The document provides an overview of clinical anatomy of the upper limb, covering common fractures, nerve injuries, and occlusions of blood vessels. It describes fractures of bones such as the clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, and bones of the hand. Nerve injuries discussed include brachial plexus injuries, radial nerve injuries, and median/ulnar nerve injuries. Specific conditions like carpal tunnel syndrome and Dupuytren's contracture are also summarized.
Clinical Anatomy of The Upper Limb 2017 NEW.pptHarunMohamed7
This document summarizes common fractures and injuries around the clavicle, humerus, radius, and hand bones. It describes the location and mechanisms of fractures of the clavicle, proximal humerus, humeral shaft, distal humerus, and distal radius. It also discusses tendon injuries around the shoulder like rotator cuff tendinitis and supraspinatus tendon rupture. Other topics covered include tennis elbow, golfer's elbow, Volkmann's contracture, Dupuytren's contracture, and infections of the hand like felons.
It is the most commonly fractured bone in the body.
The fracture occurs due to falling on the shoulder or the outstretched hand.
It is most commonly fractured at the junction of the middle and outer thirds (weakest point).
The lateral fragment :
Depressed by the weight of the arm
Pulled medially and forwards by the adductors of arm (especially pectoralis major).
The medial fragment :
Pulled upward by the sternomastoid.
Involvement of supraclavicular nerves can be the cause of persistent pain over the side of the neck.
16-Clinical Anatomy of The Upper Limb - Dr Akalanka Jayasinghe.pdfDilankaMadhushan1
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the upper limb, including bones, joints, muscles, vasculature and common injuries. It describes the key bones of the upper limb - clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna and bones of the hand. Important joints like the shoulder, elbow and wrist are discussed. Common fractures at various bone locations and their clinical implications are summarized. The document also touches on development of the upper limb buds and various congenital limb abnormalities.
The upper limb consists of various joints that enable movement and provide flexibility. These joints can be classified into different types based on their structure and function.
Understanding the anatomy and function of these joints is crucial for assessing and managing conditions related to the upper limb, as well as for rehabilitation and therapeutic interventions. Joint injuries, arthritis, and other disorders may affect the functionality of these joints, and appropriate medical care may be necessary for optimal outcomes.
this ppt is based on clinical anatomy related with upper limb which will help all medical students to understand the upper limb related clinical situations for the diagnostic purposes.
This document provides information on the initial evaluation and management of orthopedic injuries. It defines types of injuries like fractures, dislocations, sprains and strains. It describes signs and symptoms, mechanisms of injury, and principles of splinting and immobilizing various fractures and injuries of the shoulder, upper arm, forearm, thigh, lower leg, ankle and foot. The document emphasizes the importance of assessing circulation, sensation and movement after injury and immobilization.
1. The upper limb is innervated by branches of the brachial plexus formed from spinal nerves C5-T1. Peripheral nerve injuries can cause sensory, motor, and autonomic disturbances depending on the site and extent of the lesion.
2. Common sites of peripheral nerve injuries in the upper limb include the brachial plexus, radial nerve, median nerve, and ulnar nerve. Injuries at different levels cause different patterns of motor and sensory deficits.
3. Specific syndromes include Erb's palsy from C5-C6 brachial plexus injury causing shoulder and arm weakness, and Klumpke's palsy from C8-T
1. This document provides definitions and clinical features of fractures of the long bones and upper limbs. It discusses the different types of fractures that can occur in these areas, including open vs closed fractures.
2. The clinical presentation of acute fractures typically includes pain, swelling, loss of function, and possible deformity or crepitus. Malunited fractures may cause limitations in range of motion or impingement.
3. The causes of fractures depend on the mechanism of injury, such as a direct blow, twist, or angulation, and can result in different fracture patterns visible on x-rays. High velocity injuries commonly cause comminuted fractures.
Clinical Anatomy of The Upper Limb 2017 NEW.pptHarunMohamed7
This document summarizes common fractures and injuries around the clavicle, humerus, radius, and hand bones. It describes the location and mechanisms of fractures of the clavicle, proximal humerus, humeral shaft, distal humerus, and distal radius. It also discusses tendon injuries around the shoulder like rotator cuff tendinitis and supraspinatus tendon rupture. Other topics covered include tennis elbow, golfer's elbow, Volkmann's contracture, Dupuytren's contracture, and infections of the hand like felons.
It is the most commonly fractured bone in the body.
The fracture occurs due to falling on the shoulder or the outstretched hand.
It is most commonly fractured at the junction of the middle and outer thirds (weakest point).
The lateral fragment :
Depressed by the weight of the arm
Pulled medially and forwards by the adductors of arm (especially pectoralis major).
The medial fragment :
Pulled upward by the sternomastoid.
Involvement of supraclavicular nerves can be the cause of persistent pain over the side of the neck.
16-Clinical Anatomy of The Upper Limb - Dr Akalanka Jayasinghe.pdfDilankaMadhushan1
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the upper limb, including bones, joints, muscles, vasculature and common injuries. It describes the key bones of the upper limb - clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna and bones of the hand. Important joints like the shoulder, elbow and wrist are discussed. Common fractures at various bone locations and their clinical implications are summarized. The document also touches on development of the upper limb buds and various congenital limb abnormalities.
The upper limb consists of various joints that enable movement and provide flexibility. These joints can be classified into different types based on their structure and function.
Understanding the anatomy and function of these joints is crucial for assessing and managing conditions related to the upper limb, as well as for rehabilitation and therapeutic interventions. Joint injuries, arthritis, and other disorders may affect the functionality of these joints, and appropriate medical care may be necessary for optimal outcomes.
this ppt is based on clinical anatomy related with upper limb which will help all medical students to understand the upper limb related clinical situations for the diagnostic purposes.
This document provides information on the initial evaluation and management of orthopedic injuries. It defines types of injuries like fractures, dislocations, sprains and strains. It describes signs and symptoms, mechanisms of injury, and principles of splinting and immobilizing various fractures and injuries of the shoulder, upper arm, forearm, thigh, lower leg, ankle and foot. The document emphasizes the importance of assessing circulation, sensation and movement after injury and immobilization.
1. The upper limb is innervated by branches of the brachial plexus formed from spinal nerves C5-T1. Peripheral nerve injuries can cause sensory, motor, and autonomic disturbances depending on the site and extent of the lesion.
2. Common sites of peripheral nerve injuries in the upper limb include the brachial plexus, radial nerve, median nerve, and ulnar nerve. Injuries at different levels cause different patterns of motor and sensory deficits.
3. Specific syndromes include Erb's palsy from C5-C6 brachial plexus injury causing shoulder and arm weakness, and Klumpke's palsy from C8-T
1. This document provides definitions and clinical features of fractures of the long bones and upper limbs. It discusses the different types of fractures that can occur in these areas, including open vs closed fractures.
2. The clinical presentation of acute fractures typically includes pain, swelling, loss of function, and possible deformity or crepitus. Malunited fractures may cause limitations in range of motion or impingement.
3. The causes of fractures depend on the mechanism of injury, such as a direct blow, twist, or angulation, and can result in different fracture patterns visible on x-rays. High velocity injuries commonly cause comminuted fractures.
This document provides an overview of extremity trauma and injuries. It discusses various fractures and dislocations that can occur in the shoulder, arm, elbow, wrist, hand, pelvis and lower extremity. Key points include classifications of injuries like Garden classification of femoral neck fractures, AO classification of intertrochanteric hip fractures, and Ruedi-Allgower classification of pilon tibia fractures. Common injuries described include acromioclavicular joint separations, shoulder dislocations, radial head and elbow fractures, Colles' fractures of the wrist, and tibial plateau fractures. Imaging findings and anatomy are discussed to aid in diagnosis.
