Class 4 PowerPoint
•
0 likes•429 views
1. Japan has experienced significant demographic changes in the 21st century including declining birth rates, increasing life expectancy, and an aging population. This has led to population decline and increased the aged dependency ratio. 2. Economically, Japan has struggled with deflation and low growth since the 1990s. Per capita GDP and real wages have stagnated while government debt as a percentage of GDP has increased substantially. 3. Socioeconomically, Japan has faced issues like rising unemployment, a growing non-standard workforce, increasing income inequality, and higher poverty rates among the young and elderly. There is a perception that both poverty and inequality have increased in recent decades.
Recommended
More Related Content
What's hot
What's hot (20)
Viewers also liked
Viewers also liked (20)
Similar to Class 4 PowerPoint
Similar to Class 4 PowerPoint (20)
More from Robert Croker
Recently uploaded
Recently uploaded (20)
Class 4 PowerPoint
- 1. Japan in the 21st Century Robert Croker Japanese Society II: Contemporary Japan Center for Japanese Studies Nanzan University
- 2. Contents 1. demographic change: demography is destiny 2. economic change: macroeconomic blues 3. socioeconomic change: (not) sharing the pie
- 3. 1. Demographic Change: demography is destiny
- 4. birth and death rates
- 6. birth rates
- 7. death rates
- 8. life expectancy at birth GINI Country Report Japan Figure 3.15: Life expectancy at birth by gender Sources: Complete Life Table and Abridged Life Table (Statistics and Information Department, Minister’s Secretariat, MHLW). Note: People born in Okinawa prefecture are excluded from calculations before 1970. Health is not only measured by life expectancy. Living actively is another important measure of health. 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 (years) Life expectancy at birth, female (years) Life expectancy at birth, total (years) Life expectancy at birth, male (years) Ohtake, F., Kohara, M., Okuyama, N,Yamada K. (2013). Growing inequalities and their impacts on Japan.
- 9. ageing Japan
- 13. 2. Economic Change: macroeconomic blues
- 14. Ohtake, F., Kohara, M., Okuyama, N, Yamada K. (2013). Growing inequalities and their impacts on Japan. nominal GDP: North America, China, Japan
- 15. Ohtake, F., Kohara, M., Okuyama, N, Yamada K. (2013). Growing inequalities and their impacts on Japan. GINI Country Report Japan Figure 5.1: Real GDP per capita in Japan Source: Federal Reserve Economic Data (U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics; http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2) Note: Annual, not seasonally adjusted. Unit is 2010 U.S. dollars. 0 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000 25.000 30.000 35.000 40.000 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2010U.S.dollars real GDP per capita
- 16. GDP per capita (PPP)
- 17. Ohtake, F., Kohara, M., Okuyama, N, Yamada K. (2013). Growing inequalities and their impacts on Japan. government debt as % of GDPGINI Country Report Japan Figure 5.3: Government Debt as a % of GDP Source: World Economic Outlook (International Monetary Fund) Note. Gross debt consists of all liabilities that require payment or payments of interest and/or principal by the debtor to the creditor at a date or dates in the future. This includes debt liabilities in the form of Special Drawing Rights (SDRs), currency and deposits, debt securities, loans, insurance, pensions and standardized 0 50 100 150 200 250 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
- 18. 3. Socio-economic Change: (not) sharing the pie
- 19. Ohtake, F., Kohara, M., Okuyama, N, Yamada K. (2013). Growing inequalities and their impacts on Japan. unemployment rate: males Source: Labor Force Survey (Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (2010)). Figure 2.13: Unemployment rate by age group and gender Panel A. Male Total Male Female 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 (%) Age 15-24 Age 25-34 Age 35-44 Age 45-54 Age 55-64
- 20. Ohtake, F., Kohara, M., Okuyama, N, Yamada K. (2013). Growing inequalities and their impacts on Japan. unemployment rate: femalesGINI Country Report Japan Panel B. Female Source: Labor Force Survey (Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications) Note: The listed unemployment rates are based on official data for every February from 1989 to 2009. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 (%) Age 15-24 Age 25-34 Age 35-44 Age 45-54 Age 55-64
