The document discusses various eco-friendly technologies for textile production including organic cotton cultivation, naturally colored cotton, environmentally friendly dyeing processes like reactive, vat and sulfur dyeing, and the use of synthetic thickeners instead of kerosene in pigment printing. It emphasizes adopting a "cradle to grave" approach to make the entire textile production and disposal process environmentally sound. Specific techniques mentioned are use of bifunctional reactive dyes, low liquor ratio dyeing, glucose as a reducing agent for sulfur dyes, and synthetic thickeners replacing kerosene in printing. The goal is minimizing chemical use, wastage and pollution at each stage of textile production.
Textile Wastewater Treatment in BangladeshMahmudul Hasan
What is wastewater, textile wastewater treatment, Major Pollutants in textile wastewater, Steps of textile wastewater treatment, Brief overview of textile wastewater in Bangladesh.
This presentation discusses effluent treatment processes for textile mills. It begins by defining effluents as liquid industrial waste and describes effluent treatment plants (ETPs) which purify wastewater for reuse or safe environmental release. The presentation then outlines the various sources and components of textile mill effluent, and describes the primary, secondary and tertiary treatment stages used to remove solids, organics, dyes and other pollutants. These include processes like screening, sedimentation, neutralization, biological treatments and tertiary options like evaporation and reverse osmosis. Recommendations emphasize segregating waste streams, maximizing water recycling and using technologies like nanofiltration and solar evaporation.
The document summarizes characterization and treatment of effluents from textile chemical processing. It discusses that textile effluents are diverse in nature and contain a large variety of organic and inorganic materials. Common effluent treatment plants are suggested for small units to share costs. Water pollution is highest for the textile industry due to large water consumption. Effluent treatment includes primary, secondary and tertiary steps. Reverse osmosis is an efficient tertiary treatment but is capital intensive. Waste minimization through cleaner production is emphasized for pollution prevention and reduction in treatment costs.
This document provides information about the wastewater treatment process at Renata Limited, a pharmaceutical manufacturer in Bangladesh. Renata has water treatment plants and effluent treatment plants at each of its five manufacturing facilities. The effluent treatment plant uses a physico-chemical treatment process including equalization, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, sand filtration, activated carbon filtration, and aeration to treat wastewater and reduce pollutants before discharging to the municipal sewer system. Plant staff monitor influent and effluent water quality parameters regularly to evaluate the treatment system's performance.
This document discusses the treatment and disposal of textile effluents. It begins by defining effluent and sludge. It then discusses various characteristics that determine the nature of textile effluents, such as pH, temperature, suspended solids, etc. It outlines the main pollution problems in the textile industry including color, dissolved solids, toxic metals, and other organic pollutants. It also categorizes waste generated in the textile industry and describes the various processes involved in textile effluent treatment, including primary treatment techniques like screening, sedimentation, and secondary biological treatment methods like activated sludge process and aerated lagoons.
Textile Wastewater Treatment in BangladeshMahmudul Hasan
What is wastewater, textile wastewater treatment, Major Pollutants in textile wastewater, Steps of textile wastewater treatment, Brief overview of textile wastewater in Bangladesh.
This presentation discusses effluent treatment processes for textile mills. It begins by defining effluents as liquid industrial waste and describes effluent treatment plants (ETPs) which purify wastewater for reuse or safe environmental release. The presentation then outlines the various sources and components of textile mill effluent, and describes the primary, secondary and tertiary treatment stages used to remove solids, organics, dyes and other pollutants. These include processes like screening, sedimentation, neutralization, biological treatments and tertiary options like evaporation and reverse osmosis. Recommendations emphasize segregating waste streams, maximizing water recycling and using technologies like nanofiltration and solar evaporation.
The document summarizes characterization and treatment of effluents from textile chemical processing. It discusses that textile effluents are diverse in nature and contain a large variety of organic and inorganic materials. Common effluent treatment plants are suggested for small units to share costs. Water pollution is highest for the textile industry due to large water consumption. Effluent treatment includes primary, secondary and tertiary steps. Reverse osmosis is an efficient tertiary treatment but is capital intensive. Waste minimization through cleaner production is emphasized for pollution prevention and reduction in treatment costs.
This document provides information about the wastewater treatment process at Renata Limited, a pharmaceutical manufacturer in Bangladesh. Renata has water treatment plants and effluent treatment plants at each of its five manufacturing facilities. The effluent treatment plant uses a physico-chemical treatment process including equalization, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, sand filtration, activated carbon filtration, and aeration to treat wastewater and reduce pollutants before discharging to the municipal sewer system. Plant staff monitor influent and effluent water quality parameters regularly to evaluate the treatment system's performance.
This document discusses the treatment and disposal of textile effluents. It begins by defining effluent and sludge. It then discusses various characteristics that determine the nature of textile effluents, such as pH, temperature, suspended solids, etc. It outlines the main pollution problems in the textile industry including color, dissolved solids, toxic metals, and other organic pollutants. It also categorizes waste generated in the textile industry and describes the various processes involved in textile effluent treatment, including primary treatment techniques like screening, sedimentation, and secondary biological treatment methods like activated sludge process and aerated lagoons.
Two types of waste are generated from textile processing: process chemicals and fiber wastes. The nature of the waste depends on the type of textile facility, processes used, fibers, and chemicals. Textile effluent can include dispersible wastes mixed with other wastes in wastewater, hard-to-treat wastes that resist treatment and contain non-biodegradable or inorganic materials, and high-volume wastes like wash water, alkaline wastes, and warp sizes. Effluent can also contain hazardous or toxic wastes like metals, chlorinated solvents, and non-degradable surfactants. Common treatment processes include screening, sedimentation, equalization, neutralization, chemical
The document discusses the treatment of textile effluent water. It notes that textile processing uses many chemicals that pollute the wastewater, making it high in biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Primary treatment methods are outlined to remove solids and organic matter from the wastewater through physical processes like screening, sedimentation, and chemical coagulation. This reduces the total suspended solids (TSS), COD, and BOD by around 50-60% to produce effluent water that is safer to release back into the environment.
Cotton textile processing waste generation and effluent treatmentreaderpravin
This document discusses waste generation and effluent treatment in the cotton textile processing industry. It describes the various stages of textile processing such as pretreatment, dyeing, printing, and finishing, which generate large amounts of wastewater. This wastewater contains dyes, chemicals, and other pollutants that require proper treatment before being released into the environment. The document reviews conventional and advanced treatment methods including electro-oxidation, biological treatment, photocatalysis, ion exchange, and membrane technologies. It emphasizes the need for the textile industry to adopt more environmentally friendly production methods and effluent treatment to comply with increasing environmental regulations.
This document discusses the treatment of tannery wastewater. Tannery wastewater is characterized by high levels of organic matter, sulfides, and heavy metals like chromium. The treatment regime involves a combination of physical, chemical, and biological processes. This includes processes like hair recovery, chrome recovery, screening, flocculation, sedimentation, and biological treatments using aeration or lagoon systems. The goal is to reduce pollutant levels and produce an effluent that can be safely discharged or reused.
