Chemical equations must be balanced to obey the law of conservation of mass. This law states that matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction, only transformed. To balance an equation, one counts the number of atoms of each element on both sides of the reaction. If the numbers are not equal, coefficients are placed in front of formulas to balance the atoms. For example, the equation H2 + Cl2 → HCl is balanced by adding a coefficient of 2 in front of HCl to make the chlorine atoms equal on both sides of the reaction. Balancing chemical equations ensures the law of conservation of mass is followed.
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Equilibrium and types of equilibrium,Physical Equilibrium ,Chemical Equilibrium ,Law of Mass Action,The Equilibrium Constant (K),Relationship between Kc and Kp
A complete introduction to all things chemical kinetics designed specifically for non-chemists to understand. Fair warning: The presentation is very rigorous in its mathematical treatment, which is makes it a useful reference for looking up equations, but this can unfortunately make it less polished and flowing then a typical presentation. I tried my best to spell everything out clearly, but despite my best efforts it's still pretty dense.
CH1000
Fundament
als of
Chemistry
Module 2 – Chapter 8
Chemical Equations
• Chemists use chemical equations to:
• Summarize a chemical reaction by displaying the substances reacting and
forming.
• Indicate specific amounts of materials consumed or produced during the
reaction.
• Reactants: substances consumed during the reaction.
• Products: substances formed during the reaction.
• Atom balance must be maintained in all chemical reactions.
• All atoms from reactants must appear as part of products.
a A + b B c C + d D
The
coefficient
1 is not
written in
a balanced
equation.
Chemical Equations
1. Reactants and products are separated by an arrow.
2. Reactants are on the left side of the arrow, products are on the right.
3. Whole number coefficients are placed in front of substances to
balance the atoms in the equation.
4. The numbers indicate the units of the substance reacted or formed
during the reaction.
5. Information about the reaction (temperature, time) may be placed
above or below the reaction arrow.
6. The physical state is written in brackets after the formula of the
substance. (g) for gas, (l) for liquid, (s) for solid, (aq) for aqueous
a A + b B c C + d D
Reactant
s
Products
Symbol
Summary
Symbol Significance
Produces (points towards products)
(s) Solid (written after substance)
(l) Liquid (written after substance)
(g) Gas (written after substance)
(aq) Substance dissolved in an aqueous
solution
Heat is added (above or below reaction
arrow)
Δ
Law of Conservation of Mass
• The total mass of substances in a chemical reaction must remain
constant.
water hydrogen + oxygen
100.0 g 11.2 g 88.8 g
100.0 g total of productsreactants
In any chemical reaction:
Mass of reactants = Mass of products
Writing and
Balancing
Chemical
Equations
A balanced chemical equations contain the same
number of each kind of atom on both sides of the
equation.
1. Write a word equation for the reaction.
2. Write the correct formula for each substance
(unbalanced):
3. Balance the equation
a) Count the number of each atom on the reactants and
products side and determine what requires
balancing.
b) Balance each element sequentially, using whole
numbers. It is often best to balance metals first.
mercury(II) oxide mercury + oxygenΔ
HgO Hg + O2
Δ
Hg: 1
O: 1
Hg: 1
O: 2
HgO Hg + O2
Δ
Oxygen atoms
need balancing
on the reactants
side.
2 HgO Hg + O2
Δ
Hg: 2
O: 2
Hg: 1
O: 2
Now Hg atoms
need balancing
on the products
side.
Writing and
Balancing
Chemical
Equations
4. Check after adding coefficients that all atoms still
balance. Adjust as needed (a 2 is needed in front of
Hg).
5. Do a final check to make sure all atoms now balance
on both sides of the equation.
2 HgO 2 Hg + O2
Δ
Hg: 2
O: 2
Hg: ...
English chapter we are going to discuss about the reduction in the oxidation their heat evolution changes occurrence and about their reducing agent and oxidization
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
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2. CHEMICAL EQUATIONS –
NEED FOR BALANCING
Law of conservation of mass states that
matter can neither be created nor be
destroyed ,only it can be transformed from
one form to another
To obey the law of conservation of mass
4. LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS -
EXPLANATION
In a chemical reaction ,
Total mass of Total mass of
reactants products
i.e ., the mass is conserved
5. HOW TO BALANCE
A CHEMICAL EQUATION ?
Step 1 :Count the number of atoms of each
element on reactant and product side(if they
are equal ,then step 2 is not necessary)
Step 2 :Start balancing with the compound
that contains the maximum number of atoms
(by changing the coefficients)
6. WHILE BALANCING
A CHEMICAL EQUATION …
A coefficient is an integer that is placed in
front of the chemical formula
7. BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
Balance the following chemical equation:
H2 + Cl2 → HCl
Reactants No. of atoms Products No. of atoms
H2 H = 2 HCl H = 1
Cl2 Cl = 2 Cl = 1
Step 1: Count the no.of atoms in reactants
and products
The number of hydrogen and chlorine
atoms are not balanced !
8. BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl
Reactants No.of atoms Products No.of atoms
H2 H = 2 2 HCl H = 2
Cl2 Cl = 2 Cl = 2
Step 2: Balance the number of chlorine atoms
by adding the coefficient of 2 in front of HCl
and count the number of atoms again.
The equation is balanced !