- 21. percent of workforce unionized Ohtake, F., Kohara, M., Okuyama, N,Yamada K. (2013). Growing inequalities and their impacts on Japan. Behind this downward trend is a change in Japan’s employment conditions. As seen in Chapter 2, regular full-time workers have decreased and non-standard part-time workers have increased since the late 1990s. Figure 4.3: Percentage of workforce unionized Source: The number of union employees is from Basic Survey on Labour Unions (MHLW), and the number of employees is from Labour Force Survey (Statistic Bureau). Note: The figure shows the ratio of the number of employees in labor unions relative to the total number of employees in Japan. 0,0 10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0 60,0 1947 1949 1951 1953 1955 1957 1959 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 (%)
- 22. GINI Country Report Japan Figure 2.15: Proportion of non-standard workers among all employees Source: The Special Survey of the Labour Force Survey (1984–2001), and Labour Force Survey (2002–present) (both by Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare). Note: The figure shows the ratio of non-standard workers to employees, excluding executives of companies or corporations. Non-standard workers include part-time workers, contract employees, and casualized workers. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 (%) Total Male Female number of ‘non-standard’ workers Ohtake, F., Kohara, M., Okuyama, N,Yamada K. (2013). Growing inequalities and their impacts on Japan.
- 23. poverty rates by age Ohtake, F., Kohara, M., Okuyama, N,Yamada K. (2013). Growing inequalities and their impacts on Japan. GINI Country Report Japan Figure 2.23: Poverty rates calculated by disposable income Source: Authors’ calculations using micro data taken from the NSFIE. Note: The figure shows the ratio of the number of people whose income is less than or equal to half of the national median income. For calculation, household income and consumption is divided by square root of the number of household members. 0,00 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,10 0,12 0,14 0,16 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75- PovertyRate 1984 1994 2004
- 24. poverty rates by age Ohtake, F., Kohara, M., Okuyama, N,Yamada K. (2013). Growing inequalities and their impacts on Japan. GINI Country Report Japan Figure 2.23: Poverty rates calculated by disposable income Source: Authors’ calculations using micro data taken from the NSFIE. Note: The figure shows the ratio of the number of people whose income is less than or equal to half of the national median income. For calculation, household income and consumption is divided by square root of the number of household members. 0,00 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,10 0,12 0,14 0,16 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75- PovertyRate 1984 1994 2004
- 25. overall: highest incomes – from Tokyo to Osaka lowest incomes – in the outer regions e.g.Tohoku, Shikoku, Kyushu per capita income: by prefecture
- 26. overall: lowest poverty – central Japan (Aichi, Gifu, Nagano,Toyama, Shizuoka) highest poverty – urban areas (particularly Osaka,Tokyo) and outer regions (e.g. Hokkaido, northern Tohoku, Shikoku, Kyushu) poverty rates: by prefecture
- 27. growing perceptions of poverty Ohtake, F., Kohara, M., Okuyama, N,Yamada K. (2013). Growing inequalities and their impacts on Japan. GINI Country Report Japan Figure 3.20: Living conditions Source: Comprehensive Survey on Living Conditions (MHLW (2010)). 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 1992 1998 2004 Very hard Hard Not hard but not easy Easy Very easy
- 28. growing perceptions of inequality Ohtake, F., Kohara, M., Okuyama, N,Yamada K. (2013). Growing inequalities and their impacts on Japan. GINI Country Report Japan redistribution policies. Figure 4.10: Percentage of people who agree that “inequalities are too large in the country” Source: International Social Survey Programme (1999, 2009) http://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?object=http://zacat.gesis.org/obj/fStudy/ZA3430 http://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?object=http://zacat.gesis.org/obj/fStudy/ZA5400 Note: The figure summarizes answers to the question “How much do you agree or disagree ‘Differences in income in Japan are too large’?” Figure 4.11: Percentage of people who agree that the “poor are lazy” 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 1999 2009 Strongly agree Agree Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Strongly disagree Cant choose