Brachial plexus injuries can occur from trauma such as vehicle accidents or falls. The brachial plexus is formed by the ventral rami of spinal nerves C5-T1. Injuries are classified based on the site of injury and grade of nerve damage. Common injuries involve the upper trunks causing weakness of shoulder muscles or lower trunks resulting in hand weakness. Diagnosis involves clinical exam, electrodiagnostics, and imaging. Treatment depends on the severity but may involve surgery for open injuries or nerve grafts for severe damage.
This document discusses various fractures and dislocations that can occur around the elbow joint. It begins with relevant elbow anatomy and then describes several types of fractures in detail, including supracondylar fractures, lateral condyle fractures, radial head fractures, and distal humerus fractures. It also discusses coronoid process fractures, radial head dislocations, Essex-Lopresti injuries (radial head fracture with distal radioulnar joint dislocation), and olecranon fractures. For each type of injury, it provides information on classification systems, mechanisms of injury, clinical features, imaging findings, and treatment approaches.
Assessent and radiology of distal end radius fractureSusanta85
distal end radius is a common fracture in elderly groups and also in young by high velocity trauma its assessment and radiology should know for its management
The upper limb bones include the pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula), humerus of the arm, radius and ulna of the forearm, carpal bones of the wrist, and metacarpals and phalanges of the hand. The clavicle connects the upper limb to the trunk and allows for free movement. The scapula forms the shoulder joint with its glenoid cavity. The humerus is the largest bone and connects to the radius and ulna at the elbow. The forearm bones connect to the carpal bones at the wrist. The metacarpals connect to the phalanges to form the fingers. Each bone has specific features and artic
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and pathophysiology of proximal humerus fractures. It describes the bones that make up the shoulder girdle, including the humerus, scapula, and clavicle. Common fractures are then classified according to the Neer system based on the number of displaced bone fragments. Types include one-part, two-part, three-part, and four-part fractures, as well as fracture-dislocations. Factors like fragment displacement, head viability, and risk of osteonecrosis are discussed for each fracture pattern. The presentation concludes with a call for new classification systems that incorporate more fracture characteristics identified on imaging.
This document summarizes common muscular strains that can occur in the shoulder region, including the deltoid, biceps, medial and lateral rotators. It describes the symptoms of strains in each of these muscles, such as pain during active movement or resisted movement. It also discusses specific injuries like rupture of the long head of the biceps, which presents with a bulbous swelling. Treatment involves surgery to repair torn muscles or reattach avulsed tendons. Bicipital tendinitis is another discussed condition affecting the biceps tendon within the shoulder joint.
Plexopathy is a disorder affecting nerve networks like the brachial or lumbosacral plexus. Symptoms include pain, motor control loss, and sensory deficits. It is usually caused by localized trauma or compression. Brachial plexopathy specifically affects the network of nerves from the cervical spine to the shoulder, arm, and hand. Lumbosacral plexopathy affects the network of nerves from the lumbar spine and sacral spine. Diabetic plexopathy commonly affects the lumbosacral plexus and causes anterior thigh pain and proximal leg muscle weakness.
This document discusses Lisfranc injuries, which involve fractures or dislocations of the tarsometatarsal joint complex of the midfoot. It covers the relevant anatomy, mechanisms of injury including twisting, axial loading and crush injuries. Clinical presentation includes midfoot pain and swelling. Classification systems describe the pattern of injury. Imaging with x-rays, CT and MRI can identify fractures and ligament disruptions. Treatment may involve casting or surgical repair and stabilization to restore normal anatomical alignment. Complications can include arthritis, infection and painful hardware.
The wrist joint is a complex biaxial joint between the carpal bones and the distal end of the radius. It allows for flexion/extension and abduction/adduction motions. Key structures include the articular surfaces of the radius, triangular articular disc, and proximal carpal bones. The joint is surrounded by ligaments including the radial and ulnar collateral ligaments. Common injuries include fractures of the scaphoid bone and Colles' fracture of the radius. Ganglions also sometimes develop as cysts near the joint.
A Lisfranc injury involves fracture or ligament disruption of the tarsometatarsal joint complex of the midfoot. It results from high-energy twisting or axial loading injuries and often requires surgical fixation to achieve proper anatomical reduction. Non-operative treatment may be considered for non-displaced or minimally displaced injuries. Proper diagnosis involves weight-bearing radiographs to assess joint congruity, and sometimes CT or MRI. Surgical management focuses on anatomical reduction and stable fixation of the joints to allow early weight bearing and prevent post-traumatic arthritis.
Seminar clinical anatomy of upper limb joints and musclesQuan Fu Gan
This is not all, there are many more clinical anatomy in terms of condition such as Popeye Deformity with are not included here and Special Test such as Neer's Impingement and Hawkins Kennedy etc... with touches on the upper limb muscles and joints. Also not forgotten Long tendon test and so forth. In general, this is just a simplified slides. Tq
This document provides an overview of MRI techniques for imaging the elbow joint and describes various normal and pathological findings. Key points include:
1. MRI is useful for evaluating bone marrow edema, ligament and tendon injuries, cartilage defects, bursitis, and nerve entrapment around the elbow joint.
2. Common elbow injuries discussed include ulnar collateral ligament tears, lateral epicondylitis, osteochondritis dissecans, and triceps tendon avulsions.
3. Elbow arthropathies such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and loose bodies can also be identified on MRI.
Medial epicondyle apophyseal injuries most commonly occur in baseball pitchers aged 9-14 years old during periods of rapid growth. Over 50% are associated with elbow dislocation. Signs include sudden elbow pain following forceful pitching. Treatment is usually 4-6 weeks of casting, though surgery may be needed for incarcerated fragments or those with ulnar nerve dysfunction. Proper evaluation with imaging can help detect fracture displacement and incarceration.
The document discusses fractures of the talus bone. It provides a brief history of studies on talus injuries from 1919 to 1970. It then describes the anatomy of the talus bone and its limited blood supply. Different classification systems for talus fractures are mentioned. Treatment depends on fracture type but generally involves closed or open reduction and internal fixation to restore alignment and blood flow. Complications like osteonecrosis can occur depending on displacement and are challenging to treat.
Humeral shaft fractures are common and can be associated with radial nerve injury. They are usually treated conservatively with hanging casts or braces, though surgery is sometimes needed for displaced or complex fractures. Key complications include non-union, joint stiffness, and radial nerve palsy. Careful clinical and radiographic examination is important to evaluate fracture pattern and nerve function.
This document provides an overview of distal radius fractures, including:
- The history and key descriptions of these fractures dating back to the 18th century.
- Distal radius fracture demographics, including higher rates in certain age groups and genders.
- Surgical anatomy of the distal radius and surrounding ligaments.
- Biomechanics of the distal radius including measurements like radial inclination and ulnar variance.
- Pathomechanisms of posteriorly and anteriorly displaced distal radius fractures.
- Principles and techniques for implants used in distal radius fracture treatment, including ligamentotaxis, plating approaches, and K-wire fixation.
