Relazione al convegno: "Raggiungere gli obiettivi dell'accordo di Parigi: una sfida globale che passa per un impegno locale". United Nations e Ministero dell'Ambiente, La Spezia, 3 ottobre 2018.

1. Fabio Iraldo
Institute of Management - Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies in Pisa, Italy
E-mail: fabio.iraldo@santannapisa.it - Web: www.sum.sssup.it
Climate Change
Mitigation & Adaptation Efforts
In The Italian Industry Sector.
The results of a study in collaboration with the
Ministry of the Environment and Protection of Land and Sea of Italy.

2. The Role of Industry in Climate Action
▶ Being the largest contributors to GHG emissions, industries are expected to play a decisive role in stabilizing the
concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere and in achieving the mitigation objectives set forth by the Paris
Agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
▶ Given the difficulties of coordinating effective and multilateral mitigation, the industry sector will also have a
central role in supporting societal adaptation to physical impacts of climate change. Adaptation is intended to
reduce the current and predicted harmful impacts of climate change, including adjustments to both gradual and
extreme changes.
▶ However, as the public sector has tendend to lead climate change policies worldwide, little is known about how
private sector organizations approach climate change mitigation and adaptation.

3. The Role of Industry in Climate Action
▶ Being the largest contributors to GHG emissions, industries are expected to play a decisive role in stabilizing the
concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere and in achieving the mitigation objectives set forth by the Paris
Agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
▶ Given the difficulties of coordinating effective and multilateral mitigation, the industry sector will also have a
central role in supporting societal adaptation to physical impacts of climate change. Adaptation is intended to
reduce the current and predicted harmful impacts of climate change, including adjustments to both gradual and
extreme changes.
▶ However, as the public sector has tendend to lead climate change policies worldwide, little is known about how
private sector organizations approach climate change mitigation and adaptation.

4. The Role of Industry in Climate Action
▶ Being the largest contributors to GHG emissions, industries are expected to play a decisive role in stabilizing the
concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere and in achieving the mitigation objectives set forth by the Paris
Agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
▶ Given the difficulties of coordinating effective and multilateral mitigation, the industry sector will also have a
central role in supporting societal adaptation to physical impacts of climate change. Adaptation is intended to
reduce the current and predicted harmful impacts of climate change, including adjustments to both gradual and
extreme changes.
▶ However, as the public sector has tendend to lead climate change policies worldwide, little is known about how
private sector organizations approach climate change mitigation and adaptation.

5. The Role of Industry in Climate Action
▶ Being the largest contributors to GHG emissions, industries are expected to play a decisive role in stabilizing the
concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere and in achieving the mitigation objectives set forth by the Paris
Agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
▶ Given the difficulties of coordinating effective and multilateral mitigation, the industry sector will also have a
central role in supporting societal adaptation to physical impacts of climate change. Adaptation is intended to
reduce the current and predicted harmful impacts of climate change, including adjustments to both gradual and
extreme changes.
▶ However, as the public sector has tendend to lead climate change policies worldwide, little is known about how
private sector organizations approach climate change mitigation and adaptation.

6. The Role of Industry in Climate Action
▶ Being the largest contributors to GHG emissions, industries are expected to play a decisive role in stabilizing the
concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere and in achieving the mitigation objectives set forth by the Paris
Agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
▶ Given the difficulties of coordinating effective and multilateral mitigation, the industry sector will also have a
central role in supporting societal adaptation to physical impacts of climate change. Adaptation is intended to
reduce the current and predicted harmful impacts of climate change, including adjustments to both gradual and
extreme changes.
▶ However, as the public sector has tendend to lead climate change policies worldwide, little is known about how
private sector organizations approach climate change mitigation and adaptation.

7. The Role of Industry in Climate Action
▶ Being the largest contributors to GHG emissions, industries are expected to play a decisive role in stabilizing the
concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere and in achieving the mitigation objectives set forth by the Paris
Agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
▶ Given the difficulties of coordinating effective and multilateral mitigation, the industry sector will also have a
central role in supporting societal adaptation to physical impacts of climate change. Adaptation is intended to
reduce the current and predicted harmful impacts of climate change, including adjustments to both gradual and
extreme changes.
▶ However, as the public sector has tendend to lead climate change policies worldwide, little is known about how
private sector organizations approach climate change mitigation and adaptation.

8. The Role of Industry in Climate Action
▶ Being the largest contributors to GHG emissions, industries are expected to play a decisive role in stabilizing the
concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere and in achieving the mitigation objectives set forth by the Paris
Agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
▶ Given the difficulties of coordinating effective and multilateral mitigation, the industry sector will also have a
central role in supporting societal adaptation to physical impacts of climate change. Adaptation is intended to
reduce the current and predicted harmful impacts of climate change, including adjustments to both gradual and
extreme changes.
▶ However, as the public sector has tendend to lead climate change policies worldwide, little is known about how
private sector organizations approach climate change mitigation and adaptation.

