The document discusses the components of food, including nutrients and their functions. It explains that nutrients can be categorized into energy-giving foods (carbohydrates, fats), bodybuilding foods (proteins), and protective foods (vitamins, minerals). Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals are described in detail along with their roles and dietary sources. The document also discusses balanced diet, deficiency diseases that can arise from a lack of specific nutrients, and the importance of water.
FOODS WE EAT - ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES CLASS III-CBSEBIOLOGY TEACHER
Most of our food is made of these things. We get food from plants and animals. Depending on what grows easily at which place, different things are eaten at different places. We not only eat different things but we also use the same things to prepare a variety of food items.
Food is a nutritive substance taken by an organism for growth work, repair and maintaining life processes. Food is a kind of fuel for the living things. Just as petrol fuel for our car, in the same way, food is a fuel for our body.
FOODS WE EAT - ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES CLASS III-CBSEBIOLOGY TEACHER
Most of our food is made of these things. We get food from plants and animals. Depending on what grows easily at which place, different things are eaten at different places. We not only eat different things but we also use the same things to prepare a variety of food items.
Food is a nutritive substance taken by an organism for growth work, repair and maintaining life processes. Food is a kind of fuel for the living things. Just as petrol fuel for our car, in the same way, food is a fuel for our body.
I Mr. Omkar B. Tipugade, Assistant Professor, Genesis Institute of Pharmacy. Here I share notes on basic concept of nutrition and various other point like artificial ripening, adulteration, junk foods etc and effect of this on our health. Notes are useful mostly for Diploma in pharmacy students. Points are cover as per their syllabus. Other stream students like science, nursing other medical students can also use notes.
Thanking You.
I Mr. Omkar B. Tipugade, Assistant Professor, Genesis Institute of Pharmacy. Here I share notes on basic concept of nutrition and various other point like artificial ripening, adulteration, junk foods etc and effect of this on our health. Notes are useful mostly for Diploma in pharmacy students. Points are cover as per their syllabus. Other stream students like science, nursing other medical students can also use notes.
Thanking You.
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Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
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30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
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solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
3. • Food: edible substances which
- provide energy to the living beings
- repair the old tissues
-build the new tissues.
• Nutrition: The process of
consuming nutrients required for
the growth and development of our
body and to obtain energy.
• Three main nutrients are fats,
proteins and carbohydrates.
In addition, our body requires
water, salts (minerals), vitamins and
fibres.
4. • Various food components are grouped
in three classes:
Energy giving food: Carbohydrates and
fats.
Bodybuilding food: Proteins.
Protective food: Vitamins and
minerals.
5. Carbohydrates
Grains such as rice, wheat, sorghum, peas, beans, sago (sabudana), sugarcane,
sugar beet, many fruits like banana, mango and melons and vegetables are good
sources of carbohydrates.
Cellulose, starch, sucrose, glucose and fructose are the important carbohydrates
found in our food.
6. Carbohydrates Provide energy to our body.
There are two major types of carbohydrates in food: sugar and starch.
Sugars: simple carbohydrate.
Fruits, honey, and table sugar are some sources of sugar.
Starch: complex carbohydrate.
Plants store energy in the form of starch.
Rice, wheat, corn, potato, and bread
plant products digestive system breaks glucose absorbed
into blood energy.
7. Fats
• Groundnut oil, soybean oil and mustard oil -from plants.
• Butter and ghee - from animals.
• Fats act as fuel ,provide more energy than carbohydrates.
• It helps protects body organs from injury and prevents loss
of heat from the body surface.
• Too much fat deposition obesity.
10. Importance
• required for growth and
repairing of our body.
• Help in building new tissues.
• Form tough, fibrous nature of
hair and nails and for the
structure of muscles.
• Part of our blood and help in
proper functioning of our body.
• for building new tissues in
short period, for ex -infancy,
pregnancy or when mother is
nourishing a child.
11. Vitamins:
• Required by our body in very small quantities.
• Help in keeping our eyes, bones, teeth and gums healthy.
• The food items rich in vitamins are called protective food as they protect our body
from diseases and keep us healthy.
12. Fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K .
stored in the fat tissues of our body and are used only when the body needs them .
Our body prepares vitamin D in the presence of sunlight.