The document summarizes common upper limb fractures including fractures of the elbow, forearm, and hand. It describes the mechanism, clinical presentation, treatment options, and potential complications for radial head fractures, Monteggia's fracture-dislocation, Galeazzi fracture-dislocation, Colles' fracture, Smith's fracture, scaphoid fracture, boxer's fracture, mallet finger, and avulsion of the flexor tendon. Treatment may involve closed or open reduction with immobilization in a cast or internal fixation depending on the fracture type and degree of displacement. Complications can include joint stiffness, nonunion, malunion, and nerve injuries.
This document discusses various orthopedic injuries seen on radiographs. It begins with a discussion of clavicle fractures, describing the different types based on the location and displacement of bone fragments. It then covers shoulder dislocations, elbow fractures including radial head and olecranon fractures, and forearm injuries such as Monteggia and Galeazzi fractures. Wrist fractures involving bones such as the scaphoid and lunate are also summarized. The document concludes with discussions of hand, finger, hip, femur, knee and lower leg fractures seen on radiographs.
Maxillofacial fractures usually occur as the result of massive facial trauma and can include fractures of the mandible, nasal bones, maxilla, and zygomatic bones. Cervical spine fractures include fractures of C1-C2 as well as burst, compression, and teardrop fractures of the lower cervical vertebrae. Humerus fractures are classified as one, two, three, or four-part fractures. Distal radius fractures include Colles', Smith's, Barton's, and Galeazzi fractures. Hip fractures are classified as femoral neck, intertrochanteric, or subtrochanteric fractures. Common foot fractures are Lisfranc fractures and fractures of the metatarsals
404414_INTESTINAL AND LUMINAL PROTOZOA.pptTofikMohammed3
The document discusses intestinal and luminal protozoa. It begins by defining different types of parasites and their hosts. It then provides a taxonomic classification of protozoa, dividing them into four main phyla: Mastigophora, which move using flagella; Sarcodina, which move using pseudopodia; Apicomplexa, which have no organelle for movement; and Ciliophora, which move using cilia. It focuses on Entamoeba histolytica, describing its lifecycle involving a trophozoite stage and a cyst stage, adaptations like its contractile vacuole, pathogenesis involving digestion of host cells, and diagnosis and treatment.
The document describes the structure and histology of the urinary system. It discusses the anatomy of the kidney, including the renal cortex containing the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and distal convoluted tubule (DCT), as well as the renal medulla containing loop of Henle. It also describes the ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra, noting the transitional epithelium lining these structures. Key cellular features of each component are highlighted, along with their functional significance in the urinary system.
This document provides an overview of extremity trauma and injuries. It discusses various fractures and dislocations that can occur in the shoulder, arm, elbow, wrist, hand, pelvis and lower extremity. Key points include classifications of injuries like Garden classification of femoral neck fractures, AO classification of intertrochanteric hip fractures, and Ruedi-Allgower classification of pilon tibia fractures. Common injuries described include acromioclavicular joint separations, shoulder dislocations, radial head and elbow fractures, Colles' fractures of the wrist, and tibial plateau fractures. Imaging findings and anatomy are discussed to aid in diagnosis.
Brachial plexus injuries can occur from trauma such as vehicle accidents or falls. The brachial plexus is formed by the ventral rami of spinal nerves C5-T1. Injuries are classified based on the site of injury and grade of nerve damage. Common injuries involve the upper trunks causing weakness of shoulder muscles or lower trunks resulting in hand weakness. Diagnosis involves clinical exam, electrodiagnostics, and imaging. Treatment depends on the severity but may involve surgery for open injuries or nerve grafts for severe damage.
This document discusses various fractures and dislocations that can occur around the elbow joint. It begins with relevant elbow anatomy and then describes several types of fractures in detail, including supracondylar fractures, lateral condyle fractures, radial head fractures, and distal humerus fractures. It also discusses coronoid process fractures, radial head dislocations, Essex-Lopresti injuries (radial head fracture with distal radioulnar joint dislocation), and olecranon fractures. For each type of injury, it provides information on classification systems, mechanisms of injury, clinical features, imaging findings, and treatment approaches.
Assessent and radiology of distal end radius fractureSusanta85
distal end radius is a common fracture in elderly groups and also in young by high velocity trauma its assessment and radiology should know for its management
The upper limb bones include the pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula), humerus of the arm, radius and ulna of the forearm, carpal bones of the wrist, and metacarpals and phalanges of the hand. The clavicle connects the upper limb to the trunk and allows for free movement. The scapula forms the shoulder joint with its glenoid cavity. The humerus is the largest bone and connects to the radius and ulna at the elbow. The forearm bones connect to the carpal bones at the wrist. The metacarpals connect to the phalanges to form the fingers. Each bone has specific features and artic
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and pathophysiology of proximal humerus fractures. It describes the bones that make up the shoulder girdle, including the humerus, scapula, and clavicle. Common fractures are then classified according to the Neer system based on the number of displaced bone fragments. Types include one-part, two-part, three-part, and four-part fractures, as well as fracture-dislocations. Factors like fragment displacement, head viability, and risk of osteonecrosis are discussed for each fracture pattern. The presentation concludes with a call for new classification systems that incorporate more fracture characteristics identified on imaging.
This document summarizes common muscular strains that can occur in the shoulder region, including the deltoid, biceps, medial and lateral rotators. It describes the symptoms of strains in each of these muscles, such as pain during active movement or resisted movement. It also discusses specific injuries like rupture of the long head of the biceps, which presents with a bulbous swelling. Treatment involves surgery to repair torn muscles or reattach avulsed tendons. Bicipital tendinitis is another discussed condition affecting the biceps tendon within the shoulder joint.
Plexopathy is a disorder affecting nerve networks like the brachial or lumbosacral plexus. Symptoms include pain, motor control loss, and sensory deficits. It is usually caused by localized trauma or compression. Brachial plexopathy specifically affects the network of nerves from the cervical spine to the shoulder, arm, and hand. Lumbosacral plexopathy affects the network of nerves from the lumbar spine and sacral spine. Diabetic plexopathy commonly affects the lumbosacral plexus and causes anterior thigh pain and proximal leg muscle weakness.
This document discusses Lisfranc injuries, which involve fractures or dislocations of the tarsometatarsal joint complex of the midfoot. It covers the relevant anatomy, mechanisms of injury including twisting, axial loading and crush injuries. Clinical presentation includes midfoot pain and swelling. Classification systems describe the pattern of injury. Imaging with x-rays, CT and MRI can identify fractures and ligament disruptions. Treatment may involve casting or surgical repair and stabilization to restore normal anatomical alignment. Complications can include arthritis, infection and painful hardware.
The wrist joint is a complex biaxial joint between the carpal bones and the distal end of the radius. It allows for flexion/extension and abduction/adduction motions. Key structures include the articular surfaces of the radius, triangular articular disc, and proximal carpal bones. The joint is surrounded by ligaments including the radial and ulnar collateral ligaments. Common injuries include fractures of the scaphoid bone and Colles' fracture of the radius. Ganglions also sometimes develop as cysts near the joint.
A Lisfranc injury involves fracture or ligament disruption of the tarsometatarsal joint complex of the midfoot. It results from high-energy twisting or axial loading injuries and often requires surgical fixation to achieve proper anatomical reduction. Non-operative treatment may be considered for non-displaced or minimally displaced injuries. Proper diagnosis involves weight-bearing radiographs to assess joint congruity, and sometimes CT or MRI. Surgical management focuses on anatomical reduction and stable fixation of the joints to allow early weight bearing and prevent post-traumatic arthritis.