The document discusses characterization and treatment of effluents from textile chemical processing. It notes that textile effluents are diverse in nature and contain a variety of organic and inorganic materials used in various textile processes. Common effluent treatment methods discussed include primary treatment like screening and neutralization, secondary biological treatment using activated sludge or oxidation ponds, and tertiary treatments like adsorption or reverse osmosis. It emphasizes the importance of waste minimization techniques to reduce pollution at source.
The document discusses waste water treatment and disposal of effluents from the textile industry. It describes the nature and sources of effluents, including dyes and auxiliaries washed off during manufacturing. Primary treatment involves screening, sedimentation, equalization and neutralization to remove solids and adjust pH. Secondary biological treatment uses aerobic processes like activated sludge or anaerobic digestion to reduce BOD. Tertiary treatments target non-biodegradable pollutants through various chemical, physical and membrane processes. The textile industry generates various categories of waste requiring different treatment approaches.
Characteristics of industrial textile effluents and different types of effluentsMithun Chouhan
This document discusses the characteristics of textile effluents and dye materials used in the textile industry. It describes the various processes involved in textile manufacturing like degumming, desizing, scouring, bleaching, dyeing, printing and finishing. It explains that textile effluents contain a variety of organic and inorganic materials used in these processes. It also outlines the different types of dyes used for different fibers like direct dyes for cellulose, acid dyes for wool, and disperse dyes for polyester. Finally, it provides details on the properties and uses of common dyes like direct dyes, reactive dyes, vat dyes, azo dyes, sulfide dyes
Project report on Textile effluent treatment by electrochemical processBrijmohan Sharma
This document provides an overview of a student project on treating textile effluent water using an electrochemical process. It includes a certificate verifying the students conducted the project, an acknowledgements section thanking those who helped with the project, and a preface describing how the project helped the students learn. The contents section outlines the document, which explores using electrochemical treatment to make textile wastewater safer before discharge by reducing parameters like BOD, COD and suspended solids. The aim is to compare electrochemical treatment to conventional ETP methods and reduce treatment costs.
This document discusses various sources and characteristics of wastewater from the textile industry. It describes the manufacturing processes for cotton, wool, rayon, synthetic fibers, silk and jute and identifies the specific steps that generate wastewater, such as desizing, scouring, bleaching, dyeing and printing. The wastewater streams contain various pollutants including starch, fats, waxes, grease, dyes, chemicals and suspended solids. If untreated, the wastewater poses environmental and health risks to surrounding communities.
The document discusses waste water treatment in the paper and pulp industry. It describes the various stages of treatment including preliminary (screening), primary (sedimentation, flotation, filtration), secondary (anaerobic treatment, aerated lagoons), and tertiary (membrane filtration, ozone treatment). The influent and effluent from a paper mill are analyzed, showing high levels of suspended solids, BOD, COD, chlorides, and sulfates in the influent that are reduced through treatment to meet standards for effluent discharge.
This document discusses the treatment of wastewater from the textile industry. It notes that textile wastewater contains a variety of dyes and chemicals from dyeing and finishing processes that make it challenging to treat. The major pollutants in textile wastewater include high levels of suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, heat, color, acidity, and other soluble substances. The document then outlines the primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment processes used to remove these pollutants, including screening, sedimentation, neutralization, flocculation, aerated lagoons, activated sludge processes, and various advanced oxidation processes.
This document discusses treatment of wastewater from a water jet loom machine in the textile industry. It compares the efficiency of chemical coagulation and electrocoagulation methods. For chemical coagulation, the type and amount of coagulant and coagulant aids, pH, and stirring rate significantly impacted treatment efficiency. The optimum conditions removed 89% of turbidity, 85% of COD, and 71% of oil. For electrocoagulation, electrode material, electric potential, and contact time were significant. The optimum electrocoagulation conditions removed 99% of turbidity, 97% of COD, and 87% of oil.
This lecture note describes the process of Effluent Treatment (ET). Emphasis is give to the biological aspects of ET. Free to reuse, remix, modify and share for non-commercial and commercial purposes.
Implementation of ETP & effect of Textile waste water on environment Rois Mahmud Hridoy
The document summarizes the implementation of an effluent treatment plant (ETP) at Niagara Textile Industry Ltd. in Bangladesh. It describes the ETP's physico-chemical treatment process which includes screening, sedimentation, filtration, pH control, coagulation, flocculation, and aeration. The ETP treats about 120m3 of wastewater per hour. While the ETP aims to treat wastewater, the quality of its discharged water remains poor with visible color and odor, potentially harming the local canal waters. Untreated textile wastewater from industries pollutes Bangladesh's environment through high levels of biochemical and chemical oxygen demand. Proper implementation and maintenance of ETPs is needed
The document summarizes the treatment of textile industry effluents. It discusses that textile effluents contain large amounts of water along with unfixed dyes, heavy metals, detergents, surfactants, and other natural and inorganic chemicals. The treatment of these effluents is important to prevent water pollution. Textile effluent treatment involves primary, secondary, and tertiary levels. Primary treatment includes screening, sedimentation, and neutralization. Secondary treatment consists of aerated lagoons, oxidation ditches, and activated sludge. Tertiary treatment utilizes advanced oxidation techniques, membrane technology, and electrochemical processes. Electrochemical oxidation is an emerging tertiary treatment technology but has high energy costs and
The textile industry is one of the important industries which generates large amount of industrial effluents each year causing the main source of water pollution which is not only harmful for aquatic life but also mutagenic to human. It cause negative impact on environment as well as human beings.
This presentation discusses textile sludge management. It will cover textile sludge, how it is produced, its characteristics, and treatment processes. The presentation also explores reuse options for textile sludge, such as incorporating it into cement and concrete as a substitute for regular aggregates, using it to manufacture bricks, and employing activated sludge processes to induce microbial growth and further treat wastewater. The conclusion emphasizes that sludge is inherently produced from wastewater treatment and that further research into additional reuse methods is needed.
Environment issues in dyeing, priniting, finishing of textilesAdane Nega
Potential emissions from dyeing processes include:
1) Emissions to water from dyes, chemicals, and additives used in dyeing that end up in wastewater.
2) Fugitive emissions to air from handling chemicals and during "open" dyeing machines.
3) Some processes like pigment dyeing and carrier dyeing can release pollutants directly to air during drying.
The document provides correlations for estimating rock and water compressibility properties from PVT analysis. For rock compressibility, correlations are given for consolidated limestone, consolidated sandstone, and unconsolidated sandstone based on porosity. Water compressibility correlations include the Meehan equation and equations from Row and Chou that depend on temperature, pressure, and salinity. Tables provide constants for use in the correlations.
The document provides information about the Jaipuria Institute of Management, including its vision, curriculum, faculty, and resources. Some key details:
- Jaipuria has 4 campuses across India and offers AICTE approved PGDM programs in various specializations.
- It has over 95 full-time faculty members with industry experience and hosts over 100 CEOs/executives annually.
- The curriculum aims to impart practical skills through 150+ courses and industry exposure activities like internships and live projects.
- Jaipuria has international academic partnerships and offers students opportunities for global exposure.