9. The Role of Industry in Climate Action
▶ Being the largest contributors to GHG emissions, industries are expected to play a decisive role in stabilizing the
concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere and in achieving the mitigation objectives set forth by the Paris
Agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
▶ Given the difficulties of coordinating effective and multilateral mitigation, the industry sector will also have a
central role in supporting societal adaptation to physical impacts of climate change. Adaptation is intended to
reduce the current and predicted harmful impacts of climate change, including adjustments to both gradual and
extreme changes.
▶ However, as the public sector has tendend to lead climate change policies worldwide, little is known about how
private sector organizations approach climate change mitigation and adaptation.

10. The Role of Industry in Climate Action
▶ Being the largest contributors to GHG emissions, industries are expected to play a decisive role in stabilizing the
concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere and in achieving the mitigation objectives set forth by the Paris
Agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
▶ Given the difficulties of coordinating effective and multilateral mitigation, the industry sector will also have a
central role in supporting societal adaptation to physical impacts of climate change. Adaptation is intended to
reduce the current and predicted harmful impacts of climate change, including adjustments to both gradual and
extreme changes.
▶ However, as the public sector has tendend to lead climate change policies worldwide, little is known about how
private sector organizations approach climate change mitigation and adaptation.

11. The Role of Industry in Climate Action
▶ Being the largest contributors to GHG emissions, industries are expected to play a decisive role in stabilizing the
concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere and in achieving the mitigation objectives set forth by the Paris
Agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
▶ Given the difficulties of coordinating effective and multilateral mitigation, the industry sector will also have a
central role in supporting societal adaptation to physical impacts of climate change. Adaptation is intended to
reduce the current and predicted harmful impacts of climate change, including adjustments to both gradual and
extreme changes.
▶ However, as the public sector has tendend to lead climate change policies worldwide, little is known about how
private sector organizations approach climate change mitigation and adaptation.

12. ▶ 89% are aware of the adverse
consequences of extreme weather
events on production;
▶ 74% agree on the adverse
consequences of global warming on
production activities.
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
The increasing frequency and intensity of extreme
weather events will bring severe implications to the
supply chain.
Global weather conditions and climate will have
consequences on the efficient operativity of our
production activities.
Global warming will transform individuals' habits and
lifestyles.
GHG emissions from industrial production activities
have an impact on global warming.
Environmental emergencies and extreme weather
events may have relevant consequences on
production activities and assets.
Strongly disagree Disagree Uncertain Agree Strongly agree
1.11.1
Question: “Are you aware of the potential consequences of climate change on your organization’s production
activities?”
Awareness of Climate Impacts

13. ▶ 88% are aware of adverse
consequences of industrial production
activities on the environment and
climate;
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
The increasing frequency and intensity of extreme
weather events will bring severe implications to the
supply chain.
Global weather conditions and climate will have
consequences on the efficient operativity of our
production activities.
Global warming will transform individuals' habits and
lifestyles.
GHG emissions from industrial production activities
have an impact on global warming.
Environmental emergencies and extreme weather
events may have relevant consequences on
production activities and assets.
Strongly disagree Disagree Uncertain Agree Strongly agree
1.11.1
Question: “Are you aware of the potential consequences of climate change on your organization’s production
activities?”
Awareness of Climate Impacts

14. ▶ 86% agree on societal impacts of
climate change on individuals’ habits
and lifestyles;
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
The increasing frequency and intensity of extreme
weather events will bring severe implications to the
supply chain.
Global weather conditions and climate will have
consequences on the efficient operativity of our
production activities.
Global warming will transform individuals' habits and
lifestyles.
GHG emissions from industrial production activities
have an impact on global warming.
Environmental emergencies and extreme weather
events may have relevant consequences on
production activities and assets.
Strongly disagree Disagree Uncertain Agree Strongly agree
1.11.1
Question: “Are you aware of the potential consequences of climate change on your organization’s production
activities?”
Awareness of Climate Impacts

15. ▶ 67% are aware of potential impacts on
the supply chain, while 26.5% are
uncertain;
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
The increasing frequency and intensity of extreme
weather events will bring severe implications to the
supply chain.
Global weather conditions and climate will have
consequences on the efficient operativity of our
production activities.
Global warming will transform individuals' habits and
lifestyles.
GHG emissions from industrial production activities
have an impact on global warming.
Environmental emergencies and extreme weather
events may have relevant consequences on
production activities and assets.
Strongly disagree Disagree Uncertain Agree Strongly agree
1.11.1
Question: “Are you aware of the potential consequences of climate change on your organization’s production
activities?”
Awareness of Climate Impacts

16. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Assets integrity (e.g. plants and machineries)
Legal risk (e.g. compensation claims)
Demand shifts or volatility
Reputational loss
Workforce health and safety
Production and procurement discontinuities
Socio-political risk (e.g. workforce migration)
Financial risk (e.g. increasing insurance costs)
Infrastructure integrity (e.g. electricity supply)
Normative risk (e.g. GHG emissions ceiling)
Strongly disagree Disagree Uncertain Agree Strongly agree
1.21.2
Question: “Will your company be exposed to the following climate risks in the next 10 years?”
Climate Risk Exposure

17. ▶ 62% perceive to be exposed to
increasingly stringent normative
requirements on GHG emissions;
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Assets integrity (e.g. plants and machineries)
Legal risk (e.g. compensation claims)
Demand shifts or volatility
Reputational loss
Workforce health and safety
Production and procurement discontinuities
Socio-political risk (e.g. workforce migration)
Financial risk (e.g. increasing insurance costs)
Infrastructure integrity (e.g. electricity supply)
Normative risk (e.g. GHG emissions ceiling)
Strongly disagree Disagree Uncertain Agree Strongly agree
1.21.2
Question: “Will your company be exposed to the following climate risks in the next 10 years?”
Climate Risk Exposure

18. ▶ 50% agree that infrastructures (e.g.
electricity lines, telecommunication
networks, roads etc.) will be at risk;
▶ 23% perceive companies’ assets to
be exposed, while 43% don’t;0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Assets integrity (e.g. plants and machineries)
Legal risk (e.g. compensation claims)
Demand shifts or volatility
Reputational loss
Workforce health and safety
Production and procurement discontinuities
Socio-political risk (e.g. workforce migration)
Financial risk (e.g. increasing insurance costs)
Infrastructure integrity (e.g. electricity supply)
Normative risk (e.g. GHG emissions ceiling)
Strongly disagree Disagree Uncertain Agree Strongly agree
1.21.2
Question: “Will your company be exposed to the following climate risks in the next 10 years?”
Climate Risk Exposure

19. ▶ 45% perceive climate change as a
prospective burden on the bottom
line (e.g. higher insurance
premiums, volatility in commodity
prices etc.)
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Assets integrity (e.g. plants and machineries)
Legal risk (e.g. compensation claims)
Demand shifts or volatility
Reputational loss
Workforce health and safety
Production and procurement discontinuities
Socio-political risk (e.g. workforce migration)
Financial risk (e.g. increasing insurance costs)
Infrastructure integrity (e.g. electricity supply)
Normative risk (e.g. GHG emissions ceiling)
Strongly disagree Disagree Uncertain Agree Strongly agree
Climate Risk Exposure1.21.2
Question: “Will your company be exposed to the following climate risks in the next 10 years?”

20. ▶ 40% expect discontinuities in
production or procurement, while
36% are uncertain;
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Assets integrity (e.g. plants and machineries)
Legal risk (e.g. compensation claims)
Demand shifts or volatility
Reputational loss
Workforce health and safety
Production and procurement discontinuities
Socio-political risk (e.g. workforce migration)
Financial risk (e.g. increasing insurance costs)
Infrastructure integrity (e.g. electricity supply)
Normative risk (e.g. GHG emissions ceiling)
Strongly disagree Disagree Uncertain Agree Strongly agree
1.21.2
Question: “Will your company be exposed to the following climate risks in the next 10 years?”
Climate Risk Exposure

21. Understanding Climate Action and Inaction
▶ Companies may struggle to fully comprehend the challenges ahead;
▶ Climate change may be perceived as a long-term phenomenon surrounded by substantial uncertainty;
▶ Climate investments may decrease short-term profitability in exchange of uncertain benefits in the long-term;
▶ Firms may lack the organizational capacity (leadership, commitment, resources) to act con climate change;
▶ Companies may lack reliable climate change-related information;
▶ Companies may lack incentives and pressures (regulatory, normative, stakeholder-induced)

22. 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Exposure to extreme weather events depends on the
ability to safeguard production activities.
Safeguarding production activities reduce the exposure
to environmental emergencies.
Continuity plans reduce the exposure to environmental
risks.
Climate change can be prevented by restraining
industrial GHG emissions.
The reduction of GHG emissions is a viable solution to
mitigate global warming.
Energy efficiency contributes in limiting global warming.
Strongly disagree Disagree Uncertain Agree Strongly agree
▶ More than 90% consider energy
efficiency and the reduction of
GHG emissions as important
contributions to the limitation of
global warming;
1.31.3
Question 2: “Do you think that mitigation and adaptation measures are effective?”
Perceived Efficacy of Climate Action

23. 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Exposure to extreme weather events depends on the
ability to safeguard production activities.
Safeguarding production activities reduce the exposure
to environmental emergencies.
Continuity plans reduce the exposure to environmental
risks.
Climate change can be prevented by restraining
industrial GHG emissions.
The reduction of GHG emissions is a viable solution to
mitigate global warming.
Energy efficiency contributes in limiting global warming.
Strongly disagree Disagree Uncertain Agree Strongly agree
▶ 70% agree that reducing GHG
emissions can prevent climate
change;
1.31.3
Question 2: “Do you think that mitigation and adaptation measures are effective?”
Perceived Efficacy of Climate Action