Seminar clinical anatomy of upper limb joints and musclesQuan Fu Gan
This is not all, there are many more clinical anatomy in terms of condition such as Popeye Deformity with are not included here and Special Test such as Neer's Impingement and Hawkins Kennedy etc... with touches on the upper limb muscles and joints. Also not forgotten Long tendon test and so forth. In general, this is just a simplified slides. Tq
This document provides an overview of MRI techniques for imaging the elbow joint and describes various normal and pathological findings. Key points include:
1. MRI is useful for evaluating bone marrow edema, ligament and tendon injuries, cartilage defects, bursitis, and nerve entrapment around the elbow joint.
2. Common elbow injuries discussed include ulnar collateral ligament tears, lateral epicondylitis, osteochondritis dissecans, and triceps tendon avulsions.
3. Elbow arthropathies such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and loose bodies can also be identified on MRI.
Medial epicondyle apophyseal injuries most commonly occur in baseball pitchers aged 9-14 years old during periods of rapid growth. Over 50% are associated with elbow dislocation. Signs include sudden elbow pain following forceful pitching. Treatment is usually 4-6 weeks of casting, though surgery may be needed for incarcerated fragments or those with ulnar nerve dysfunction. Proper evaluation with imaging can help detect fracture displacement and incarceration.
The document discusses fractures of the talus bone. It provides a brief history of studies on talus injuries from 1919 to 1970. It then describes the anatomy of the talus bone and its limited blood supply. Different classification systems for talus fractures are mentioned. Treatment depends on fracture type but generally involves closed or open reduction and internal fixation to restore alignment and blood flow. Complications like osteonecrosis can occur depending on displacement and are challenging to treat.
Humeral shaft fractures are common and can be associated with radial nerve injury. They are usually treated conservatively with hanging casts or braces, though surgery is sometimes needed for displaced or complex fractures. Key complications include non-union, joint stiffness, and radial nerve palsy. Careful clinical and radiographic examination is important to evaluate fracture pattern and nerve function.
This document provides an overview of distal radius fractures, including:
- The history and key descriptions of these fractures dating back to the 18th century.
- Distal radius fracture demographics, including higher rates in certain age groups and genders.
- Surgical anatomy of the distal radius and surrounding ligaments.
- Biomechanics of the distal radius including measurements like radial inclination and ulnar variance.
- Pathomechanisms of posteriorly and anteriorly displaced distal radius fractures.
- Principles and techniques for implants used in distal radius fracture treatment, including ligamentotaxis, plating approaches, and K-wire fixation.
The document summarizes common upper limb fractures including fractures of the elbow, forearm, and hand. It describes the mechanism, clinical presentation, treatment options, and potential complications for radial head fractures, Monteggia's fracture-dislocation, Galeazzi fracture-dislocation, Colles' fracture, Smith's fracture, scaphoid fracture, boxer's fracture, mallet finger, and avulsion of the flexor tendon. Treatment may involve closed or open reduction with immobilization in a cast or internal fixation depending on the fracture type and degree of displacement. Complications can include joint stiffness, nonunion, malunion, and nerve injuries.
This document discusses various orthopedic injuries seen on radiographs. It begins with a discussion of clavicle fractures, describing the different types based on the location and displacement of bone fragments. It then covers shoulder dislocations, elbow fractures including radial head and olecranon fractures, and forearm injuries such as Monteggia and Galeazzi fractures. Wrist fractures involving bones such as the scaphoid and lunate are also summarized. The document concludes with discussions of hand, finger, hip, femur, knee and lower leg fractures seen on radiographs.
Maxillofacial fractures usually occur as the result of massive facial trauma and can include fractures of the mandible, nasal bones, maxilla, and zygomatic bones. Cervical spine fractures include fractures of C1-C2 as well as burst, compression, and teardrop fractures of the lower cervical vertebrae. Humerus fractures are classified as one, two, three, or four-part fractures. Distal radius fractures include Colles', Smith's, Barton's, and Galeazzi fractures. Hip fractures are classified as femoral neck, intertrochanteric, or subtrochanteric fractures. Common foot fractures are Lisfranc fractures and fractures of the metatarsals
404414_INTESTINAL AND LUMINAL PROTOZOA.pptTofikMohammed3
The document discusses intestinal and luminal protozoa. It begins by defining different types of parasites and their hosts. It then provides a taxonomic classification of protozoa, dividing them into four main phyla: Mastigophora, which move using flagella; Sarcodina, which move using pseudopodia; Apicomplexa, which have no organelle for movement; and Ciliophora, which move using cilia. It focuses on Entamoeba histolytica, describing its lifecycle involving a trophozoite stage and a cyst stage, adaptations like its contractile vacuole, pathogenesis involving digestion of host cells, and diagnosis and treatment.
The document describes the structure and histology of the urinary system. It discusses the anatomy of the kidney, including the renal cortex containing the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and distal convoluted tubule (DCT), as well as the renal medulla containing loop of Henle. It also describes the ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra, noting the transitional epithelium lining these structures. Key cellular features of each component are highlighted, along with their functional significance in the urinary system.
The document provides information about the posterior abdominal wall and related structures. It discusses the bones that make up the posterior abdominal wall including the lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, and ilium. It also describes muscles of the posterior abdominal wall such as the psoas major, quadratus lumborum, and transversus abdominis. Additionally, it lists structures that are located in the posterior abdomen including the abdominal aorta and related blood vessels.
Calcium and phosphate homeostasis is regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and vitamin D. PTH stimulates intestinal calcium absorption and bone resorption to increase calcium levels while vitamin D enhances intestinal calcium and phosphate absorption. Drugs used to regulate bone mineral homeostasis include PTH, vitamin D, calcitonin, bisphosphonates, and estrogens. These agents work by affecting bone formation/resorption as well as intestinal calcium absorption and renal calcium handling. Adverse effects include hypercalcemia, gastrointestinal issues, and bone pain.
Urticaria is a common skin disorder caused by localized mast cell degranulation, leading to itchy wheals that typically develop and fade within hours. Acute eczematous dermatitis presents as erythematous papules and plaques that can become crusted or scaled due to conditions like atopic dermatitis. Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by well-demarcated salmon-colored plaques covered in silver scale. Lichen planus features purple, pruritic planar papules in a symmetric distribution. Common benign skin tumors include seborrheic keratoses, actinic keratoses, and melanocytic nevi, while squamous cell
Bacterial Diseases of the Respiratory System.pptxTofikMohammed3
This document discusses several bacterial diseases of the respiratory system, including streptococcal diseases like strep throat caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. It describes the properties, classification, and diseases associated with different streptococcal species. It also covers Corynebacterium diphtheriae which causes diphtheria, as well as pneumococcal pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Other topics include mycoplasmal pneumonia from Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae infections, and whooping cough from the bacterium Bordetella pertussis.
1. The document discusses obstructive lung diseases, which are characterized by increased resistance to airflow due to obstruction in the airways. The two main categories are chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma.
2. COPD commonly results from cigarette smoking and is characterized by irreversible airflow obstruction. The two main disorders that constitute COPD are emphysema and chronic bronchitis, which often overlap.
3. Emphysema involves destruction of alveolar walls leading to enlarged air spaces. Cigarette smoke and an imbalance of proteases cause lung damage and inflammation. On pathology, emphysema shows destruction of alveolar walls without fibrosis.
Shock is a life-threatening medical condition caused by inadequate blood flow throughout the body, which can lead to organ damage and death if not treated rapidly. Shock can result from various causes that impair blood flow such as blood loss, heart problems, infection, or neurological issues. The stages of shock progress from compensated to progressive to irreversible, with signs and symptoms ranging from anxiety and pale skin to organ failure and death.