Two types of waste are generated from textile processing: process chemicals and fiber wastes. The nature of the waste depends on the type of textile facility, processes used, fibers, and chemicals. Textile effluent can include dispersible wastes mixed with other wastes in wastewater, hard-to-treat wastes that resist treatment and contain non-biodegradable or inorganic materials, and high-volume wastes like wash water, alkaline wastes, and warp sizes. Effluent can also contain hazardous or toxic wastes like metals, chlorinated solvents, and non-degradable surfactants. Common treatment processes include screening, sedimentation, equalization, neutralization, chemical
The document discusses the treatment of textile effluent water. It notes that textile processing uses many chemicals that pollute the wastewater, making it high in biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Primary treatment methods are outlined to remove solids and organic matter from the wastewater through physical processes like screening, sedimentation, and chemical coagulation. This reduces the total suspended solids (TSS), COD, and BOD by around 50-60% to produce effluent water that is safer to release back into the environment.
Cotton textile processing waste generation and effluent treatmentreaderpravin
This document discusses waste generation and effluent treatment in the cotton textile processing industry. It describes the various stages of textile processing such as pretreatment, dyeing, printing, and finishing, which generate large amounts of wastewater. This wastewater contains dyes, chemicals, and other pollutants that require proper treatment before being released into the environment. The document reviews conventional and advanced treatment methods including electro-oxidation, biological treatment, photocatalysis, ion exchange, and membrane technologies. It emphasizes the need for the textile industry to adopt more environmentally friendly production methods and effluent treatment to comply with increasing environmental regulations.
This document discusses the treatment of tannery wastewater. Tannery wastewater is characterized by high levels of organic matter, sulfides, and heavy metals like chromium. The treatment regime involves a combination of physical, chemical, and biological processes. This includes processes like hair recovery, chrome recovery, screening, flocculation, sedimentation, and biological treatments using aeration or lagoon systems. The goal is to reduce pollutant levels and produce an effluent that can be safely discharged or reused.
The document discusses characterization and treatment of effluents from textile chemical processing. It notes that textile effluents are diverse in nature and contain a variety of organic and inorganic materials used in various textile processes. Common effluent treatment methods discussed include primary treatment like screening and neutralization, secondary biological treatment using activated sludge or oxidation ponds, and tertiary treatments like adsorption or reverse osmosis. It emphasizes the importance of waste minimization techniques to reduce pollution at source.
The document discusses waste water treatment and disposal of effluents from the textile industry. It describes the nature and sources of effluents, including dyes and auxiliaries washed off during manufacturing. Primary treatment involves screening, sedimentation, equalization and neutralization to remove solids and adjust pH. Secondary biological treatment uses aerobic processes like activated sludge or anaerobic digestion to reduce BOD. Tertiary treatments target non-biodegradable pollutants through various chemical, physical and membrane processes. The textile industry generates various categories of waste requiring different treatment approaches.
Characteristics of industrial textile effluents and different types of effluentsMithun Chouhan
This document discusses the characteristics of textile effluents and dye materials used in the textile industry. It describes the various processes involved in textile manufacturing like degumming, desizing, scouring, bleaching, dyeing, printing and finishing. It explains that textile effluents contain a variety of organic and inorganic materials used in these processes. It also outlines the different types of dyes used for different fibers like direct dyes for cellulose, acid dyes for wool, and disperse dyes for polyester. Finally, it provides details on the properties and uses of common dyes like direct dyes, reactive dyes, vat dyes, azo dyes, sulfide dyes
Project report on Textile effluent treatment by electrochemical processBrijmohan Sharma
This document provides an overview of a student project on treating textile effluent water using an electrochemical process. It includes a certificate verifying the students conducted the project, an acknowledgements section thanking those who helped with the project, and a preface describing how the project helped the students learn. The contents section outlines the document, which explores using electrochemical treatment to make textile wastewater safer before discharge by reducing parameters like BOD, COD and suspended solids. The aim is to compare electrochemical treatment to conventional ETP methods and reduce treatment costs.
This document discusses various sources and characteristics of wastewater from the textile industry. It describes the manufacturing processes for cotton, wool, rayon, synthetic fibers, silk and jute and identifies the specific steps that generate wastewater, such as desizing, scouring, bleaching, dyeing and printing. The wastewater streams contain various pollutants including starch, fats, waxes, grease, dyes, chemicals and suspended solids. If untreated, the wastewater poses environmental and health risks to surrounding communities.
The document discusses waste water treatment in the paper and pulp industry. It describes the various stages of treatment including preliminary (screening), primary (sedimentation, flotation, filtration), secondary (anaerobic treatment, aerated lagoons), and tertiary (membrane filtration, ozone treatment). The influent and effluent from a paper mill are analyzed, showing high levels of suspended solids, BOD, COD, chlorides, and sulfates in the influent that are reduced through treatment to meet standards for effluent discharge.
This document discusses the treatment of wastewater from the textile industry. It notes that textile wastewater contains a variety of dyes and chemicals from dyeing and finishing processes that make it challenging to treat. The major pollutants in textile wastewater include high levels of suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, heat, color, acidity, and other soluble substances. The document then outlines the primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment processes used to remove these pollutants, including screening, sedimentation, neutralization, flocculation, aerated lagoons, activated sludge processes, and various advanced oxidation processes.
This document discusses treatment of wastewater from a water jet loom machine in the textile industry. It compares the efficiency of chemical coagulation and electrocoagulation methods. For chemical coagulation, the type and amount of coagulant and coagulant aids, pH, and stirring rate significantly impacted treatment efficiency. The optimum conditions removed 89% of turbidity, 85% of COD, and 71% of oil. For electrocoagulation, electrode material, electric potential, and contact time were significant. The optimum electrocoagulation conditions removed 99% of turbidity, 97% of COD, and 87% of oil.
This lecture note describes the process of Effluent Treatment (ET). Emphasis is give to the biological aspects of ET. Free to reuse, remix, modify and share for non-commercial and commercial purposes.
Implementation of ETP & effect of Textile waste water on environment Rois Mahmud Hridoy
The document summarizes the implementation of an effluent treatment plant (ETP) at Niagara Textile Industry Ltd. in Bangladesh. It describes the ETP's physico-chemical treatment process which includes screening, sedimentation, filtration, pH control, coagulation, flocculation, and aeration. The ETP treats about 120m3 of wastewater per hour. While the ETP aims to treat wastewater, the quality of its discharged water remains poor with visible color and odor, potentially harming the local canal waters. Untreated textile wastewater from industries pollutes Bangladesh's environment through high levels of biochemical and chemical oxygen demand. Proper implementation and maintenance of ETPs is needed
The document summarizes the treatment of textile industry effluents. It discusses that textile effluents contain large amounts of water along with unfixed dyes, heavy metals, detergents, surfactants, and other natural and inorganic chemicals. The treatment of these effluents is important to prevent water pollution. Textile effluent treatment involves primary, secondary, and tertiary levels. Primary treatment includes screening, sedimentation, and neutralization. Secondary treatment consists of aerated lagoons, oxidation ditches, and activated sludge. Tertiary treatment utilizes advanced oxidation techniques, membrane technology, and electrochemical processes. Electrochemical oxidation is an emerging tertiary treatment technology but has high energy costs and
The textile industry is one of the important industries which generates large amount of industrial effluents each year causing the main source of water pollution which is not only harmful for aquatic life but also mutagenic to human. It cause negative impact on environment as well as human beings.