24. 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Exposure to extreme weather events depends on the
ability to safeguard production activities.
Safeguarding production activities reduce the exposure
to environmental emergencies.
Continuity plans reduce the exposure to environmental
risks.
Climate change can be prevented by restraining
industrial GHG emissions.
The reduction of GHG emissions is a viable solution to
mitigate global warming.
Energy efficiency contributes in limiting global warming.
Strongly disagree Disagree Uncertain Agree Strongly agree
▶ 57% agree that vulnerability
depends on the ability to
safeguard production activities;
1.31.3
Question 2: “Do you think that mitigation and adaptation measures are effective?”
Perceived Efficacy of Climate Action

25. Index
11 Awareness and Perceptions of Climate Change.
22 Managerial and Organizational Culture.
33 Motivating Factors and Hurdles to Climate Action.
44 Climate Knowledge and Information.
55 Climate Action among Italian Companies.

26. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Successful enterprises care for the environment.
Environmental protection and profitability are
compatible.
Environmental protection is crucial for business
survival.
Environmental protection must be pursued, beyond
profit.
Strongly disagree Disagree Uncertain Agree Strongly agree
2.12.1
Question: “Do you consider environmental protection a value?”
Managerial Values and the Environment

27. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Successful enterprises care for the environment.
Environmental protection and profitability are
compatible.
Environmental protection is crucial for business
survival.
Environmental protection must be pursued, beyond
profit.
Strongly disagree Disagree Uncertain Agree Strongly agree
▶ 91% agree that environmental
protection must be pursued as a
company goal;
2.12.1
Question: “Do you consider environmental protection a value?”
Managerial Values and the Environment

28. 11 Are Italian executives aware of the adverse consequences of climate change?
Aim of the Study
22 Is environmental protection a part of their organizational culture and strategy?
33 What are the hurdles and motivations for climate action in Italy?
44 Are companies well informed about climate change?
55 Do Italian companies act on climate change?

29. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Climate change mitigation initiatives implicate
economic benefits for the company.
Safeguarding the safety and continuity of production
activities is economically affordable.
Investing in environmental emergency prevention and
management is economically convenient.
Reducing GHG emissions implies improving resource
efficiency and, therefore, reducing costs.
Strongly disagree Disagree Uncertain Agree Strongly agree
2.32.3
Question: “Do you consider environmental protection a good investment?”
Economic Viability of Climate Action

30. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Climate change mitigation initiatives implicate
economic benefits for the company.
Safeguarding the safety and continuity of production
activities is economically affordable.
Investing in environmental emergency prevention and
management is economically convenient.
Reducing GHG emissions implies improving resource
efficiency and, therefore, reducing costs.
Strongly disagree Disagree Uncertain Agree Strongly agree
2.32.3
Question: “Do you consider environmental protection a good investment?”
Economic Viability of Climate Action
▶ More than 71% associate resource
efficiency measures with costs
reductions;
▶ 54% associate generic mitigation
measures with economic benefits;

31. Index
11 Awareness and Perceptions of Climate Change.
44 Climate Knowledge and Information.
55 Climate Action among Italian Companies.
22 Managerial and Organizational Culture.
33 Motivating Factors and Hurdles to Climate Action.

32. 3.23.2
Question 1: “Can you dispose of adequate resources for climate change mitigation initiatives?”
Resource Availability and Empowerment
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Financial incentives.
Reliable scientific data.
Employees' know-how.
Technology.
Financial resources.
Not available at all Barely available Moderately available Somewhat available Markedly available

33. 3.23.2
Question 1: “Can you dispose of adequate resources for climate change mitigation initiatives?”
Resource Availability and Empowerment
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Financial incentives.
Reliable scientific data.
Employees' know-how.
Technology.
Financial resources.
Not available at all Barely available Moderately available Somewhat available Markedly available
▶ While internal financial resources
are available according to the 50%
of respondents;
▶ 65% express lack of financial
incentives;

34. 3.33.3
Question 2: “Can you dispose of adequate resources for climate change adaptation initiatives?”
Resource Availability and Empowerment
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Financial incentives.
Reliable scientific data.
Technology.
Employees' know-how.
Financial resources.
Not available at all Barely available Moderately available Somewhat available Markedly available

35. Are Italian executives aware of the adverse consequences of climate change?
Aim of the Study
33 What are the hurdles and motivations for climate action in Italy?
44 Are companies well informed about climate change?
55 Do Italian companies act on climate change?
22 Is environmental protection a part of their organizational culture and strategy?
11

36. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
My competitors have already implemented similar
initiatives.
My clients and relevant collaborators require me to
implement such initiatives.
These practices are recognised for improving companies'
reputation and competitiveness.
These practices are consistent with the requirements set
forth by international environmental management
standards.
These practices enhance my ability to prevent and
manage environmental risks.
Regulations force me to adopt such practices.
Not important Barely important Moderately important Somewhat important Very important
3.43.4
Question: “What motivates or forces you to undertake climate change mitigation or adaptation practices?”
Pressures for Climate Action

37. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
My competitors have already implemented similar
initiatives.
My clients and relevant collaborators require me to
implement such initiatives.
These practices are recognised for improving companies'
reputation and competitiveness.
These practices are consistent with the requirements set
forth by international environmental management
standards.
These practices enhance my ability to prevent and
manage environmental risks.
Regulations force me to adopt such practices.
Not important Barely important Moderately important Somewhat important Very important
3.43.4
Question: “What motivates or forces you to undertake climate change mitigation or adaptation practices?”
Pressures for Climate Action
▶ Regulatory pressures are important
according to 74%;

38. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
My competitors have already implemented similar
initiatives.
My clients and relevant collaborators require me to
implement such initiatives.
These practices are recognised for improving companies'
reputation and competitiveness.
These practices are consistent with the requirements set
forth by international environmental management
standards.
These practices enhance my ability to prevent and
manage environmental risks.
Regulations force me to adopt such practices.
Not important Barely important Moderately important Somewhat important Very important
3.43.4
Question: “What motivates or forces you to undertake climate change mitigation or adaptation practices?”
Pressures for Climate Action
▶ Opportunity to enhance risk
management and prevention
capabilities;

39. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
My competitors have already implemented similar
initiatives.
My clients and relevant collaborators require me to
implement such initiatives.
These practices are recognised for improving companies'
reputation and competitiveness.
These practices are consistent with the requirements set
forth by international environmental management
standards.
These practices enhance my ability to prevent and
manage environmental risks.
Regulations force me to adopt such practices.
Not important Barely important Moderately important Somewhat important Very important
3.43.4
Question: “What motivates or forces you to undertake climate change mitigation or adaptation practices?”
Pressures for Climate Action
▶ Compliance with international
environmental or risk management
standards;

40. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Suppliers
NGOs
Partners & Collaborators
Unions
Trade associations
Local community
Media
Clients
Headquarter
Supranational regulations
National regulations
Not important Barely important Moderately important Somewhat important Very important
3.53.5
Question: “Who motivates or forces you to undertake climate change mitigation or adaptation practices?”
Stakeholders Pressure and Climate Action

41. Are Italian executives aware of the adverse consequences of climate change?
Aim of the Study
44 Are companies well informed about climate change?
55 Do Italian companies act on climate change?
Is environmental protection a part of their organizational culture and strategy?
11
33 What are the hurdles to and motivations for climate action in Italy?
22

42. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Suppliers
NGOs
Partners & Collaborators
Unions
Trade associations
Local community
Media
Clients
Headquarter
Supranational regulations
National regulations
Not important Barely important Moderately important Somewhat important Very important
3.53.5
Question: “Who motivates or forces you to undertake climate change mitigation or adaptation practices?”
Stakeholders Pressure and Climate Action
▶ Corporate headquarters exert
pressures towards climate action
according to 59%;

43. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Suppliers
NGOs
Partners & Collaborators
Unions
Trade associations
Local community
Media
Clients
Headquarter
Supranational regulations
National regulations
Not important Barely important Moderately important Somewhat important Very important
3.53.5
Question: “Who motivates or forces you to undertake climate change mitigation or adaptation practices?”
Stakeholders Pressure and Climate Action
▶ Clients exert important pressures
according to 54% of the
respondents;
▶ Suppliers are not relevant
according to the 62%;

44. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Suppliers
NGOs
Partners & Collaborators
Unions
Trade associations
Local community
Media
Clients
Headquarter
Supranational regulations
National regulations
Not important Barely important Moderately important Somewhat important Very important
3.53.5
Question: “Who motivates or forces you to undertake climate change mitigation or adaptation practices?”
Stakeholders Pressure and Climate Action
▶ Members of the civil society
(media, local community, unions
etc.) exert less tangible or urgent
pressures;

45. Index
11 Awareness and Perceptions of Climate Change.
55 Climate Action among Italian Companies.
22 Managerial and Organizational Culture.
44 Climate Knowledge and Information.
33 Motivating Factors and Hurdles to Climate Action.

46. 4.14.1
Question: “What kind of climate change-related information is important for your business?”
Relevance of Climate-related Information
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Ocean acidification.
Sea level rise.
Diffusion of invasive species.
Deterioration of ecosystems services.
Global warming and heat waves.
Drought risk.
Flood risk.
Volatility in seasonal precipitation patterns.
Volatility in seasonal climate variability.
Socio-political impacts
Health risks associated to global warming.
Water shortages.
Economic and organizational impacts.
Not important Barely important Moderately important Somewhat important Very important

47. 4.14.1
Question: “What kind of climate change-related information is important for your business?”
Relevance of Climate-related Information
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Ocean acidification.
Sea level rise.
Diffusion of invasive species.
Deterioration of ecosystems services.
Global warming and heat waves.
Drought risk.
Flood risk.
Volatility in seasonal precipitation patterns.
Volatility in seasonal climate variability.
Socio-political impacts
Health risks associated to global warming.
Water shortages.
Economic and organizational impacts.
Not important Barely important Moderately important Somewhat important Very important
▶ Data on indirect economic and
organizational impacts are the
most relevant according to 78%;

48. Are Italian executives aware of the adverse consequences of climate change?
Aim of the Study
55 Do Italian companies act on climate change?
Is environmental protection a part of their organizational culture and strategy?
11
22
33 What are the hurdles and motivations for climate action in Italy?
44 Are companies well informed about climate change?