This document discusses the embryology of the respiratory system. It begins with the development of the laryngotracheal diverticulum from the foregut during the 4th week. This divides into the trachea and esophagus. Lung buds form and divide to form the bronchi. The larynx, trachea, lungs and associated structures continue developing through pseudoglandular, canalicular, terminal sac and alveolar stages. Surfactant production is critical for lung maturation. Common congenital anomalies include tracheoesophageal fistula and lung hypoplasia.
This document provides an introduction to basic first aid. It discusses the history and need for first aid, defines first aid, and outlines the roles and responsibilities of first aid providers. It describes the aims of first aid as preserving life, preventing complications, and promoting healing. It emphasizes the importance of first aid training and lists some key benefits such as helping oneself and others during emergencies. The document provides guidance on general procedures for providing first aid, including assessing safety, securing the scene, and comforting victims. It also outlines characteristics important for first aiders such as being resourceful, tactful, and sympathetic.
This document provides an overview of grammar topics covered in an English language course, including modals and infinitives for giving advice, the present perfect tense, and conditionals. For modals and infinitives, it gives examples of using should, ought to, and had better to express advice. For the present perfect tense, it discusses uses with already, just, yet, for, since, so far, ever, and never. It then covers four types of conditionals - first (probable), second (improbable), third (impossible), and zero - providing examples for each.
The document provides an overview of parasitology and techniques for diagnosing parasitic infections through stool examination. It discusses factors required for reliable diagnosis such as travel history and appropriate specimen collection. It also describes various stool examination techniques including direct wet mounts, concentration methods, and permanent staining. Flotation and sedimentation are outlined as concentration procedures. Considerations for stool collection kits and preservatives are also summarized.
This document summarizes several neuromuscular diseases. It first describes myasthenia gravis as an autoimmune disorder causing weakness that worsens with exertion, often involving extraocular muscles. It is diagnosed through clinical exams, autoantibody identification, and electrophysiology. Dermatomyositis is then covered as a systemic autoimmune disease causing muscle weakness and skin changes, often affecting children. Inflammatory myopathies like polymyositis and inclusion body myositis are discussed alongside toxic and muscular dystrophies like Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Duchenne is severe and early-onset while Becker is milder with later onset; both involve mutations disrupting the dystrophin
The document summarizes the development of the musculoskeletal system from mesenchymal tissues. It describes how:
1. Somites differentiate into sclerotome which forms bones and dermomyotome which forms muscles and dermis.
2. The skull develops from both endochondral and intramembranous ossification, with parts originating from neural crest and paraxial mesoderm.
3. The vertebral column develops through endochondral ossification, forming cartilage models that are later replaced with bone.
4. Ribs develop from costal processes of vertebrae, while the sternum develops from sternal bars.
5. Muscles develop from dermomyotome splitting
This document describes the major arteries, veins and lymphatic drainage of the lower limb. It discusses the gluteal, internal pudendal, obturator, femoral, profunda femoris, popliteal, anterior tibial, posterior tibial arteries and their branches. It also describes the great saphenous vein, small saphenous vein, femoral vein and lymphatic drainage of the lower limb.
The document summarizes the major nerves of the lower limb, including the femoral nerve, obturator nerve, sciatic nerve, tibial nerve, and common fibular nerve. It describes the formation, course, and branches of each nerve as well as the muscles and skin areas they innervate. The tibial and common fibular nerves are terminal branches of the sciatic nerve. In the foot, the tibial nerve bifurcates into the medial and lateral plantar nerves, which supply intrinsic foot muscles and skin.
The document provides the code of medical ethics for doctors in Ethiopia as published by the Ethiopian Medical Association in March 2010. It outlines ethical guidelines for doctors in their relationships with patients, other medical professionals, and the community. The code covers issues like maintaining confidentiality, obtaining informed consent, non-discrimination in treatment, avoiding harm, upholding professional standards, and other duties and obligations of doctors. It aims to give doctors appropriate guidance on acceptable professional behavior.
Medical ethics examines the moral issues that arise in medicine. It has a long history dating back to ancient times when diseases were viewed as supernatural. Over time, medicine became more scientific and data-driven. In Ethiopia, modern medicine was introduced in the 16th century and hospitals were established starting in the early 20th century. There are several frameworks for analyzing medical ethics issues, including utilitarianism which focuses on producing the greatest benefit for the greatest number, deontology which emphasizes moral duties and rules, and virtue ethics which focuses on good character.
Cholinergic drugs stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system by mimicking the effects of acetylcholine. They are used to treat conditions like glaucoma, urinary retention, myasthenia gravis, and dry mouth. Common side effects include increased salivation, sweating, nausea, and diarrhea due to overstimulation of muscarinic receptors. Nurses monitor patients for therapeutic effects like improved bowel and bladder function while also watching for potential adverse effects. Dosing is important to maximize benefits and avoid complications.
The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary body functions and is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The sympathetic division prepares the body for fight or flight while the parasympathetic division controls functions during rest. Autonomic disorders can cause a variety of symptoms like dizziness, sweating issues, digestive problems, and urinary/defecation issues. Diagnosis involves tests like tilt table testing and sweat testing. Fainting occurs when blood flow to the brain is reduced, often due to standing up, and more than 1/3 of people who faint may faint again within 3 years. Upright posture shifts blood to the lower body, so the body has mechanisms to maintain blood pressure and flow to the brain
Research, Monitoring and Evaluation, in Public Healthaghedogodday
This is a presentation on the overview of the role of monitoring and evaluation in public health. It describes the various components and how a robust M&E system can possitively impact the results or effectiveness of a public health intervention.
Health Tech Market Intelligence Prelim Questions -Gokul Rangarajan
The Ultimate Guide to Setting up Market Research in Health Tech part -1
How to effectively start market research in the health tech industry by defining objectives, crafting problem statements, selecting methods, identifying data collection sources, and setting clear timelines. This guide covers all the preliminary steps needed to lay a strong foundation for your research.
This lays foundation of scoping research project what are the
Before embarking on a research project, especially one aimed at scoping and defining parameters like the one described for health tech IT, several crucial considerations should be addressed. Here’s a comprehensive guide covering key aspects to ensure a well-structured and successful research initiative:
1. Define Research Objectives and Scope
Clear Objectives: Define specific goals such as understanding market needs, identifying new opportunities, assessing risks, or refining pricing strategies.
Scope Definition: Clearly outline the boundaries of the research in terms of geographical focus, target demographics (e.g., age, socio-economic status), and industry sectors (e.g., healthcare IT).
3. Review Existing Literature and Resources
Literature Review: Conduct a thorough review of existing research, market reports, and relevant literature to build foundational knowledge.
Gap Analysis: Identify gaps in existing knowledge or areas where further exploration is needed.
4. Select Research Methodology and Tools
Methodological Approach: Choose appropriate research methods such as surveys, interviews, focus groups, or data analytics.
Tools and Resources: Select tools like Google Forms for surveys, analytics platforms (e.g., SimilarWeb, Statista), and expert consultations.
5. Ethical Considerations and Compliance
Ethical Approval: Ensure compliance with ethical guidelines for research involving human subjects.
Data Privacy: Implement measures to protect participant confidentiality and adhere to data protection regulations (e.g., GDPR, HIPAA).
6. Budget and Resource Allocation
Resource Planning: Allocate resources including time, budget, and personnel required for each phase of the research.