- 29. “the government should redistribute income” Ohtake, F., Kohara, M., Okuyama, N,Yamada K. (2013). Growing inequalities and their impacts on Japan. GINI Country Report Japan wealth/income” Source: JGSS (2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2010) Note: The figure summarizes answers to the question: “It is the responsibility of the government to reduce differences in income between families with high incomes and those with low incomes.” 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2008 2010 Agree Somewhat agree Neither agree nor disagree Somewhat disagree Disagree
- 30. definition: poverty rates before taxes and transfers … and after taxes and transfers OECD overall: before tax – high after tax – much lower Japan overall: before tax – low after tax - higher over time: increasing inequality, before tax and after tax reducing the poverty rate
- 31. number of households on welfare Ohtake, F., Kohara, M., Okuyama, N,Yamada K. (2013). Growing inequalities and their impacts on Japan. GINI Country Report Japan Figure 2.6: Changes in the number of households living on welfare Source: Care Reports of Welfare Administration (Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (2010)). Note: The bars show the number of people living on welfare support, which is measured on the right axis. The line shows their percentage (number relative to 1,000 persons), which is measured on the left axis. 500 000 1 000 000 1 500 000 2 000 000 2 500 000 0 0,005 0,01 0,015 0,02 0,025 1955 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 (people)(% )
- 32. types of families on welfare Ohtake, F., Kohara, M., Okuyama, N,Yamada K. (2013). Growing inequalities and their impacts on Japan. GINI Country Report Japan Figure 2.26: Welfare recipients by family type (monthly average) Source: Care Reports of Welfare Administration (MHLW (2010)). Note: The number of individuals is measured on the vertical axis. 0 200 000 400 000 600 000 800 000 1 000 000 1 200 000 1 400 000 1 600 000 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total Households of the aged Households of the disabled/invalid Households of mother and child(ren) Other Households
- 33. poverty rates by age Ohtake, F., Kohara, M., Okuyama, N,Yamada K. (2013). Growing inequalities and their impacts on Japan. GINI Country Report Japan Figure 2.23: Poverty rates calculated by disposable income Source: Authors’ calculations using micro data taken from the NSFIE. Note: The figure shows the ratio of the number of people whose income is less than or equal to half of the national median income. For calculation, household income and consumption is divided by square root of the number of household members. 0,00 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,10 0,12 0,14 0,16 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75- PovertyRate 1984 1994 2004
- 34. definition: overview of reading, mathematical and scientific literacy Japan: very low – 0.4% #1 lowest in the OECD United States: low – 2.2% #5 lowest in the OECD poverty – househo income i national countrie Critics h poverty i out that relative p of living the past children to ackno nations t the cont the lives those aro Nonethe comparis drawn at income p in that it differenc shows, fo poverty r higher th show tha a couple approxim $24,000 that a sm are grow 0 5 10 15 20 25 Date: 2000,1999 (Australia, Austria and Greece), 2001 (Germany, New Zealand and Switzerland). United States New Zealand United Kingdom Italy Ireland Figure 1.2 Percentage of working-age households with children without an employed parent Date: 2000, 1999 (Japan and Canada), 1998 (Switzerland), 2001 (Spain, the Netherlands, and Germany), 2002 (Austria, Norway and Poland). Non-OECD, 2004 (Israel). 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Israel Hungary Australia Poland Germany United Kingdom Czech Republic New Zealand Ireland France Netherlands Norway Spain Denmark Belgium Italy Finland Canada Sweden Greece United States Austria Switzerland Portugal Japan OECD Nations Non-OECD Nations children without employed parent
