This document discusses issues of marginalization and inclusion in education. It notes that school curricula and teaching practices often do not incorporate the diverse cultural backgrounds and experiences that students bring with them. It argues that education should empower all students, including marginalized groups, and help them develop their capabilities. The document examines how social inequalities influence different aspects of schooling, from curriculum to teacher attitudes. It advocates for a more child-centered pedagogy in schools that values students' voices, experiences, and active participation and connects with their lives outside of school.

1. Dr.Mahendra K Mishra
State Tribal and Minority Education
Coordinator,
Orissa Primary Education Programme
Authority
Bhubaneswar 751001
E mail : mkmfolk@gmail.com
www.opepa.in

2. all education is inherently political and
all pedagogy must be aware of this
condition
a social and educational vision of justice
and equality should ground all education
issues of race, class, gender, sexuality,
religion, and physical ability are all
important domains of oppression and
critical anti-hegemonic action.
the alleviation of oppression and human
suffering is a key dimension of
educational purpose

3. Schools must not hurt students--
good schools don't blame
students for their failures or strip
students of the knowledges they
bring to the classroom
Joe L Kincheloe
On Critical Pedagogy

4. Village
A composition of many
languages, ethnicity,
religion do coexists
What is the secret that
perpetuates the co
existence of these
diversities in the
villages
School
Though physical access is
not denied, children’s
cultural values and
experience is not
captured
What's the secret that
denies the diversities of
language, ethnicity and
gender

5. Marginalized are secluded from the sacred
centers
They live in a secluded place
Visible social barrier ( well, tank, temple)
Traditional culture has perpetuated this in the
society

6. Are these social inequalities
influence the school ?
Curriculum and content ?
Teachers attitude ?
School management ?
Classroom behaviors ?
Learning of children ?

7. Who are the
marginalized
Lower castes/class
Powerless
Poor
Illiterate
Working class
Unprivileged
Who are not
Upper Caste/class
powerful
Rich
Literate
Ruling class
privileged

8. Dalits
Adivasi
Muslims
Artisan castes
Women
Migrants
Urban deprived
Nomadic

9. Children from
Different languages
Different religion
Different ethnic groups
different cultural background
Teachers as authority (on the chair ) and children
in culture of silence (sitting on the ground)
Is the school replicate our inherited colonial
mind set ?

10. The As-Is Situation
Often the only voice heard in class is that of the
teacher.
When children’s voices are heard, they are
answering the teacher’s questions or repeating
the teacher’s words.
Do the children’s voice matter? (in side out)
Do the children have choices of learning from
their language and cultural context ?

11. The formal approach, of equality of
treatment in terms of equal access or
equal representation for girls, is
inadequate. Today, there is a need to
adopt a substantive approach,
towards equality of outcome, where
diversity, difference and
disadvantage are taken into
account.(p.6)

12. Marginalized learners, and
especially girls, to claim their rights
as well as play an active role in
shaping collective life, education
must empower them to overcome
the disadvantages of unequal
socialization and enable them to
develop their capabilities of
becoming autonomous and equal
citizens.(p.6)

13. To make it an inclusive and meaningful
experience for children
To move away from a textbook culture to
connect with children’s life
Child centered pedagogy:
Gives primacy to children’s experiences
gives primacy to their voices
gives primacy to their active participation

14. NO
Why
Traditional social biases
Mind set of untouchability( high /low)
Behaviour /Body language
Cultural attitude
Sitting arrangement in classroom
gender disparity/caste based space management
priority to upper caste children and importance
to upper caste teachers
Neglect to Adivasi and Dalit children
All these are invisible in our mind set..

15. Different make-beliefs on other’s
,language,ethinicity, religion
(we all enjoy holidays of other religion but we
don’t know the background)
Do we know about the Muslims and Christians
literature ?
Why we fail in understand them ?
Is there any source in our education to know
their culture?

16. Marginalized children have physical access to
the school
But they are intellectually neglected
Rich human values of Adivasi is not discussed
Dignity of labour of workers are not
respected
Contribution of Muslims are ignored
Tolerance of women and girls are ignored
Service of Christians are misunderstood

17. Uniform curriculum and textbooks have little
space for cultural diversities
Local social, religious or linguistic diversities are
not discussed in the classrooms
Curriculum designers / Textbook writers and
teachers always chant “mainstream” mantra

18. Faithful follower of text books ( course
completion syndrome )
Only what is written is knowledge and others
are not (exam related texts)
Ignores knowledge outside classroom
No emphasis to the social composition of the
village/city which is constitutive of children’s
knowledge and environment
No or less connectivity with village and
school

19. Inter-district disparity in the state
(one district 85% literate another is below 30
% in case of tribal )
Monolingual , mono-cultural curriculum in
multilingual classroom
No mention of social strength ( multiethnic
and multi cultural society)

20. There are 11614 schools with more than 20
children with linguistic diversities
Total 683745 children (6- 14 age )
58 000 Santali children
( 44265 Telugu,
45449 Bengali,
32189 Hindi
Other tribal languages : 396843 children
Other 16067 language s

21. 90611 Muslim children are Urdu speakers
78 Recognized Madras for 10000 children
..Unrecognized Madrasas for…..children
Many Muslim girls still denied access
17 lakhs Adibasi children

22. Lets initiate the dialogue ..
Why these disparities..
How to resolve them ..

23. Thank you