from cloud computing, developers must be
able to refactor their applications so that they can best use the
architectural and deployment paradigms that cloud computing supports.
The benefits of deploying applications using cloud computing include
reducing run time and response time, minimizing the risk of deploying
physical infrastructure, lowering the cost of entry, and increasing the
pace of innovation.
Reduce run time and response time
For applications that use the cloud essentially for running batch jobs,
cloud computing makes it straightforward to use 1000 servers to
accomplish a task in 1/1000 the time that a single server would require.
The New York Times example cited previously is the perfect example of
what is essentially a batch job whose run time was shortened
considerably using the cloud.
Minimize infrastructure risk
IT organizations can use the cloud to reduce the risk inherent in
purchasing physical servers. When pushing an application out to the
cloud, scalability and the risk of purchasing too much or too little
infrastructure becomes the cloud provider’s issue. In a growing number
of cases, the cloud provider has such a massive amount of infrastructure
that it can absorb the growth and workload spikes of individual
customers, reducing the financial risk they face.
Lower cost of entry
There are a number of attributes of cloud computing that help to reduce
the cost to enter new markets:
• Because infrastructure is rented, not purchased, the cost is controlled,
and the capital investment can be zero. In addition to the lower costs of
purchasing compute cycles and storage “by the sip,” the massive scale of
cloud providers helps to minimize cost, helping to further reduce the
cost of entry.
Increased pace of innovation

11. Cloud computing can help to increase the pace of innovation. The low
cost of entry to new markets helps to level the playing field, allowing
start-up companies to deploy new products quickly and at low cost. This
allows small companies to compete more effectively with traditional
organizations whose deployment process in enterprise datacenters can be
significantly longer.
In short
 Cloud Computing is the fastest growing part of network based
computing.
 It Provides tremendous benefits to customers of all sizes:
› simple users,
› developers,
› enterprises
All types of organizations.
References
1. http://blog.monitis.com/index.php/2009/09/09/3-types-of-cloud-
computing-services/
2. Cloud Computing: Clash of the clouds". The Economist. 2009-10-
15.
3. http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=14637206
4. Distinguishing Cloud Computing from Utility Computing
5. Gartner Says Cloud Computing Will Be As Influential As E-
business
6. Gruman, Galen (2008-04-07)."What cloud computing really
means". InfoWorld.
7. video on YouTube by sagar Jain
8. http://www.infoworld.com/article/08/04/07/15FE-cloud-
computing-reality_1.html