49. 4.24.2
Question: “Are these climate change-related information available in your company?”
Availability of Climate-related Information
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Ocean acidification.
Diffusion of invasive species.
Sea level rise.
Deterioration of ecosystems services.
Flood risk.
Health risks associated to global warming.
Socio-political impacts
Global warming and heat waves.
Drought risk.
Volatility in seasonal climate variability.
Volatility in seasonal precipitation patterns.
Water shortages.
Economic and organizational impacts.
Not available Barely available Moderately available Somewhat available Markedly available

50. 4.24.2
Question: “Are these climate change-related information available in your company?”
Availability of Climate-related Information
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Ocean acidification.
Diffusion of invasive species.
Sea level rise.
Deterioration of ecosystems services.
Flood risk.
Health risks associated to global warming.
Socio-political impacts
Global warming and heat waves.
Drought risk.
Volatility in seasonal climate variability.
Volatility in seasonal precipitation patterns.
Water shortages.
Economic and organizational impacts.
Not available Barely available Moderately available Somewhat available Markedly available
▶ While 78% consider information
on economic and organizational
impacts as important, only 31%
have this kind of information;

51. 4.24.2
Question: “Are these climate change-related information available in your company?”
Availability of Climate-related Information
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Ocean acidification.
Diffusion of invasive species.
Sea level rise.
Deterioration of ecosystems services.
Flood risk.
Health risks associated to global warming.
Socio-political impacts
Global warming and heat waves.
Drought risk.
Volatility in seasonal climate variability.
Volatility in seasonal precipitation patterns.
Water shortages.
Economic and organizational impacts.
Not available Barely available Moderately available Somewhat available Markedly available
▶ 57% consider information on the
health risks associated to global
warming as important, only 18%
have this kind of information;

52. Index
11 Awareness and Perceptions of Climate Change.
22 Managerial and Organizational Culture.
33 Motivating Factors and Hurdles to Climate Action.
44 Climate Knowledge and Information.
55 Climate Action among Italian Companies.

53. 5.15.1
Question: “Did you undertake any climate change mitigation or adaptation initiative?”
Climate Action
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Transferring plants and machineries.
Engaging suppliers, partners and clients in collective
adaptation measures.
Adaptating sourcing and procurement strategies.
Engaging suppliers and partners for reducing GHG
emissions in the supply chain.
Renovating plants and machineries for reducing climate risk
exposure.
Business continuity plan.
R&D activities.
Renovating plants and machineries for reducing GHG
emissions.
Resource efficiency measures.
Property insurance against climate risk.
Not under consideration. Under consideration. Under planning. Under implementation. Already implemented.

54. 5.15.1
Question: “Did you undertake any climate change mitigation or adaptation initiative?”
Climate Action
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Transferring plants and machineries.
Engaging suppliers, partners and clients in collective
adaptation measures.
Adaptating sourcing and procurement strategies.
Engaging suppliers and partners for reducing GHG
emissions in the supply chain.
Renovating plants and machineries for reducing climate risk
exposure.
Business continuity plan.
R&D activities.
Renovating plants and machineries for reducing GHG
emissions.
Resource efficiency measures.
Property insurance against climate risk.
Not under consideration. Under consideration. Under planning. Under implementation. Already implemented.
▶ Property insurance is the most
widespread adaptation measure,
65% have already purchased
insurance coverage;

55. Are Italian executives aware of the adverse consequences of climate change?
Aim of the Study
Is environmental protection a part of their organizational culture and strategy?
11
22
33 What are the hurdles and motivations for climate action in Italy?
55 Do Italian companies act on climate change?
44 Are companies well informed about climate change?

56. 5.15.1
Question: “Did you undertake any climate change mitigation or adaptation initiative?”
Climate Action
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Transferring plants and machineries.
Engaging suppliers, partners and clients in collective
adaptation measures.
Adaptating sourcing and procurement strategies.
Engaging suppliers and partners for reducing GHG
emissions in the supply chain.
Renovating plants and machineries for reducing climate risk
exposure.
Business continuity plan.
R&D activities.
Renovating plants and machineries for reducing GHG
emissions.
Resource efficiency measures.
Property insurance against climate risk.
Not under consideration. Under consideration. Under planning. Under implementation. Already implemented.
▶ Mitigation and adaptation
initiatives at the supply chain level
are implemented only by the 23%
and 15% respectively;

57. LIFE IRIS - Improving Resilience of Industry Sector
57
tel. +39 051 6450411 | fax +39 051 6450310
info@lifeiris.eu | http://www.lifeiris.eu
Metodologia di valutazione del rischio fisico
da cambiamenti climatici
Federica Gasbarro, Ph.D.