Water-soluble vitamins Bl, B2, B3, B6, B12, and folic acid (together known as vitamin
B complex) and vitamin C .Since water-soluble vitamins are not stored in the body,
these need to be regularly supplied through food items like citrus fruits, spinach, and
other green leafy vegetables, etc.
Lack of vitamins in the body can cause deficiency diseases
13.
14. Vitamin Functions of Vitamin
Vitamin-A Keeps eyes and skin healthy
Vitamin-B1 Helps the body use energy from the food we eat
Vitamin-C
Help heal wounds, maintains healthy gums and blood vessels, fights
infections
Vitamin-D Keeps teeth and bones healthy
Vitamin E
Maintains healthy skin and hair, slows down aging, a powerful
antioxidant
Vitamin-K An important factor in blood clotting, bone healing and body repair
15. •Minerals
• Minerals are needed by our body in small amounts. Each one is essential for
proper growth of body and to maintain good health.
• Minerals play important role in the body:-
16. Minerals are important for keeping
bones, muscles, heart, and brain
working properly.
also important for making enzymes and
hormones.
There are two kinds of minerals: macro
minerals and trace minerals.
Required in large quantity include
calcium, phosphorus, magnesium,
sodium, potassium, chloride and sulfur.
Required in small quantity include iron,
manganese, copper, iodine, zinc, cobalt,
fluoride and selenium.
17. Water
• Our body requires a large
quantity (5-7 litre) of water
daily.
• helps our body to perform
many functions like digestion,
throwing out dissolved waste
as urine and impure blood.
• keeps our body cool through
sweating.
• helps in blood circulation.
18. Roughage
• Roughage or Dietary Fibres:
The portion of the plant food that do not provide any nutrients to our body but
help in maintaining a healthy digestive system is called roughage or dietary fibres
• Whole grains, flour and cereals, potatoes, fresh food, raw and cooked vegetables
provide roughage to our food.
• It helps in proper digestion of food and prevents constipation.
• Roughage are of two types: soluble and insoluble.
• Soluble roughage are soluble in water whereas insoluble roughage are not.
• Apple, strawberry, peach, and rice are examples of food items rich in soluble
roughage that help in blood circulation.
• Whole grain, carrot, cabbage, turnip, and cauliflower are examples of food items
rich in insoluble roughage.
• Lack of insoluble roughage in the diet causes the stool to become hard and
difficult to pass. This condition is called constipation
19.
20. Diet: It is the amount of food eaten by a person at a time.
Balanced Diet :A balanced diet for good health consists of different varieties of food
that offer all the essential carbohydrates, protein, fats, vitamins and minerals that our
body require for healthy functioning
A balanced diet contains foods from the following groups:
fruits, vegetables, dairy, grains, and protein.
5 benefits of balance diet:-
I. Growth and Development
II. Weight Control
III. Supplies Energy
IV. Builds Immunity
V. Improves Mental Well-being
21. A balanced diet must include food items from the following four food groups.
Milk group: includes milk and milk products
Meat group: includes meat (chicken, fish, lamb, etc.) and meat substitutes (beans,
peas, nuts, and seeds)
Fruit and vegetable group: includes fruits and vegetables
Grain group: includes breads and cereals.
22. Deficiency Diseases:
food vs nutrients ---------
Lack of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, or minerals in the diet can cause
diseases. Diseases that are caused due to the lack of nutrients in the diet are
called deficiency diseases.
Deficiency diseases cannot be transmitted from one person to another.
23. Carbohydrates are the main energy sources. Lack of carbohydrates in the diet results in lack of
energy and stamina. A labourer who does hard manual work needs more carbohydrates in his
diet than a person who does his work sitting in his office.
Deficiency of Carbohydrates:
24. • Deficiency of Proteins:
Growing children need more
proteins in their diet. Lack of
proteins in the diet weakens
muscles.
Deficiency of proteins leads to
a disease called kwashiorkor .
• Deficiency of proteins along
with carbohydrate deficiency is
called Protein Energy
Malnutrition (PEM). It leads to
Marasmus. These diseases are
more common in children of
rural areas.
25. • kwashiorkor symptoms:
large pot-like belly, stunted growth,
swelling of face and limbs
(especially the feet), skin diseases,
mental retardation, and diarrhoea. If
the treatment is started in time,
improving protein intake may
correct this disease.