Contingency Planning: Anticipate and plan for unforeseen challenges or adjustments to the research plan.
7. Develop Research Instruments
Survey Design: Create well-structured surveys using tools like Google Forms to gather quantitative data.
Interview and Focus Group Guides: Prepare detailed scripts and discussion points for qualitative data collection.
8. Sampling Strategy
Sampling Design: Define the sampling frame, size, and method (e.g., random sampling, stratified sampling) to ensure representation of target demographics.
Participant Recruitment: Plan recruitment strategies to reach and engage the intended participant groups effectively.
9. Data Collection and Analysis Plan
Data Collection: Implement methods for data gathering, ensuring consistency and validity.
Analysis Techniques: Decide on analytical approaches (e.g., statistical
Emotional and Behavioural Problems in Children - Counselling and Family Thera...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
As Mumbai's premier kidney transplant and donation center, L H Hiranandani Hospital Powai is not just a medical facility; it's a beacon of hope where cutting-edge science meets compassionate care, transforming lives and redefining the standards of kidney health in India.
The Ultimate Guide in Setting Up Market Research System in Health-TechGokul Rangarajan
How to effectively start market research in the health tech industry by defining objectives, crafting problem statements, selecting methods, identifying data collection sources, and setting clear timelines. This guide covers all the preliminary steps needed to lay a strong foundation for your research.
"Market Research it too text-booky, I am in the market for a decade, I am living research book" this is what the founder I met on the event claimed, few of my colleagues rolled their eyes. Its true that one cannot over look the real life experience, but one cannot out beat structured gold mine of market research.
Many 0 to 1 startup founders often overlook market research, but this critical step can make or break a venture, especially in health tech.
But Why do they skip it?
Limited resources—time, money, and manpower—are common culprits.
"In fact, a survey by CB Insights found that 42% of startups fail due to no market need, which is like building a spaceship to Mars only to realise you forgot the fuel."
Sudharsan Srinivasan
Operational Partner Pitchworks VC Studio
Overconfidence in their product’s success leads founders to assume it will naturally find its market, especially in health tech where patient needs, entire system issues and regulatory requirements are as complex as trying to perform brain surgery with a butter knife. Additionally, the pressure to launch quickly and the belief in their own intuition further contribute to this oversight. Yet, thorough market research in health tech could be the key to transforming a startup's vision into a life-saving reality, instead of a medical mishap waiting to happen.
Example of Market Research working
Innovaccer, founded by Abhinav Shashank in 2014, focuses on improving healthcare delivery through data-driven insights and interoperability solutions. Before launching their platform, Innovaccer conducted extensive market research to understand the challenges faced by healthcare organizations and the potential for innovation in healthcare IT.
Identifying Pain Points: Innovaccer surveyed healthcare providers to understand their difficulties with data integration, care coordination, and patient engagement. They found widespread frustration with siloed systems and inefficient workflows.
Competitive Analysis: Analyzed competitors offering similar solutions in healthcare analytics and interoperability. Identified gaps in comprehensive data aggregation, real-time analytics, and actionable insights.
Regulatory Compliance: Ensured their platform complied with HIPAA and other healthcare data privacy regulations. This compliance was crucial to gaining trust from healthcare providers wary of data security issues.
Customer Validation: Conducted pilot programs with several healthcare organizations to validate the platform's effectiveness in improving care outcomes and operational efficiency. Gathered feedback to refine features and user interface.
The story of Dr. Ranjit Jagtap's daughters is more than a tale of inherited responsibility; it's a narrative of passion, innovation, and unwavering commitment to a cause greater than oneself. In Poulami and Aditi Jagtap, we see the beautiful continuum of a father's dream and the limitless potential of compassion-driven healthcare.
Test bank clinical nursing skills a concept based approach 4e pearson educati...rightmanforbloodline
Test bank clinical nursing skills a concept based approach 4e pearson education
Test bank clinical nursing skills a concept based approach 4e pearson education
Test bank clinical nursing skills a concept based approach 4e pearson education
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES FOR CHILDREN.pdfSachin Sharma
Here are some key objectives of communication with children:
Build Trust and Security:
Establish a safe and supportive environment where children feel comfortable expressing themselves.
Encourage Expression:
Enable children to articulate their thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
Promote Emotional Understanding:
Help children identify and understand their own emotions and the emotions of others.
Enhance Listening Skills:
Develop children’s ability to listen attentively and respond appropriately.
Foster Positive Relationships:
Strengthen the bond between children and caregivers, peers, and other adults.
Support Learning and Development:
Aid cognitive and language development through engaging and meaningful conversations.
Teach Social Skills:
Encourage polite, respectful, and empathetic interactions with others.
Resolve Conflicts:
Provide tools and guidance for children to handle disagreements constructively.
Encourage Independence:
Support children in making decisions and solving problems on their own.
Provide Reassurance and Comfort:
Offer comfort and understanding during times of distress or uncertainty.
Reinforce Positive Behavior:
Acknowledge and encourage positive actions and behaviors.
Guide and Educate:
Offer clear instructions and explanations to help children understand expectations and learn new concepts.
By focusing on these objectives, communication with children can be both effective and nurturing, supporting their overall growth and well-being.
India Medical Devices Market: Size, Share, and In-Depth Competitive Analysis ...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, “India Medical Devices Market Industry Size, Share, Trends, Competition, Opportunity and Forecast, 2019-2029,” the India Medical Devices Market was valued at USD 15.35 billion in 2023 and is anticipated to witness impressive growth in the forecast period, with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 5.35% through 2029. This growth is driven by various factors, including strategic collaborations and partnerships among leading companies, a growing population, and the increasing demand for advanced healthcare solutions.
Recent Trends
Strategic Collaborations and Partnerships
One of the most significant trends driving the India Medical Devices Market is the increasing number of collaborations and partnerships among leading companies. These alliances aim to merge the expertise of individual companies to strengthen their market position and enhance their product offerings. For instance, partnerships between local manufacturers and international companies bring advanced technologies and manufacturing techniques to the Indian market, fostering innovation and improving product quality.
Browse over XX market data Figures and spread through XX Pages and an in-depth TOC on " India Medical Devices Market.” - https://www.techsciresearch.com/report/india-medical-devices-market/8161.html
This particular slides consist of- what is hypotension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is the summary of hypotension:
Hypotension, or low blood pressure, is when the pressure of blood circulating in the body is lower than normal or expected. It's only a problem if it negatively impacts the body and causes symptoms. Normal blood pressure is usually between 90/60 mmHg and 120/80 mmHg, but pressures below 90/60 are generally considered hypotensive.
Solution manual for managerial accounting 18th edition by ray garrison eric n...rightmanforbloodline
Solution manual for managerial accounting 18th edition by ray garrison eric noreen and peter brewer_compressed
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Mental Health and well-being Presentation. Exploring innovative approaches and strategies for enhancing mental well-being. Discover cutting-edge research, effective strategies, and practical methods for fostering mental well-being.
3. Objectives
At the end of this session you will be able to:
Identify the common fracture of upper limb
Describe common nerve injury to Upper limb
Atrophy of related muscles and function lost
Explain the Occlusions of Blood vessels in UL
Identify the Clinical significance of arterial
anastomosis in UL
4/27/2023 3
4. Introduction
Clinical Anatomy: Practical applications of
anatomical knowledge to diagnosis and treatment of
disease.
Upper limb is a region consists of Shoulder, Axilla,
Arm, Forearm & Hand with their entire
neurovascular, Musculoskeletal components.