This presentation discusses textile sludge management. It will cover textile sludge, how it is produced, its characteristics, and treatment processes. The presentation also explores reuse options for textile sludge, such as incorporating it into cement and concrete as a substitute for regular aggregates, using it to manufacture bricks, and employing activated sludge processes to induce microbial growth and further treat wastewater. The conclusion emphasizes that sludge is inherently produced from wastewater treatment and that further research into additional reuse methods is needed.
Environment issues in dyeing, priniting, finishing of textilesAdane Nega
Potential emissions from dyeing processes include:
1) Emissions to water from dyes, chemicals, and additives used in dyeing that end up in wastewater.
2) Fugitive emissions to air from handling chemicals and during "open" dyeing machines.
3) Some processes like pigment dyeing and carrier dyeing can release pollutants directly to air during drying.
The document provides correlations for estimating rock and water compressibility properties from PVT analysis. For rock compressibility, correlations are given for consolidated limestone, consolidated sandstone, and unconsolidated sandstone based on porosity. Water compressibility correlations include the Meehan equation and equations from Row and Chou that depend on temperature, pressure, and salinity. Tables provide constants for use in the correlations.
The document provides information about the Jaipuria Institute of Management, including its vision, curriculum, faculty, and resources. Some key details:
- Jaipuria has 4 campuses across India and offers AICTE approved PGDM programs in various specializations.
- It has over 95 full-time faculty members with industry experience and hosts over 100 CEOs/executives annually.
- The curriculum aims to impart practical skills through 150+ courses and industry exposure activities like internships and live projects.
- Jaipuria has international academic partnerships and offers students opportunities for global exposure.
This document provides an overview of the banking industry in India through an industry analysis. It begins with a history of banking in India and outlines key developments such as nationalization in 1969 and liberalization in 1991. It then performs a PEST analysis, SWOT analysis, and Porter's Five Forces analysis of the industry. The document also examines the current state of the industry, including market share breakdown among public and private sector banks. It concludes with an objective to analyze and compare the top two players in the industry through various lenses.
Writing an acknowledgement is an important part of project report. Acknowledgement in project reports is used to thank all those people who have helped you directly or indirectly in preparing your project or thanking people for extending time, effort, money or trust. So, here is a sample acknowledgement which you use in your projects.
Effective Use of Google
by Chheda Sanjay Visanji
at CVOCA Association
at Dadar East CPE Study Circle of WIRC of ICAI
at KVO CA's Wives Forum
at The Chamber of Tax Consultants
at Goregaon CPE Study Circle of WIRC of ICAI
at Mulund CPE Study Circle of WIRC of ICAI
at Kandivali CPE Study Circle of WIRC of ICAI
JB Nagar
jbnagarcpe@gmail.com
Maheshwari Pragati Mandal
www.mumbaimaheshwari.com
Ecofriedly dyeing process and ecolabelsChandran Kani
This document discusses eco-friendly dyeing processes and eco-labeling. It defines what makes a product eco-friendly, including limiting harmful chemicals and minimizing pollution. The government of India has banned certain dyes and chemicals containing amines. Requirements for eco-friendly textiles include the absence of banned chemicals and heavy metals, and low levels of formaldehyde. The document then discusses how to make various textile production processes like scouring, bleaching, dyeing and finishing more environmentally friendly, for example by using enzymes. It also covers eco-labeling schemes in India to identify environmentally friendly textile products for consumers.
This document summarizes the characteristics and polluting effects of textile organic dyes, and procedures for separating and eliminating them from industrial effluents. It discusses that textile dyeing is a major source of organic water pollution worldwide. Textile dyes are recalcitrant and can remain in the environment for long periods. The document outlines the classification and characteristics of natural and synthetic textile dyes. It also describes common textile processing steps that generate large volumes of contaminated wastewater containing dyes, chemicals, and other pollutants. Current treatment methods aim to remove over 70% of contaminants like COD, BOD, dyes before wastewater discharge to meet environmental standards.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document summarizes an experimental investigation into the decolorization of textile wastewater using electrocoagulation. The study analyzed the effect of various operating parameters such as current density, electrolyte concentration, process time, and dye concentration on decolorization efficiency. Results showed that color removal depends on current density and process time, with higher current densities and longer times improving removal. Electrocoagulation was found to be an efficient, safe, and reliable method for treating textile wastewater.
This presentation discusses textile dyeing industries in Bangladesh and their environmental sustainability. It notes that the textile sector is a major part of Bangladesh's economy but that dyeing industries pollute waterways with untreated wastewater. The presentation covers chemical components used in dyeing, health and environmental hazards, more sustainable dyeing methods like using recycled fibers and green chemistry, effluent treatment technologies like common treatment plants, and mitigation measures to reduce pollution impacts. The goal is to increase the sustainability of the important textile dyeing industry in Bangladesh.
The document discusses the various sources and types of wastewater produced by textile mills. It explains that textile wastewater contains dyes and chemicals used in dyeing and finishing processes. The largest sources of wastewater are from cotton and wool processing, which use chemicals like acids, bases, surfactants and oils at various stages. These wastewaters contain pollutants like COD, BOD, suspended solids, metals, and dye residues. The document outlines treatment methods for textile wastewater including preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary treatments to remove pollutants before discharge or reuse.
Textile it is a flexible woven material consisting of a network of natural or artificial fibres often referred to as thread or yarn derived from animals, plants,minerals,synthetics Some chemicals hazardous to human health or the environment.
The document discusses effluents generated from various processes in the textile industry, including dyeing, printing, finishing, and desizing. Large volumes of wastewater are produced that contain dyes, chemicals, and other pollutants. Proper treatment is required before the wastewater is released. The document also describes various methods that can be used to reduce effluents, such as recovering chemicals through membrane technologies or changing certain chemicals used in processes like bleaching and printing.
Eco-friendly clothing is becoming more popular as consumers become more environmentally conscious. Eco-friendly fabrics are made from sustainable materials like organic cotton, recycled polyester, bamboo, and hemp. One eco-friendly fabric is EcoSpun, which is a polyester fiber made from 100% recycled plastic bottles. Using recycled materials helps reduce waste and environmental impact compared to traditional polyester production.
The document discusses eco-friendly and sustainable clothing. It notes that more clothing companies are providing clothes made from eco-friendly fabrics like organic cotton and recycled polyester as consumer demand for sustainable options is increasing. The document then provides information on characteristics of eco-friendly fabrics, classifications of eco-friendly textile fibers, and sustainable processing methods. It lists examples of eco-friendly fibers like hemp, jute, bamboo and fabrics that are becoming more widely available.