• Marasmus is more common among
infants and children under 5 years of
age. A child very thin, shows slow
body growth, lack of energy, loss of
appetite, weak legs, mental
retardation, poor muscle
development, etc.
• To prevent these diseases, the
Government of India has started
programmes like the Integrated
Child Development Scheme (ICDS)
and the Mid-day Meal scheme in
schools.
26. Vitamin Deficiency
Vitamin and Minerals Deficiency disease Symptoms
Vitamin A Night blindness Poor vision or complete loss of vision in
darkness
Vitamin-B1 Beri- beri Weight loss and weak muscle
Vitamin-C Scurvy Bleeding gums
Vitamin-D Rickets Soft, tender and weak bones
Vitamin E Crohn’s disease Pale skin and Rapid aging
Vitamin-K Haemorrhage Excessive bleeding with delay in clotting
Calcium Osteomalacia and osteoporosis Brittle bones
Phosphorus Bad teeth, and Rickets Twisted limbs, unformed teeth
Iron Anaemia Low red blood cell count
Iodine Goitre Enlarged thyroid gland
29. • Deficiency of Water in the Body:
Water is very essential for proper functioning of our body. Excess loss
of water from the body leads to a condition called dehydration.
• Dehydration causes loss of salts and leads to weakness in the body.
Oral Rehydrating Solution (ORS) can be given to the patient to recover
from dehydration. It is available free of cost at primary health
centres. It can also be made at home by mixing 8 teaspoons of sugar
and 1 teaspoon of salt in 1 litre of clean, drinking water.
• Water deficiency may cause:-
• Headaches and light-headedness
• Bad breath and dry mouth
• Constipation and other digestive issue
• Fatigue and lethargy
• Joint and Muscle Pain
30.
31. • Balanced diet: A diet containing all the nutrients and other components in proper
proportions is called a balanced diet.
• Beriberi: It is a disease caused due to the deficiency of Vitamin Br The muscles of
Beriberi victim get weak.
• Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates are the energy giving nutrients. The main
carbohydrates found in our food are in the form of starch and sugar.
• Energy: Energy is the capacity to do work. We need energy for our various activities.
• Fats: Fats act as fuels in our body. They are obtained either from animals or from
plants.
• Minerals: Minerals are needed by our body in small quantities. All of them are
essential for proper growth of the body and to maintain good health.
• Nutrients: The components of food that are necessary for growth and development of
our body are called nutrients.
• Proteins: Proteins are required for growth and repairing of tissues in our body. They
help in building new tissues.
• Roughage: Dietary fibres are called roughage. They are mainly provided by plant
products in our food.
• Scurvy: Scurvy is caused due to the deficiency of vitamin C. Bleeding gums is its main
symptom.
• Starch: Starch is a kind of carbohydrate.
• Vitamins: Vitamins are also an important nutrient. Deficiency of any vitamin causes
deficiency
Summary
32. Which Of The Following Statement Is/Are Not Correct About Water?
• [A]. To control and regulate the body temperature.
• [B]. To get rid of waste products from the body.
• [C]. To protect our body against diseases
• [D]. To absorb nutrients from the foods
33. • Ans c
Meera Having Difficulty In Seeing Things In Dim Light. The Food
Component Which May Be Lack In His Diet Is
• [A]. Vitamin-A
• [B]. Vitamin-B1
• [C]. Calcium
• [D]. Phosphorus
34. • Ans –a
The Vitamin That Gets Easily Destroyed By Heating During Cooking Is
• [A]. Vitamin-A
• [B]. Vitamin-B
• [C]. Vitamin-C
• [D]. Vitamin -D
35. • Ans c
Minerals Are Needed In Our Body For Building Bones And Teeth.
Therefore, We Should Take
• [A]. Vitamin-C, Vitamin-D
• [B]. Calcium, Phosphorus
• [C]. Iron, Sodium
• [D]. Magnesium, Pottasium
36. • which of the following statement is/are correct?
• 1.Fats provide more energy than carbohydrates
• 2Large amount of fat is needed for building new tissues in short
period.
• 3Vitamins are required by our body in very large quantities.
• 4 glucose, which is the complex form of sugar
• A- 1&3 only
• B- 1 only
• C- all of above
• D-1,2&4