Citizenship involves membership in a political society that implies duties of allegiance and protection. There are various ways to acquire citizenship, such as by birth in a country (jus soli) or descent from citizen parents (jus sanguinis). Citizenship can also be acquired through naturalization which makes a foreigner a citizen. Citizens have rights like suffrage but also duties like obeying laws and defending the state. Losing citizenship can occur voluntarily like gaining a foreign citizenship or involuntarily like being declared a deserter.
Philippine Constitution - Article XI - Accountability of Public OfficersJohn Paul Espino
Article 11 - XI - Accountability of Public Officers of the Philippines
PREAMBLE
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society, and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity, the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.
Philippine Constitution - Article XI - Accountability of Public OfficersJohn Paul Espino
Article 11 - XI - Accountability of Public Officers of the Philippines
PREAMBLE
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society, and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity, the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.
Philippine Constitution - ARTICLE IX - Constitutional Commissions John Paul Espino
ARTICLE 9 - IX - Constitutional Commissions of the Philippines
PREAMBLE
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society, and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity, the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.
On Philippine Elections and Political Partiesbrianbelen
Lecture slide deck on Philippine Elections and Political Parties.
This is from a class on Philippine Politics and Governance that I taught from 2003-2005.
Philippine Constitution - ARTICLE IX - Constitutional Commissions John Paul Espino
ARTICLE 9 - IX - Constitutional Commissions of the Philippines
PREAMBLE
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society, and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity, the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.
On Philippine Elections and Political Partiesbrianbelen
Lecture slide deck on Philippine Elections and Political Parties.
This is from a class on Philippine Politics and Governance that I taught from 2003-2005.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
8. by naturalization, except incase of collective naturalization of the inhabitants of a territory which takes place when it is ceded by one state to another as a result of a conquest or treaty.These two modes of acquiring citizenships correspond to the two kinds of Citizen, Natural-Born and Naturalized citizens.
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11. Citizenship by Blood Relationship. The Philippines, in accordance with section 1, paragraph 2, follows the principle of the jus sanguinis. In the determination of the citizenship of the child, Filipino mothers are placed by the Constitution on equal footing with their husbands. This dignifies the Filipino woman. The Father or Mother may be a natural-born Filipino or a Filipino by naturalization or by election. If the child is born in a state where the rule of jus soli obtains, or the child’s father or mother is an alien, it would be a case of a dual citizenship.
12. Citizen Through Election Under the 1935 Constitution. Under the 1935 Constitution, a child born of the Filipino mother, who was married to a foreigner, is born an alien and remains an alien during his minority until he elects Philippines citizenship. The rule then, as it is now, is that a Filipina does not lose her citizenship by her marriage to an alien. However, it was not clear whether those who had elected citizenship under the 1935 Constitution are to be considered as natural-born Filipino citizens.
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14. Note: No person may be elected as President or Vice President or member of Congress, or appointed member of the supreme Court or any lower collegiate court, or member of any of the Constitutional Commissions, or of the Central Monetary Authority, Ombudsman or his Deputy unless he is a natural-born citizen of Philippines.
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16. Meaning of naturalization Naturalization is the act of formally adopting a foreigner into the political body of the state and clothing him with the rights and privilege of citizenship. It implies the renunciation of a former nationality and the fact of entrance to a similar relation towards a new body politic.
17. Nature of naturalization. An alien does not have a natural, inherent or vested fight to be admitted to citizenship in a state. Citizenship is a matter of grace, favor or privilege which a sovereign government may confer on, or withhold from , an alien or grant to him under such conditions as it sees fit without the support of any reason whatsoever. Citizenship in our Republic, be it ever Most powerful nation f the world, can take such Citizenship for granted or assume it as a matter of Right. In view of the above principles , the rule is that in case of doubt concerning the grant of citizenship, such doubt be resolved in favor of the state and against the applicant for naturalization.
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21. Reacquisition of lost Philippine citizenship. Citizenship may be reacquired: 1. by naturalization provide the applicant possesses none of the disqualifications provided in the naturalization law. 2. by repatriation of deserters of the Philippines armed forces and women who lost their citizenship by reason of marriage to an alien, after the termination of their marital status: and 3. by direct act of the congress of the Philippines. Repatriationis affected by merely taking the necessary oath of allegiance to the Republic of the Philippines and registering the same in the proper civil registry.