The textile industry involves the design, production, and distribution of yarn, cloth, clothing, and related products. Key players in the industry include India, China, Bangladesh, and others. The Indian textile industry is the second largest employer in India after agriculture. It contributes significantly to GDP, exports, and employment. However, the industry faces sustainability challenges across cotton cultivation, processing, and labor practices that can be addressed through methods like organic cotton farming, natural dyes, recycling, and ensuring proper working conditions. Leading brands are developing more sustainable products and processes in the industry.
Developments in environment friendly functional finishesAdane Nega
The document discusses developments in environmentally friendly functional finishes for cotton fabrics and garments. It provides an overview of finishes that are formaldehyde-free, as well as silicone softeners, bio-finishes, water repellent breathable finishes, and anti-microbial finishes. Emerging technologies discussed include plasma treatment, fiber coating, and genetically modifying cotton through biotechnology. The document then focuses on wrinkle-free finishes for cotton and methods for imparting these finishes through pre-cure, post-cure, dip, and tumble processes.
The document discusses green design and eco-friendly textiles. It covers various topics like environment regulations in India, organic cotton cultivation to reduce pollution, naturally colored cotton varieties, traditional natural dyeing methods in India, and eco-labels to identify environmentally sustainable textile products.
The document discusses green and sustainable textile design. It covers various eco-friendly fibers like organic cotton and naturally colored cotton. Organic cotton reduces the use of chemicals in cultivation. Naturally colored cotton is grown in various shades and reduces dyeing. The document outlines the environmental impact of conventional cotton production and processing. It provides details on organic cotton cultivation in India and certification standards. Overall production, user and disposal ecologies in textiles are emphasized to promote sustainability.
The document discusses green and eco-friendly textile design. It covers various topics like environmentally harmful effects of conventional cotton cultivation and processing, benefits of organic cotton and naturally colored cotton, traditional natural dyeing methods in India, and eco-labels that certify environmentally sustainable textile products.
The document discusses green design and eco-friendly textiles. It covers various topics like environment regulations in India, organic cotton cultivation to reduce pollution, naturally colored cotton varieties, traditional natural dyeing methods in India, and eco-labels to identify environmentally sustainable textile products.
Current technologies for biological treatmentKen Kinamori
The document discusses textile wastewater and its treatment. Textile wastewater is one of the main sources of water pollution worldwide due to dyes and other chemicals used in the textile production process. Dyes can be detected in water at low concentrations and absorb light, inhibiting aquatic plant growth. Textile wastewater is difficult to treat due to fluctuations in pH, organic content, color, and other parameters depending on the chemicals used. Major pollutants come from dyeing and finishing steps. Anaerobic treatment is commonly used but produces aromatic amine byproducts, so sequential anaerobic-aerobic treatment is often employed for complete degradation.
Application of response surface methodology for biosorption of reactive dyes ...IJLT EMAS
1. The document describes a study that used response surface methodology to optimize the biosorption of reactive dyes from textile effluent using dead biomass of the fungus Rhizopus arrhizus.
2. Central composite design was employed to determine the optimum conditions of pH, biosorbent dosage, agitation speed, and contact time for maximum dye removal.
3. Under the optimal conditions of pH 2.0, biosorbent dosage of 3 g/L, agitation speed of 80 rpm, and contact time of 60 minutes, 99.6% of dyes were removed from the wastewater.
This document summarizes a study on using ferric oxide (Fe2O3) as an adsorbent to remove color from dye wastewater. Batch experiments were conducted with synthetic wastewater containing anthraquinone blue dye. The effects of pH, adsorbent dosage, dye concentration, and adsorption isotherms were evaluated. Maximum dye removal efficiency of 94% was achieved at pH 2 with 0.3 g of Fe2O3 adsorbent dosage and an initial dye concentration of 125 ppm. Equilibrium data fitted well to Freundlich, Langmuir, and Temkin isotherm models, indicating favorable adsorption of dye onto Fe2O3.
The document discusses various aspects of green and sustainable textile production, including natural dyeing processes, recycling of textiles, use of organic materials, and reducing environmental pollution from the textile industry. It notes that textile production can be harmful through the use of chemicals and release of wastewater, but that more sustainable practices include using natural dyes extracted from plants, recycling fabrics into new materials, and switching to organic cotton and other natural fibers. The document provides details on different natural dye sources and colors, as well as other green textile processes like chlorine-free bleaching and low-temperature dyeing.
The textile industry has a significant environmental impact through its various production processes and use of many chemicals. It generates large volumes of wastewater containing dyes, chemicals, and other pollutants from wet processing. This wastewater causes water pollution if not properly treated before discharge. Air pollution is also generated from drying and heat-setting processes. Solid waste from fabric scraps and packaging materials is another output. Proper treatment of wastewater, emissions controls on air pollution sources, and recycling or proper disposal of solid waste can help reduce the industry's environmental impact.
Similar to Cleaner production technologies for textiles iitd dec.10 12, 2008 (20)
Cleaner production technologies for textiles iitd dec.10 12, 2008
1. ECO-FRIENDLY TECHNOLOGIES FOR TEXTILE PRODUCTION.
R.B.Chavan
Former Professor,
Textile Dept. IIT Delhi
Consultant, MGIRI, Wardha
E-mail rbchavan@hotmail.com
Abstract
Cradle to grave or womb to tomb is the most effective concept for cleaner production activities
including textiles. This concept has coined the terms such as production ecology, user ecology
and disposal ecology. According to this concept it is no longer adequate to have a finished
product to be safe only to human beings but the production processes and the product disposal
after use should be environment friendly. In the present paper attempt has been made to discuss
critically the cleaner production technologies such as use of organic cotton, naturally coloured
cotton, environment friendly Reactive, Vat, and Sulphur dyeing and finishing processes for
cotton, the use of synthetic thickener as a substitute for kerosene in pigment printing. Eco-norms
Eco-labels for identification of environment friendly textiles and the attempts made by the
Government of India, Ministry of Textiles to facilitate the use of eco-friendly textile production
are briefly discussed.
2. Introduction
During the manufacture of textiles very large number of chemicals are used e.g. during
the cultivation of cotton, the use of fertilizers, pesticides is quite common, during sizing one uses
size preservatives and during chemical processing a large number of chemicals, textile
auxiliaries, dyes, pigments, thickeners, finishing agents etc are used. Many of these agents are
responsible for problems during their handling, water and air pollution causing health problems
to human beings, aquatic life, plant and foliage. Thus giving rise to various environmental issues.
In India no serious thought was given to these environmental issues caused by industrial activities
in general and textile production in particular till recently Germany has put the ban on the use of
certain azo dyes, commonly known as German Ban.