4/27/2023 4
5. Introduction cont’d
• All structures of the upper limbs are integrated and
related.
• Disease of one structure may affect the overall
activity of the entire limb.
• Example: Fracture of humerus Nerve injury
Paralysis.
4/27/2023 5
6. Fracture
Fracture is when the continuity of the bone is broken.
It is common; the average person has two during a
life time.
Fracture can be simple/closed or compound/open.
4/27/2023 6
7. Fracture of the Clavicle
Most commonly fractured
bone in the body.
Weakest part medial and
lateral third mostly involved.
Lateral fragment is depressed
by weight of the arm.
Pulled medially and forward
by the adductor muscle of the
upper limb.
4/27/2023 7
8. Fracture of the Clavicle cont’d
Sternocleidomastoid elevates the medial fragments of
the bone.
Supraclavicular nerve involved callus formation due
to close r/n ship with clavicle.
Compression of Brachial plexus and Blood vessels.
4/27/2023 8
9. Fractures of the Scapula
Usually occur in a runover accident victims or
occupants of automobiles involved in crashes.
Associated with fractured ribs.
Mostly require little treatment.
4/27/2023 9
10. Humerus Fracture
1. Humeral Head Fracture
Common in elder people with Osteoporosis.
Fracture produced by fibrocartilaginous glenoid labrum
of the scapula.
Labrum become stucked and unable to move in the
defect shoulder joint difficulty.
4/27/2023 10
11. Humerus Fracture cont’d
2. Greater tuberosity fracture
Direct trauma or displaced by the glenoid labrum in
shoulder joint dislocation.
Dislocation severing tearing of the rotator cuff.
Open reduction of the fracture attaches the rotator
cuff to its place.
4/27/2023 11
12. Humerus Fracture cont’d
3. Lesser tuberosity Fracture
o Can be caused by Posterior dislocation of the shoulder
joint.
o Fragment receive the insertion of subscapularis tendon.
o Axillary nerve may involved.
4/27/2023 12
13. Humerus fracture cont’d
4. Surgical neck fracture
Directly: blow on the lateral aspect of
the shoulder.
Indirectly: falling on stretched hand.
Axillary artery and posterior humeral
circumflex artery damaged
Deltoid atrophy but not teres minor
4/27/2023 13
14. Humerus Fracture cont’d
5. Fracture of the humerus Shaft
o Radial nerve and deep arm artery
are damaged.
o Posterior brachium and
antebrachium muscle are
paralyzed.
o Triceps not fully paralyzed but
become weak.
4/27/2023 14
15. Humerus Fracture cont’d
6. Fracture at distal end of humerus
Supracondylar common in children.
Injury to radial and median nerve common but, ulnar
nerve injury is not common.
Damaged to brachial artery occur at the time of
fracture.
4/27/2023 15
16. Humerus Fracture cont’d
6. Fracture at distal end….
It can be due to Fall on stretched hand and radial
head fracture.
Radial neck in children.
Displacement of the fragment is usually considered.
4/27/2023 16
17. Humerus Fracture cont’d
In general because nerves are in contact with the
humerus, there may be injury when the associated part
of the humerus is fractured.
Surgical neck – axillary nerve
Radial groove – radial nerve
Distal humerus – median nerve
Medial epicondyle – ulnar nerve
4/27/2023 17
18. Fractures of the Radius and Ulna
Fracture of the forearm may be associated with
dislocation of the other bone.
Montenggia’s fracture
Shaft of the ulna fractured.
Anterior dislocation of the radial head with rupture
of anular ligament.
4/27/2023 18
19. Fracture of the radius and ulna cont’d
Galezzi’s fracture
Proximal 3rd radius and distal ulnar dislocation at
distal radio ulnar joint.
4/27/2023 19
20. Fracture of the radius and ulna Cont’d
Colle’s Fracture
Complete fracture distal end of
the radius.
Most common of the forearm.
Results from forced
dorsiflexion of the hand.
Ulnar styloid process avulsed
4/27/2023 20
21. Fracture of the radius and ulna cont’d
Dinner fork deformity
Posterior displacement of the fragment at distal end
of the radius.
Smith’s Fracture
Distal end of the Radius fall on dorsum of hand.
Distal fragment displaced anteriorly or reversed
colle’s fracture.
4/27/2023 21
22. Fracture to bone of the hand
Common in young adult.
Unless treated properly, the fragment will not unite.
Permanent weak and pain of wrist.
Median nerve commonly involved.
4/27/2023 22
23. Fracture to bone of the hand cont’d
Fracture of the Scaphoid
o Most frequently fractured
carpal bone.
o Fall on the palm fracture
occur at narrow part/ waist
of the scaphoid.
o Radial artery and nerve
involved.
4/27/2023 23
24. Fracture to bone of the hand cont’d
Fracture of the hamate
Occurred: non- splint of the fractured bony parts
cause of the grip produced because the attached
muscles.
Ulnar nerve may be injured & results in decreased in
the grip strength of the hand.
The ulnar artery may also be damaged.
4/27/2023 24
25. Fracture to bone of the hand cont’d
Fracture of Lunate
Fall on stretched hand which causes the
hyperextension of the wrist joint.
Median nerve is commonly involved.
4/27/2023 25
26. Fracture to bone of the hand cont’d
Fracture of the metacarpals bone
May occur as a result of direct violence.
Clenched fist striking a hard object.
Boxer’s fracture
Oblique fracture of 4th & 5th metacarpals at neck.
The distal fragment is displaced proximally.
Shortening of the finger posteriorly.
4/27/2023 26
27. Fracture to bone of the hand cont’d
Bennett's Fracture
Base of the thumb metacarpal fractured.
Occurs when the thumb is forcefully abducted.
Causes instability of the carpometacarpal joint of the
thumb.
4/27/2023 27
28. Brachial plexus injuries
• Affect movements/paralysis and cutaneous
sensation/anesthesia of the upper limb.
• Axillary injury, Lateral cervical region wounds,
stretching and disease are the leading causes.
4/27/2023 28
29. Compression of cords of the brachial plexuses
May result from prolonged hyperabduction of the
arm.
Compressed between the coracoid process of the
scapula and the pectoralis minor tendon.
Symptoms are radiating pain, numbness,
paresthesia (tingling), erythema & weakness of the
hand.
4/27/2023 29
30. Injuries to the superior part of brachial
plexuses
o C5 & C6 injuries results
from excessive increase in
angle between the neck &
the shoulder.
o Thrown from horse and
motorcycle.
o Stretching of the neck
during delivery.
4/27/2023 30
31. Erb-Duchenne paralysis or erb’s paralysis
• Superior brachial plexuses
injury(C6 & C7)
• The limb are medially rotated
by the sternocostal part of the
pectoralis major.
• Pronated forearm or action of
the biceps brachi lost.Waiter’s
tip position
4/27/2023 31
32. Muscle affected during erb palsy
Muscle Paralysis Loss of Function Effects
Deltoid Loss of abduction
of shoulder
Arm is adducted
Supraspinatus,
Infraspinatus &
Teres Minor
Loss of lateral
rotation of shoulder
Arm is medially
rotated
Biceps brachii &
Brachialis
Elbow is extended Loss of flexion of
elbow
Biceps brachii &
Supinator
Loss of supination Forearm is pronated
4/27/2023 32
33. Klumpke paralysis
Inferior parts of the
brachial plexuses(C8 &
T1) are injured.