- 35. definition: % of children living in households with income lower than 50% of the national median Greece: 12.7% Japan: high – 14.9% #9 in OECD United States: very high – 23.1% highest in OECD USA Spain Italy Japan Canada Luxembourg United Kingdom Australia Belgium France Germany Ireland Switzerland Austria Sweden Denmark Norway Netherlands Finland Iceland 23.1 17.1 15.9 14.9 13.3 12.3 12.1 10.9 10.2 8.8 8.5 8.4 8.1 7.3 7.3 6.5 6.1 6.1 5.3 4.7 0 5 10 15 20 25 Child poverty rate (% of children living in households with equivalent income lower than 50% of the national median) Cross-national comparisons in the European Union must now span a group of countries whose annual per capita incomes range from less than relative poverty line in the Netherlands has double the income of a child living at the median income level in a country like Hungary (Figure 3). define a co there is wid principle – the poor ar access to th activities an considered the society Boxes 6, 8 yardstick to countries, i the compa wealthier c incomes be a similar le Figure 4, fo comparison rates to the annual per than $31,0 Depriva These conc to increasin income me a more dire Within ind advanced c child depri available.T example, in Ireland, the the United the Child D Figure 1a i this need.A Fig. 4 A league table of relative child poverty, selected OECD countries relative poverty rate - children
- 36. definition: relative child poverty rates before taxes and transfers and after taxes and transfers Australia: minus 18% Canada: minus 11% Belgium: minus 9% The Netherlands: minus 6% Denmark: minus 6% United States: minus 2% Japan: minus 1% Spain: minus 2% Italy: minus 0.5% Greece: plus 3% Canada Malta Iceland Luxembourg Germany Slovenia France Norway Czech Republic Austria New Zealand Australia Finland United Kingdom Hungary Ireland large part the result of global economic trends. But that does not mean that it is inevitable. It is within the power of every government in the OECD to set realistic targets for reducing relative child poverty and to put in place the policies and the monitoring systems required to meet those targets.xii Figure 1b shows that a realistic target for the countries with relative child poverty rates below 10% would be to renew the struggle to reduce the rate to 5% or lower. Similarly, the 12 countries with rates between 10% and 15% should aim at lowering relative child poverty below 10%. The 8 countries currently with rates of 15% to 25% have the capacity to bring the rate below the 15% level as an essential first step. Announcing such targets is of course not enough. It is now more than 20 years, for example, since the Government of Canada announced that it would “seek to eliminate child poverty by the year 2000.” Yet Canada’s child poverty rate is higher Fig. 8 Relative child poverty rates before taxes and transfers (market income) and after taxes and transfers (disposable income) before taxes and transfers after taxes and transfers 1 8 I N N O C E N T I R E P O R T C A R D 1 0 Greece Italy Japan USA Spain Switzerland Latvia Romania Poland Bulgaria Portugal Estonia Lithuania Slovakia Cyprus Denmark Netherlands Belgium Sweden Canada Malta Iceland Child poverty rate (% of children living in households with income lower than 50% of the national median income) 0 10 20 30 40 50 for example, since the Government of Canada announced that it would “seek to eliminate child poverty by the year 2000.” Yet Canada’s child poverty rate is higher today than when that target was first announced.xiii In part this is because the commitment was not backed by a compelling political and public consensus or by any firm agreement on how child poverty should be defined and monitored.Targets can only be a first step. In the past, the European Commission has done much to help EU countries to develop common indicators for the measurement of child poverty and to develop plans for its reduction (see Box 7:The European Union: 2020 vision). But since the economic crisis began, child poverty appears to have slipped down the Commission’s agenda. Children barely feature, for example, in the Europe 2020 strategy. In particular, the Commission appears reluctant to publish cross-national data on falling government expenditures for children and families. Later this year (2012), the Commission is due to make proposals to member states on child well-being. Those proposals should