22. Effect of marriage of citizens to an alien. Under the section 4, a citizen of the Philippines who marries an aliens does not lost his/her Philippine citizenship even if by the law s of his/her wife’s/ husband’s country, he/she acquires her/his nationality. The exception is where “by their act or omission they are deemed under the law, to have renounced their citizenship,” such as (under an existing law) subscribing to an oath of allegiance to support the constitution and the laws of a foreign country. A Filipino Woman, who upon marriage to an alien acquires his citizenship, will possesses two citizenships Philippine citizenship and that of her husband.
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24. Note: That the Section 5 prohibits is not dual citizenship but dual allegiance of citizenship arises because our laws cannot control laws of other countries on citizenship. While it is not per se objectionable, the status of dual citizenship may be regulated or restricted by law where it is conductive or could lead to dual allegiance.
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27. SUFFRAGE Suffrageis the right and obligation to vote qualified citizens in the election of certain national and local officers of the government and in the decision of public questions submitted to the people.
34. 5. Initiative-It is the process whereby the people directly propose and enact laws. Congress is mandated by the Constitution to provide as early as possible foe a system of initiative and referendum. (Ibid.) Amendments to the constitution may likewise by directly propose by the people through initiative (Art. XVII, Sec.2.); and 6. Recall-it is tenure method by which a public officer may be removed from officer may be removed from office during his tenure of before the expiration of his term be a vote of the people after registration of a petition signed be a required percent-age of the qualified voters.(Art. X, sec.3.)
35. Qualifications of voters. He must be: 1. A citizen (male of female) of the Philippines; 2. Not otherwise disqualified by law; 3. At least eighteen (18) years of age; and 4. Have resided to voter for at least six (6) months preceding the election.
36. Age qualification. There must be some minimum age for voting. No one, no matter how ardent his belief in democracy, has ever contended that human being must be permitted to participate in the section of public officials from the day of their birth. The suffrage qualification is based on the assumption that under a certain age, human beings do not have the maturity, experience, education, and sense of judgment that will enable them to vote with any reasonable degree of intelligence. No general agreement exists as to the exact age which the individual supposedly attains the maturity sufficient for political participation. While there minimum voting age in every State, no country, however, has as yet seen fit to set a minimum age limit.
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39. 2. Any person who has been adjudged by final judgment by competent court or tribunal of having committed any crime involving disloyalty to the duty constituted government such as rebellion, sedition, violation of the anti-subversion and firearms laws, or any crime against national security, unless restored to his full civil and political rights in accordance with laws. Such person shall likewise automatically regain his right to vote upon expiration of five (5) years of sentence; and 3. Insane or incompetent persons as declares by competent authority. The above persons are not qualified to vote even if they have the necessary qualification.
40. Arguments justifying remove of literacy requirement. The 1973 Constitution removed the requirement under the 1935 Constitution on ability to read and write such that then as now an illiterate person has the right to vote. The illiterate voter is not necessarily an ignorant voter. The arguments for its removal have been summarized as follows: This requirement that a voter must know how to read and write”
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42. 1. Arguments against compulsory suffrage.-those who are against any system ofcoercivevoting say that it is not only undemocratic but that no useful purpose would be served by dragging the people to the polls against their will. They maintain that it is not the size but the quality for the vote cast that is important, and that individual forced to exercise suffrage might do real injury to the public good by voting blindly and unintelligently. 2. Arguments in favor of compulsory suffrage.-the proponents of compulsory suffrage , on the other hand, content that a requirement that would force an apathetic individual to the polls would make him aware of the responsibility that rests on him and would encourage him to be come acquainted with the issues and personalities involved in the election. Once interest is awakened by actual participation, the matter coercion , they feel, would become a secondary motive.
43. System for securing the secrecy and sanctity of the ballot. The right to vote has reference to a constitutional guarantee of the utmost significance. It is a right without which principle of sovereignty residing in the people (Art. II Sec., 1.) Becomes nugatory. It is essential then to insure that the voters shall exercise their right freely , “uninfluenced by threats, intimidation or corrupt motive” and “to secure a fair and honest count of the ballots”. To accomplish this aim, Congress directed by the Constitution “to provide a system for securing secrecy and sanctity of the ballot.”
44. With the enfranchisement of the illiterates and the existence of many disabled voters, this responsibility of the legislative body assumes more importance. The sanctity of the electoral process requires secrecy of the vote. Congress will have to enact a law prescribing procedures that will enable the disable and the illiterates to secretly case their ballots without requiring the assistance of other person, to prevent them from being manipulated by unscrupulous politicians to insure their victory at the polls. Perhaps, a method of voting by symbols maybe devised to make it possible for disabled and alliterate citizens to exercise the right of suffrage.