Upper limbs pulled up
superior. E.g. during
delivery & grasping
something over the head.
Less common & muscles
of the hands are involved.
4/27/2023 33
34. Injuries of the brachial plexuses at root
Long thoracic nerve
Serratus anterior
paralysed medial boarder
of the the scapula moves
laterally and posteriorly.
“Winged Scapula.”
4/27/2023 34
35. Dropped Shoulder
Position of the Scapula on the posterior is
maintained by tone and balance of the muscle
attached to it.
Paralysis of Trapezius or Cranial nerve XI.
4/27/2023 35
36. Injury of brachial plexuses at root
Dorsal scapular nerve injury
Paralyzed rhomboids (minor & major) on the side of
affected scapula located further from midline.
4/27/2023 36
37. Injury to axillary nerve in the arm
• Surgical neck of the humerus fractured and deltoid
atrophies.
• Unable to abduct the arm/resistance above 15°.
4/27/2023 37
38. Injury to Radial Nerve in the Arm
• Superior to origin of its branch.
• All the muscle of the posterior compartments
are paralyzed. e.g. triceps, brachioradialis,
extensor. etc.
• Loss of sensation to skin supplied by the
nerve.
4/27/2023 38
39. Radial nerve injury cont’d
At radial groove muscle
of the posterior
compartment of the
forearm are paralyzed.
Unable to extend elbow
and wrist joint “ wrist
drop.”
4/27/2023 39
40. Injury to musculocutaneous nerve
• It is beneath the biceps brachii muscle and
protected so rarely injured.
• Paralysis of coracobrachialis, biceps and
brachialis (weakened) little supplied by radial
nerve.
• Elbow flexion, supination of forearm
weakened, Loss of sensation.
4/27/2023 40
41. Injury to median nerve at elbow
• Compression from the two head of pronator
teres.(Pronator syndrome)
• Except, flexor carpi ulnaris and median half of
the flexor digitorum profundus all flexor
compartment of the forearm are paralyzed.
• Forearm kept in supine position.
• No flexion is occur at interphalangeal joint.
4/27/2023 41
42. Injury of median nerve at elbow cont’d
Pronator syndrome
4/27/2023 42
43. Median nerve deformity
• Hand looks flattened and looks “Ape hand.”
• Opposition movement is impossible.
4/27/2023 43
44. Olecranon bursitis
• is inflammation of the bursa overlying the
olecranon process of the ulna associated
with prolonged pressure at this point.
4/27/2023 44
45. Posterior interosseous nerve entrapment
• Occurs where this branch of the radial nerve
passes through two planes of fibers within the
supinator muscle, often following elbow
trauma or a fibrous band within the supinator.
4/27/2023 45
47. Ulnar nerve injury
• Posterior median epicondyle of the humerus
most common.
At elbow and in forearm
Fracturing of the medial epicondyle
Funny or Crazy bone/ Claw hand
4/27/2023 47
48. Ulnar nerve injury cont’d
Difficulty in making fist
Metacarpophalangeal joint become
hyperextended.
4/27/2023 48
50. Carpal tunnel syndrome
Concave anterior surface of the carpal bone
and closed by the flexor retinaculum.
Compression of the median nerve ‘burning
pain.’
4/27/2023 50
52. De Quervain's disease
• is a chronic inflammatory thickening of the
common tendon sheath of the abductor pollicis
longus and extensor pollicis brevis muscles.
• As they run across the lower end of the radius
near the radial styloid.
4/27/2023 52
54. Dupuytren's contracture
• is an hereditary deformity of the hand
• Due to thickening of the palmar aponeurosis
with resultant fibrosis and eventual contracture
of the fingers.
4/27/2023 54
56. Gamekeeper's thumb
• Is caused by a force directed on the thumb
metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint to produce a
failure of the ulnar collateral ligament resulting
in instability accompanied by pain and weakness
of the pinch grasp.
4/27/2023 56
58. Ulnar canal syndrome
Compression of the ulnar nerve at wrist
between pisiform and hook of hamate.
Hypoesthesia in the medial one and half
fingers.
weakness of the intrinsic muscles of the hand.
4/27/2023 58
59. Absent Palmaris Longus
The palmaris longus muscle may be absent on
one or both sides of the forearm in about 14%
of persons.
Others show variation such as centrally or
distally placed.
The muscle is relatively weak, its absence
produces no disability.
Its not a deformity rather its anatomical
variation.
4/27/2023 59
60. Absence of Pectoral Muscles
Poland syndrome: both the pectoralis major and
minor are absent.
breast hypoplasia
absence of two to four rib segments.
4/27/2023 60
61. Anterior interosseous nerve entrapment
The deep branch of the median nerve, the
anterior interosseous, may be trapped around the
elbow following a fracture.
The result is weakness in the flexor pollicis
longus or flexor profundus muscles of the index
and middle finger, making it impossible to flex
the distal phalanx.
4/27/2023 61
63. Mallet finger
• is avulsion of the extensor attachment of the extensor
digitorum where it inserts into the dorsal terminal
phalanx of the fingers.
• This is often caused by stubbing the finger against a
hard object.
4/27/2023 63
65. Summary for nerve injury
Erb’s palsy upper trunk.
Klumpke’s palsy lower trunk.
Winging of scapula long thoracic nerve.
Ape’ s hand median nerve supracondylar
fracture.
Wrist drop Radial nerve fracture of spiral
groove.
Claw hand ulnar nerve fracture of
medial epicondyle.
4/27/2023 65
66. Occlusion of the axillary artery
Ligation of lacerated subclavian or axillary
artery necessary when stenosis occur.
Collateral circulation is made by anastomosis.
E.g. Suprascapular artery receives blood through
anastomosis of:
supraclavicular,Transversecervical,Intercostal
artery.
4/27/2023 66
67. Volkmann's contracture
• Muscular ischaemia following injury to the
brachial artery typically in a supracondylar
fracture of the humerus.
• Clinically, the finger flexors are usually the
most severely affected, the patient being
unable to extend the fingers when the wrist
is flexed.
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69. Compression of Axillary Artery
Can be palpated inferior part of the lateral
wall of the axilla.
Compression at 3rd part of axillary artery,
humerus may be important to control profuse
bleeding.
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70. Aneurysm of Axillary Artery
Enlargement of the first part of axillary artery.
Compress the trunks of the brachial plexus.
Causing pain and anesthesia.
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71. Injuries of the axillary veins
• Wound in the axilla involves axillary vein due
to large size and exposed position.
• Proximal part of axillary vein is most
dangerous i.e. air enter and causes emboli.
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72. Venipuncture and Blood transfusion
Superficial veins are clinical important for:
Vein puncture
Transfusion
Cardiac catheterization
Median cubital vein is most common site
because easily visible.
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74. Conclusions
Knowledge of the normal anatomy of the upper
limb is crucial to identify the clinical conditions.
Clinical anatomy of the upper limb includes Fracture,
nerve & blood vessels injuries & Muscle paralysis.
Fracture is the most frequently appear as clinical
condition of the upper limb.
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75. References
1) Keize L., Aurther F., and Anne M.,MOORE
clinically oriented anatomy (2014)seventh
edition.
2) Clinical anatomy by regions RICHARD S.
SNELL (2012) ninth edition.
3) FRANK H. NETTER atlas of human anatomy.
4) Keith L & Anne M. Essential clinical anatomy
(2007), 3rd edition.
5) Richard L, Wayne V & Adam W. Grays Anatomy
for students (2007)
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