include targets for specific reductions in child poverty by the end of this decade. Notes: For each country and for both income definitions, poverty calculations are based on a poverty line set at 50% of Switzerland Latvia Romania Poland Bulgaria Portugal Estonia Lithuania Slovakia Cyprus Denmark Netherlands Belgium Sweden Canada Malta Iceland Luxembourg Germany Slovenia France Norway Czech Republic Austria New Zealandthe struggle to reduce the rate to 5% or lower. Similarly, the 12 countries with rates between 10% and 15% should aim at lowering relative child poverty below 10%. The 8 countries currently with rates of 15% to 25% have the capacity to bring the rate below the 15% level as an essential first step. Announcing such targets is of course not enough. It is now more than 20 years, for example, since the Government of Canada announced that it would “seek to eliminate child poverty by the year 2000.” Yet Canada’s child poverty rate is higher today than when that target was first announced.xiii In part this is because the commitment was not backed by a compelling political and public consensus or by any firm agreement on how child poverty should be defined and monitored.Targets can only be a first step. In the past, the European Commission has done much to help EU countries to develop common indicators for the measurement of child poverty and to develop plans for its reduction (see Box 7:The European Union: 2020 vision). But since the economic crisis began, child poverty appears to have slipped down the Commission’s agenda. Children barely feature, for example, in government and child poverty rates
- 37. The Face of Poverty Relative poverty rate: single-parent households = 54.6% (mostly headed by mothers) average family income = 2.43 million yen (= US$ 20 000) families with both parents = 6.73 million yen ( = US$ 57 000) Food relief groups plan nationwide network to address growing poverty.The Japan Times (November 12, 2015).
- 38. Education High school attendance: general population = 98.4% children living in poverty = 90% University attendance: general population = 51% children living in poverty = 20% Hoffman, M. Adding looming poverty to list of seniors’ woes. The Japan Times (August 15, 2015).
- 39. Crime Number of crimes in Japan falls to postwar low in 2015. The Japan Times (January 14, 2016).
- 40. Which are more dangerous? 14-19 year olds over 65 year olds
- 41. Which are more dangerous? 39, 501 crimes (2015) 47, 643 crimes (2015) Hoffman, M. Adding looming poverty to list of seniors’ woes. The Japan Times (August 15, 2015).
- 42. Review 1. demographic change: demography is destiny 2. economic change: macroeconomic blues 3. socioeconomic change: (not) sharing the pie
- 43. Review 1. demographic change: demography is destiny population is falling very low birth rate ageing population inverted population pyramid
- 44. Review 2. economic change: macroeconomic blues little real growth in the economy long-term deflation little growth in real wages growing government debt – but not effectively used to ameliorate poverty
- 45. Review 3. socioeconomic change: (not) sharing the pie steady employment rates for males and females unemployment rates sometimes higher for youth higher salaries for men than women constant salaries for older workers falling salaries for younger workers increasing number of ‘non-standard’ workers
- 46. Review 3. socioeconomic change: (not) sharing the pie increasing poverty in 20s to mid-40s falling poverty for older, retired workers higher salaries and lower poverty in central Japan growing perceptions of inequality more people on welfare, but mostly older people government policies do not reduce young poverty high relative poverty for children
- 47. The Face of Poverty Hoffman, M. Adding looming poverty to list of seniors’ woes. The Japan Times (August 15, 2015).
- 48. growing perceptions of poverty Editorial: Poverty and the right to live. Mainichi Japan (May 5, 2015).
- 49. Education Hagiwara,Y., & Reynolds, S. One in six Japanese children live in poverty, threatening their education, Future. The Japan Times (September 10, 2015).
- 50. Education Hagiwara,Y., & Reynolds, S. One in six Japanese children live in poverty, threatening their education, Future. The Japan Times (September 10, 2015).
- 51. Education Hoffman, M. Adding looming poverty to list of seniors’ woes. The Japan Times (August 15, 2015).