Eco-friendly Textiles
The German Ban acted as catalyst to develop the concept of eco-friendly textiles. In
developing this concept "Cradle to Grave" or "Womb to Tomb" approach is followed. According
to this concept textile industry should take the environmental and health hazard aspects into
consideration right from the stage of fibre cultivation/manufacture to spinning, weaving,
chemical processing, apparel manufacture, packaging and disposal after use. The material flow
diagram during textile production is shown in Fig. 1
3. Fig. 1 MATERIAL FLOW ALONG THE TEXTILE
CLOTHING CHAIN
Synthetic Natural
Production
Fibre Fibre
Basic chemicals - Cultivation
Fibre,
petrochemistry .fertilizers
yarn,
Production of pesticides
fabric
monomers / - Crop
auxiliary
Textile Processing
e.g. desizing,
mercerizing, bleaching,
dyeing, printing,
finishing
Garment / Textile industry
Use
Packing, washing, dry-cleaning
Disposal
4. In order to make the textiles totally environment friendly, not only the final product to be
used by the consumer be eco-friendly, but the production technology, packaging and disposal
after use should also be eco-friendly. Therefore, the production ecology, user ecology and
disposal ecology must be taken into consideration.
Production Ecology
This comprises of
• Cultivation and harvesting of natural fibres
• The manufacture of regenerated and synthetic fibres
• Yarn and fabric manufacture
• Textile chemical processing
• Garment manufacture
• Packing
The production should be as environmentally sound as possible with regard to its impact on
air, water, soil as well as human beings.
User Ecology
This refers to the aesthetics, performance characteristics and effects of textiles on human
body.
Disposal Ecology
This refers to the disposal of textiles after use i.e. to recycling, composting, dumping,
incineration in a manner that ensures that the least possible environmental impact.
Eco-fibres
Organic Cotton
Cotton is cultivated using pesticides, fertilizers and other crop related chemicals. The
residues of these chemicals remain on cotton bolls. These residues are removed during the
preparatory processes and enter into the wash liquor resulting in water pollution. Therefore, in
true sense, cotton cultivated by using such chemicals is not considered to be eco-friendly. A trend
is started to cultivate cotton without the pesticides, fertilizers and other chemicals. Such cotton is
considered to be eco-friendly and is known as natural cotton, green cotton or organic cotton.
The use of biotechnology to introduce disease resistant cotton and organic farming
techniques may decrease the use of chemicals, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, defoliants and
harvest aid chemicals used for cotton cultivation. This would help to decrease soil pollution
5. during cultivation and water pollution during preparatory processes. The eco labels shown in fig.
2 identify the organic cotton
Fig 2 Eco-labels for cotton
Naturally coloured cotton
Naturally coloured cotton of various colours particularly green and brown varieties were
cultivated since ancient times in many countries. However, such cotton did not gain commercial
popularity due to low yield, short staple length, poor fibre strength, poor spinnability and possible
contamination due to pollination. The present environment protection trends have given impetus
to the revival of cultivation of naturally coloured cotton. Such cotton is not subjected to dyeing
and thus is free from pollution caused by dyeing operations.
Lyocell
It is regenerated cellulose marketed by Courtalds. It is obtained by wet spinning of cellulose pulp
dissolved in an aqueous solution of an eco-friendly solvent N-methyl morpholine oxide
(NMMO). The solvent can be totally recovered, purified and recycled.
Biodegradable Polyester (Corn Fibre)
Kanebo spinning and Kanebo Gohsen of Japan, jointly developed an environment friendly
corn fibre under the trade name Lactron. It is produced from lactic acid obtained through the
fermentation of corn starch. Strength, stretchability and other properties of Lactron fibre are
comparable to petrochemical based nylon and polyester except lower melting point (175o C). The
fibre is suitable for both textile and non-textile applications.
Environment Friendly Chemical Processing
The input/output analysis during chemical processing of textiles is shown in Fig 3
6. Fig. 3 Input / output analysis of Textile chemical Processes
Base chemicals
(e.g. acid, Alkali, Textile Energy
sodium chloride) Natural Fibres; 10-20 MJ/kg
Dyes
Chemical Fibres: 5-50 MJ/kg
Water
Textile Auxiliaries
60-360 l/kg textile
Wet Processing
(pre-treatment,
dyeing, printing,
finishing.)
Polluted Air Waste
Sewage sludge:
60-70 g/kg textile
Water Effluent
Large number of base chemicals, dyes, auxiliaries, and finishing agents are used during
chemical processing of textiles as in put. As an out put we have air pollution, water pollution and
problems of sludge disposal. There are two major pollution control strategies
• Cleaner production techniques and processes
• End-of-pipe treatments
Cleaner Production Techniques and Processes
Some of the cleaner production techniques with reference to cotton are discussed.
7. Dyeing
Different dye classes which are suitable for dyeing of cotton and the chemicals in the
effluent stream is shown in Table 1
Table 1 - Chemicals in effluent streams
Dye Chemicals in effluent streams
Vat Residual dyestuff (5 - 20 %)
Reducing agents
Oxidising agents
Detergents
Salt
Reactive Residual dyestuff (20 - 50 %)
Salt
Alkali
Detergent
Direct Residual dyestuff (5 - 20 %)
Salt
Dye fixing agents
Sulphur Residual dyestuff (30 - 40 %)
Sodium sulphide
Alkali
Salt
Dyeing of Cotton with Reactive dyes
Amongst the different dye classes suitable for dyeing of cotton, reactive dye class is the
most important.
8. The use of reactive dyes is predicted to rise by 50%. Presently, most of the reactive dye
manufacturers are concentrating on addressing the following environmental problems associated
with the reactive dyes:
Colour in the effluent.
Minimization of chemical usage.
Colour in the Effluent
Removal of colour from the effluent is one of the expensive approaches for the end of
pipe technology. Therefore, it is necessary to find suitable alternatives. In exhaust dyeing, the use
of reactive dyes is the major source of concern. The vat, sulphur and azoic dyes exhibit a high
degree of exhaustion and the insoluble unfixed dye can readily be removed as a part of the
primary flocculation process. Whereas in case of reactive dyes, sometimes as high as 30% dye
remains unbound during primary treatment and needs to be treated either on site as a secondary
process after biological oxidation or at a municipal sewage works. The adsorption of hydrolyzed
reactive dye on biomass is not as efficient as of other water-soluble dye classes. However, the
amount of hydrolyzed dye in the effluent can be minimized through process innovations.
The government pressure for regulating industrial effluent discharge has led to the
development of new reactive dyes, machinery and processes to minimize waste and colour in the
effluent. The development of bifunctional reactive dyes is important from this point of view.
Bifuntional Reactive Dyes
Bifunctional reactive dyes consist of two reactive groups capable of forming covalent
bonds with the fibre. There are two types: (i) those consisting of two similar reactive groups
(homobifunctional reactive dyes) and (ii) those with two different reactive groups
(heterobifunctional reactive dyes). Fig. shows various homobifunctional. and heterobifunctional
reactive dyes presently marketed by main dyestuff manufacturers .
Fig. 4 Homo and Hetero Bifuntional Reactive dye
9. The characteristics of these dyes is their high exhaustion and high reactivity with the fibre
so that there is less quantity of dye in the effluent.
Dye Liquor Wastage
Minimization of dye liquor wastage is a major environmental consideration in a
continuous dyeing to reduce colour in the effluent. At the end of every dyeing, there is liquor left
in the pad trough as well as in the stock tank prepared as a precaution against running out before
the dyeing is completed. A latest development from Monforts (Matex 3 bowl padder) has the
feasibility to decrease the pad liquor volume to 15 litres as the fabric comes to the end of the run.