58. Obiettivi di progetto
58
Promuovere azioni adattamento ai cambimenti climatici nel
settore industriale
Contribuire a sviluppare un’economia a basse emissioni di
carbonio, efficiente nel conusmo di risorse e resiliente ai
cambiamenti climatici
Promuovere la diffusione di strumenti finanziari per
premiare le imprese resilienti
Aumentare la consapevolezza degli operatori industriali e
finanziari sugli effetti dei cambiamenti climatici
Trovare sinergie tra le misure di adattamento ai
cambiamenti climatici e altre politiche ambientali

59. IRIS project: partnership
59
• ERVET SpA
• Consorzio Attività Produttive Aree e Servizi – CAP Modena
• Carlsberg Italia
• ERGO Srl
• SIPRO Agenzia Provinciale per lo Sviluppo – SIPRO Ferrara
• Scuola Superiore di Studi Universitari e di Perfezionamento Sant’Anna
• TerrAria Srl
Duration: Sept 2015 – March 2019

60. UN FRAMEWORK PER MIGLIORARE LA RESILIENZA
DELLE IMPRESE AI CAMBIAMENTI CLIMATICI
60
Step 1: Analisi
del contesto
Step 2:
Identificare
pericoli e
probabilità
relativi ai
climate change
Step 3:
Identificare gli
impatti
potenziali e la
magnitudo
Step 4:
Valutare il
rischio
climatico per
l’impresa
Step 5: Definire
ed
implementare
misure di
adattamento
Step 6:
Monitorare e
correggere
Conformemente all’approccio
ISO31000, le fasi di valutazione dei
rischio del progetto IRIS prevedono una
fase di analisi del contesto (step 1), di
identificazione del rischio (step 2a e
3a), di analisi del rischio (step 2b e 3b)
e di valutazione del rischio (step 4). Per
migliorare la resilienza aziendale, una
volta valutato il rischio climatico per
l’impresa, si deve procedere alla
definizione e implementazione di
adeguate misure di adattamento che
riducano la vulnerabilità o la resilienza
(step 5) e infine monitorare i risultati e
correggere le azioni (step 6).
Il tool CAST è uno strumento di
supporto alle imprese per uno
screening iniziale di rischio climatico
(copre solo gli step 2-3-4) e conoscere
possibili misure per prevenire e gestire
questi rischi (step 5).

61. UN FRAMEWORK PER MIGLIORARE LA RESILIENZA
DELLE IMPRESE AI CAMBIAMENTI CLIMATICI
61
Per comprendere il
rischio di un’azienda
multi-sito o dell’intera
supply chain, l’analisi di
rischio dovrebbe essere
ripetuta per ogni sito
produttivo o impresa
della supply chain

62. STEP 1: ANALISI DEL CONTESTO
62
L’analisi del contesto ha il fine di evidenziare una serie di vincoli e opportunità
che l’organizzazione deve considerare nell’implementare il proprio sistema di
gestionedel rischio.
Essa mira a:
 Evidenziare le questioni rilevanti del contesto che potrebbero influire sulle
strategie di adattamento da adottare;
 Mappatura del contesto sociale mirante a evidenziare i diversi stakeholders da
tenere in considerazione nella valutazione dei rischi e nell’implementazione di
azioni di adattamento
Se l’analisi di rischio riguarda l’intera supply chain, l’analisi di contesto
comporterà la comprensione della complessità e la mappatura della supply
chain e il contesto dove i propri fornitori operano.

63. STEP 2A: IDENTIFICARE EVENTI METEO-
CLIMATICI SORGENTI DI PERICOLO
63
Questo step mira a delimitare i pericoli collegati al cambiamento climatico che
possono minacciare l’impresa per motivi geografici. Il cambiamento climatico
può agire sui diverse tipologie di pericoli (es. inondazioni, mareggiate, ondate
di calore, frane, siccità) determinando variazioni nella loro frequenza,
distribuzione spaziale o intensità.
Il tool CAST considera i seguenti eventi climatici estremi quali pericoli per le
imprese:
 Ondata di calore
 Ondata di freddo
 Tromba d’aria (velocità del vento/uragani)
 Precipitazioni estreme e conseguenti: a) esondazioni fluviali, b) allagamenti, c)
frane e smottamenti
 Siccità

64. STEP 2B: IDENTIFICARE LA PROBABILITÀ DI
ACCADIMENTO DEI PERICOLI RELATIVI AI
CLIMATE CHANGE
64
Di conseguenza, è possibile
valutare la variazione del rischio
per assets specifici
(geograficamente identificati) in
base ad alcuni indicatori meteo-
climatici.
The Critical Decade 2013: Climate change science, risks and response by Professor Will Steffen and
Professor Lesley Hughes (Climate Commission),
https://climatecommission.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/the-critical-decade-2013_website.pdf
A livello globale ci si aspetta un incremento di intensità e frequenza di ondate di calore,
precipitazioni estreme, inondazioni e un aumento del livello del mare. La figura illustra la
relazione tra l’aumento della temperatura media e l’incremento delle giornate calde.
I modelli climatici non sono in grado di predire dove e quando gli eventi meteorologici
avverranno in una prospettiva di medio-lungo termine.