Ramisch Kleinwefers has also developed a padder with a minimum trough volume of 10 litres.
2.2 Minimization of Chemical Usage
Some of the approaches to minimize the use of chemicals are:
10. Dyeing at low liquor ratio.
Right-first-time approach.
Process innovations in continuous dyeing.
Use of low-salt reactive dyes.
Dyeing at Low Liquor Ratio
The average consumption of water per kilogram of finished fabric is around 80-100 litres.
Lowering of liquor ratio bring down the volume of water used and the waste generated. Apart
from the easier handling of lower volume of effluent, the dosing of chemicals and auxiliaries in
the dye bath is done on the basis of g/litre of liquor. This significantly reduces the quantities of
chemicals and auxiliaries and finally the effluent load. In reactive and vat dyeing systems, a
change of liquor ratio from 1:10 to 1:5 brings about a decrease in pollution load by about 40%.
Right-first-time Approach
Carefully following the dyestuff manufacturer’s recommendations for salt, alkali usage,
temperature, time, etc. to ensure optimum fixation levels and right-first-time production, thereby
avoiding the need to make shading additions. The computer colour matching should help in this
regard.
Low salt Reactive Dyes
Substantial quantities of electrolytes, such as sodium chloride and sodium sulphate, are used
for the dyeing of cotton with reactive dyes. Exhaust dyeing with 10:1 liquor-to-material ratio
needs a salt concentration of 30-80 g/L. This corresponds to 300-800g salt per kg of dyed cotton.
During effluent treatment, only a small quantity of salt is removed. Thus, a major quantity of salt
enters the environment on discharge of effluent treated water. High salt concentration in effluent
has the following disadvantages :
Rivers and lakes get polluted with effluent containing high salt concentration .
Fresh water organisms can have toxic effects.
In the regions with scarce fresh water resources, such water has to be used for irrigation. If salt
concentration is too high, soil may become overloaded with salt, and making the land infertile
and ultimately useless.
Low salt reactive dyes
Ciba Speciality Chemicals has introduced low-salt Cibacron LS dyes, which require only 20
g/L salt, whereas the conventional reactive dyes require 60-80 g/L salt for exhaustion. The dyes
have the general structure as shown in Fig. . The main features of these dyes are given below:
• Bifunctional reactive dyes have medium reactivity, but high dye affinity and high dye
fixation.
• Stable dye-fibre bond
• Less dye to be removed from fabric after dyeing.
• Rinsing step is much faster.
• Less water is needed for wash off.
• Less dye effluent.
11. Fig. 5 General characteristics of Cibacron LS dyes
Chromophore bridge Chromophore
Reactive Reactive
group group
As the salt requirement is reduced to ¼ of that required for conventional dyes, the saving in
cost is observed. Another benefit is that rinsing step after dye application is much faster and less
water consuming. Since the Cibacron LS dyes have a higher fixation rate than the conventional
dyes, this leads to lower dyestuff concentration in the effluent.
Ecological benefits of Cibacron LS dyes are summerized in Fig 6.
Fig. 6 Higher fixation rate of Cibacron LS dyes
Conventional dyes Cibacron LS (bireactive)
60 % fixation 80 % fixation
600 gm on the fibre + 33% 800 gm on the fibre
%
1 kg dye 1 kg dye
400 gm into 200 gm into
the waste water - 50% the waste water
%
Alternative Reducing Systems for the Dyeing of Cotton with Vat and Sulphur Dyes
Vat Dyes
Vat dyes are applied by using sodium hydrosulphite as reducing agent and sodium hydroxide as
an alkali. A few of the byproducts formed are sulphur compounds like Na2S which pollute air
through the formation of H2S. At the same time, the salts of sulphur in the form of sulphate and
sulphites (Na2SO3, NaHSO4, Na2SO4, Na2S2O3) contaminate sewage, lower its pH and show
corrosive action on concrete pipes. To overcome these problems, attempts were made by several
12. researchers to develop alternate reducing systems, which are ecofriendly in nature. Such new
systems include electrochemical reduction, use of organic reducing agents like hydroxy acetone,
iron pentacarbonyl compounds and iron (II) complexes.
Sulphur Dyes
Sodium sulphide is commonly used for the reduction in the application of sulphur dyes on
cotton. Residual sodium sulphide acts as contaminant in the effluent. Sodium sulphide causes no
marked odour nuisance above pH 9 but in acidic pH, gaseous H2S is liberated, giving fowl smell
of rotten eggs and is toxic when inhaled. Its odour threshold value is 10 ppm
Replacement of Sodium Sulphide
Glucose
Glucose has long been known as reducing agent for sulphur dyes. Sulphur black is almost
always reduced using glucose A considerable improvement is achieved when the dyeing is
carried out under strongly alkaline condition
Chavan and Vhanbatte obtained glucose by acid hydrolysis of molasses and cane sugar.
On the basis of detailed investigations of various parameters, such as concentration of glucose,
caustic soda, temperature and time, they concluded that at dyeing temperature of 90oC, glucose
gives colour yield equivalent to that obtained with sodium sulphide. Century mill at Mumbai also
established, on commercial scale, that sodium sulphide can be totally replaced with glucose
obtained from hydrolysis of starch.
Synthetic Thickener for Pigment Printing
Emulsion thickener using kerosene oil or mineral turpentine oil was the ideal and most
popular thickener for pigment printing of cotton. However, emulsion thickener poses serious
health hazards, fire hazards and air pollution problems. Attempts to recover and recycle kerosene
or MTO were not successful. Synthetic thickeners based on polyacrylates have successfully
replaced emulsion thickener in pigment printing. Many indigenous as well as imported products
are readily available.
Easy care or Wrinkle free Finishes
Majority of cross-linking agents used today are formaldehyde based including DMDHEU
and etherified DMDHEU, which have low formaldehyde level. Formaldehyde based cross-
linking agents are cost effective and efficient. However, the release of formaldehyde vapours
during finishing processes as well as during subsequent storage and consumer use of finished
products has caused world wide concern on its impact on human health and environment because
of the fears that it is carcinogenic and its well known dermatitis effects. The release of
formaldehyde is restricted to 20-ppm level. Non-formaldehyde based cross linking agents is one
of the approaches which has been explored.
Polycarboxylic acids (PCA) as cross linking agents
An alternative approach has been based on the use of PCAs. In 1998 Welch reported that
cotton fabric treated with 1,2,3,4 butane tetra carboxylic acid (BTCA) in presence of sodium
hypophosphite showed high level of wrinkle resistance and strength retention as well as good
durability to home launderings. However, exceedingly high cost has prevented the use of BTCA
13. on commercial scale. Citric acid (CA), a low priced tri-functional carboxylic acid is less effective
to home launderings than BTCA. It also causes yellowing of fabric under curing conditions.
Other carboxylic acids
Performance of various PCAs has been compared with conventional methylol derivatives as
wrinkle free finishing agents using sodium hypophosphite as catalyst. Most of these acids
imparted DP rating of 4.3-4.7, and crease recovery angle 285-300°. However, the resultant
finishes differed considerably in durability in alkaline laundering. The acids arranged in order of
decreasing durability in terms of maximum number of washings and tumble drying cycles
withstood were as follows
BTCA>CA>Maleic acid.>Succinic acid.
Softeners
Fabrics and garments are usually comfortable to wear if they are soft to touch. Chemical
pretreatments remove natural cotton waxes rendering cotton harsh to handle. This is usually made
worst after wrinkle free finishing. To compensate this; softeners are widely used. They also act
as fibre lubricants decreasing both fibre-fibre and fibre-metal friction. The draping and, cutting
properties are also enhanced. The trend is towards the use of silicone softener that provides a soft
luxurious handle, thereby imparting a higher quality and added value to the material.
Silicone softeners
Silicones have been used as textile softeners since 1960.
Currently available silicone softeners can be classified as
1. Non-reactive
2. Reactive
Studies indicate that the silicone softeners are safe to environment as well as human health.
Bio finishing
Cellulase enzymes are widely used for the bio-polishing of cotton and for producing stone wash
effects on indigo dyed denim. The technology is well established and widely accepted as eco-
friendly.
Identification of Eco-friendly Textiles
Eco Parameters and Norms for Eco-friendly Textiles
In the past textiles were considered primarily from economical, functional and fashion
points of view. More recently consumers are imposing demands on the safety of textiles for the
health and also on the environmental soundness as decided by eco-parameters stipulated by well
established organizations. These norms are based on the analysis of textile products entire life
cycle commencing from cultivation of raw material (e.g. cotton), various production stages,
packing, distribution, utilization and disposal after use. For formulating eco norms different
classes of chemicals are considered. These are
14. Toxic Substance Process
Pesticides Cotton cultivation
Penta chlorophenol Sizing
Emulsifiers, chlorinated solvents Scouring
Halogeneted carriers Polyester dyeing
Sodium hypochlorite bleaching
Azo dyes containing banned amines Dyeing, printing
Dyes containing traces of heavy metals Dyeing, printing
Formldehyde as dye fixing agent Dyeing, printing
Formaldehyde cross-linking agent Finishing
Chlorinated stain removers Garment manufacture
Insecticides Packaging wooden boxes
Some of the most important eco-parameters are given in Table
Table 2 Comparison of norms/criteria stipulated for eco-lebelling of textiles
Eco-parameter M.S.T OTN 100 Clean Steilmann Comitextil Indian
Fashion ec0-lable
Formaldehyde
Baby clothing 20 20 20 50 20 20
Close to skin 75 75 75 300 75 75
Outer Wear 300 300 300 300 300 300
Toxic 1 5 1 1 0.1-1 1
pesticides
Pentachloro 0.5 - 0.5 Ban 0.05-0.5 0.5
phenol
Heavy metals
Arsenic 0.1-0.2 0.1-0.2 0.1-0.2 0.1-0.2 0.1-0.2
Lead 0.04-0.8 0.04-0.8 0.04-0.8 0.04-0.8 0.04-0.8
Cadmium 0.005-0.1 0.005-0.1 0.005-0.1 0.005-0.1 0.005-0.1
Mercury 0.001-0.1 0.001-0.1 0.001-0.1 0.001-0.1 0.001-0.1
Copper 3-100 3-100 3-100 3-100 3-100
Cobalt 0.2-20 0.2-20 0.2-20 0.2-20 0.2-20
Zinc 5-100 5-100 5-100 5-100 5-100
Nickel 0.2-10 0.2-10 0.2-10 0.2-10 0.2-10
Azo dyes Ban Ban Ban Ban Ban 50
containing
carcinogenic
amine
Halogen Ban - - Ban Ban 200
carriers
Chlorine - - - To avoid Ban -
bleaching
15. Eco Trade marks, Eco Labels
There are large number of eco trade marks, eco labels are available for identification of
eco-friendly textiles. These eco labels are made available by associations, institutions and service
companies of the textile industry. Most of these initiatives were originated in Gemany, but they
claim validity for the whole Europe and in some cases for the whole world. Ministry of
Environment and Forest under the certifying agency of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has also
developed eco label. Some of these eco labels are given in Fig.
Fig. 7 Eco labels
Republic of China–Taiwan European Union Eco-label “Flower”
Green Mark
India Eco Mark Netherland Ecolabel Foundation
Commercial Activities
Organic cotton is grown at several places in India. Naturally coloured cotton comes in
fawn brown and pista green colour. It was grown in India in olden days. Textile items made from
organic and coloured cotton fetch considerable higher price. Green minded people are willing to
pay high price for eco-friendly textiles, which are free from carcinogenic dyes and harmful
chemicals.
Eco-friendly apparels
Eco friendly apparels are manufactured by the following industries in India
1. Alps Textiles, ghaziabad: Produce vegetable dyes and fabrics dyed with vegetable dyes.
2. Reymonds : Green shops in most big cities. Products are free from banned dyes.
3. Arvind Mills : Eco-friendly denim using pesticide free cotton. Trade mark-Ecologically
optimized fabric (EOF) issued by Eco-Tex, Germany. Specialized environmental stores in
Switzerland like Globus and Jumoli are marketing arvind Mills EOF denim. Arvind mills
also have plans to introduce EOF denim in US and European markets.
16. 4. Coats Viyella : Astra brand sewing threads, free from carcinogenic dyes
5. Century Mills : Cool cotton and Eco-friendly fabrics and garments. Also developed eco-
friendly process for dyeing of cotton with Sulphur dyes.
Efforts Made by Government of India
To meet the challenges posed by eco regulations by Germany and other countries, the
Government of India, through the Ministry of Textiles and the Ministry of Environment and
Forests, charted two approaches, viz. regulatory and developmental. Some of the regulatory
measures and development efforts include the following:
Regulatory Measures
• Prohibition on the use of 112 dyes, which are capable of releasing harmful amines.
• Evolution of eco standards and logo for eco-friendly textiles.
Developmental Efforts
• Organization of educative seminars, workshops and camps to inculcate the eco-friendly
concepts among the industry and consumer.
• Assistance to be provided by Textile Research Associations and Textile Committee to textile
units for securing ISO 9000 Quality System Certification and ISO 14000 Environment
Management System Certification.
• Keeping in mind the need for modernization on war footing, the Ministry of Textiles has
announced the scheme called Technology upgradation fund (TUF), wherein the credit is
available at concessional rate of interest to enable industry to take up modernization projects
in a big way.
• Similarly, as part to support textile industry for testing of eco-friendly textiles, the Ministry of
Textiles took up a massive programme of setting up of eco testing laboratories. In this
pursuit, the Textile Committee, a statutory body under Ministry of Textiles, is identified as a
nodal agency.
Conclusion
Two approaches viz. clean production technology and end of pipe treatment are available
to deal with the environment problems. Among these, clean production technology is more
effective. Some of the clean production technologies for dyeing, printing and finishing of cotton
are highlighted. Eco- friendly textiles are identified by means of eco labels which are based on
eco norms. Government of India Ministry of textiles made serious efforts to popularize the
concept of eco-friendly textiles and provided facilities in terms of setting up of eco laboratories
and modernization funds to textile industry.