65. STEP 3A: IDENTIFICARE GLI IMPATTI POTENZIALI
65
Una volta identificati i pericoli, bisogna identificare gli impatti potenziali che potrebbero
scaturire dal concretizzarsi dei pericoli. Gli potenziali sono vlassificati nelle seguenti
categorie:
•Possibilità di incidenti che colpiscano i mezzi di produzione dell’organizzazione
•Danni agli impianti, macchinari,etc.ASSET INTEGRITY
•l’impresa non è più in grado di mantenere la fornitura di prodotti e l’erogazione di servizi a livelli accettabili
a seguito di un episodio di crisi (a monte o a valle)BUSINESS CONTINUITY
•Eventualità che si manifesti l’obbligo di risarcire un soggetto per coinvolgimento in illeciti ambientali e/o per
danni provocati da un comportamento negligente o colposo lungo la supply chain e si traduce in sanzioni
amministrative e/o pecuniarie.
LEGAL LIABILITY
•Perdita di fiducia (in relazione ad un prodotto, un servizio, un marca, una persona o un’organizzazione)
generata a seguito di una scelta negativa o di un errore operativo che comporta perdite di valore, materiale
o immateriale, da pare dell’impresa
REPUTATION
•Conseguenze sul mercato in termini di mancate opportunità o di perdite economiche
•Cambiamenti delle preferenze dei consumatoriMARKET RESPONSE
•Possibile perdita di stabilità finanziaria, in termini sia di equilibrio di bilancio, sia di quotazione sui mercati
che potrebbe essere causata da un evento meteorologico estremo dovuto al cambiamento climaticoFINANCIAL BALANCE
•Possibile peggioramento della salute e della sicurezza dei lavoratori dovuti agli eventi legati al cambiamento
climaticoSTAFF HEALTH AND SAFETY
•Eventuali danneggiamenti alle infrastrutture di cui l’impresa si serve (es. trasporti, telecomunicazioni,
energia, reti etc.)INFRASTRUCTURES

66. STEP 3B: IDENTIFICARE LA MAGNITUDO DEGLI
IMPATTI POTENZIALI
66
 1: magnitudo
assente/trascurabile
 2: magnitudo di bassa entità
 3: magnitudo di media entità
 4: magnitudo di alta entità
 5: magnitudo molto alta
Magnitudo associata a ogni rischio per ogni evento climatico
Ondata di
caldo
Ondata di
freddo
Tromba d’aria
Precipitazioni
estreme
Siccità
Assetintegrity 4 3 2 4 3
Business
continuity
2 4 3 2 2
Legal liability 3 2 2 4 3
Reputation 2 2 4 2 2
Market response 3 2 4 3 2
Financial balance 2 4 4 3 2
Staff health and
safety
3 3 4 3 2
Infrastructures 4 3 2 3 2
Una volta identificati identificare i danni potenziali
che potrebbero scaturire dal concretizzarsi dei
pericoli bisogna stimarne un’ipotetica magnitudo.
L’impresa dovrà quindi attribuire un valore di
magnitudo che potrà variare da 1 a 5, dove 5 è il
livello massimo di magnitudo.
Esempio

67. STEP 4: VALUTARE IL RISCHIO CLIMATICO PER
L’IMPRESA
67
La presente fase mira ad effettuare la valutazione del rischio a partire
dai valori individuati relativi alla probabilità di accadimento e alle
magnitudo associate a ogni evento climatico. La formula che sarà
applicata per la valutazione del rischio sarà la seguente:
RISCHIO (R) = PROBABILITÀ DI ACCADIMENTO (P) x MAGNITUDO (M)
Esempio

68. Methodology
▶ Data collection (July 2016 – September 2016):
 Setting: Italian manifacturing and extractive industries;
 Statistical sample: 2950 medium-size firms;
 Respondents: CEOs or Top Management;
 Online survey, divided in two sections to facilitate respondents;
▶ Results analysis (October 2016):
 Response rate: 21% (620 respondents);
 Section 1: 487 completed surveys;
 Section 2: 149 completed surveys;
 Descriptive statistics;
 Structural equation modelling;

69. Fabio Iraldo
Institute of Management
Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies – Pisa, Italy
E-mail: f.iraldo@sssup.it
Web: www.sum.sssup.it
Thank You
for Your Attention!