This document provides circuit symbols and their explanations used in circuit diagrams. It includes common electronic components like batteries, resistors, capacitors, transistors, integrated circuits, and other symbols. The document also demonstrates how to plan circuit board layouts by placing components and drawing trace connections between them on a grid-based board template. Examples are given of improving circuit board layout plans and checking the designs. Guidance is provided on positioning integrated circuits in the center and drawing positive and negative power connections.

1. +LED 1+R1R3R2-+C1555timerCircuit diagrams and component layoutsby :Krysaid

2. Circuit Symbols

3. Circuit SymbolsWires and connectionsWireWires not joinedWires joinedCopyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

4. Circuit SymbolsPower SuppliesBattery-+CellDC supplyCopyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

5. Circuit SymbolsPower SuppliesAC supply~FuseEarth(Ground)Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

6. Circuit SymbolsSwitchesPush Switch(push-to-make)Push-to-Break SwitchOn-Off Switch(SPST)2-way Switch/On-on(SPDT)Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

7. Circuit Symbols2-way Switch/On-on(SPDT)SwitchesNCCOMNOCopyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

8. Circuit SymbolsResistorsResistorRheostatPotentiometerPresetCopyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

9. Circuit SymbolsCapacitorsCapacitorCapacitor, polarisedVariable CapacitorTrimmer Capacitor+Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

10. Circuit SymbolsDiodesLEDLight Emitting DiodePhotodiodeZener DiodeDiodeCopyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

11. Circuit SymbolsMetersDigital MultimeterAnalogue MultimeterVoltmeterGalvanometerAmmeterOhmmeterVAΩCopyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

12. Circuit SymbolsOutput DevicesLamp (indicator)Lamp (lighting)BuzzerMotorMCopyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

13. Circuit SymbolsAudioMicrophoneEarphoneLoudspeakerAmplifier(general symbol)Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

14. Circuit SymbolsTransistorsTransistor NPNTransistor PNPPhototransistorCopyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

15. Circuit SymbolsSensors (input devices)LDR Light Dependent ResistorThermistorCopyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

16. Circuit SymbolsIntegrated Circuits (Chips)IC M66TMelody ICIC 555Timer ICIC 741Operational Amplifier 8 4 7 7 2 2 6 1 3 6 3 4 3 5 1 2Copyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

17. Circuit Diagrams

18. Examples of Circuit symbolsCellSwitchResistorLEDCapacitorWiresNotJoinedWiresJoined

19. ++6V6VDrawing circuit diagrams The electronics way( + at the top ) The science way( battery at the top )

20. S1LED 11M33k842555timer100k9V3671470Ω220µFLED 20.1µFCircuit Diagram+S11MLED 1X++33kLED 2555100kX18X27X9V36470ΩBleeper0.1µFX45+220µF-Component Layout

21. Verobod

22. Placing components on Verobod

23. componentverobodCopper tracks

24. Copper tracksverobodcomponent

25. Designing a Verobod Layout

26. LUKISAN BERGAMBAR [litarverobod]Tips:Letakkan [ IC ] ditengahverobod, kemudiantandakanlaluan[track] puncapositif [atas] dannegatif [bawah],

27. Putuskan track diantara pin IC dantandakan [ X ] padagambarajah IC.

28. Gunakansaiz grid sebenarveroboddisebelahkiriuntukmemeriksajarakkomponen.

29. Sentiasautamakankeselamatan.Saiz grid sebenarverobod. Jaraklubang 0.1" (2.54mm)Arusbergeraksecaramendatar123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434422222121202019191818171716161515141413131212111110109988776655443322111234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344 [78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my

30. Planning the Layout 1

31. R19VLED 1Circuit Diagram

32. Tips:Letakkan [ IC ] ditengahverobod, kemudiantandakanlaluan[track] puncapositif [atas] dannegatif [bawah],

33. Putuskan track diantara pin IC dantandakan [ X ] padagambarajah IC.

34. Gunakansaiz grid sebenarveroboddisebelahkiriuntukmemeriksajarakkomponen.

35. Sentiasautamakankeselamatan.Saiz grid sebenarverobod. Jaraklubang 0.1" (2.54mm)Arusbergeraksecaramendatar222120191812345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243441722162115201419+131812171116R1470Ω1015914+8LED13712BC611_51049382716543211234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344 [78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my

36. Planning the LayoutImprove your planCopyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

37. Tips:Letakkan [ IC ] ditengahverobod, kemudiantandakanlaluan[track] puncapositif [atas] dannegatif [bawah],

38. Putuskan track diantara pin IC dantandakan [ X ] padagambarajah IC.

39. Gunakansaiz grid sebenarveroboddisebelahkiriuntukmemeriksajarakkomponen.

40. Sentiasautamakankeselamatan.Saiz grid sebenarverobod. Jaraklubang 0.1" (2.54mm)Arusbergeraksecaramendatar222120191812345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243441722162115201419+131812171116R1470Ω1015914+8LED13712BC611_51049382716543211234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344 [78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my

41. Planning the LayoutCheck your planCopyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

42. R1470Ω9VR1470ΩLED 1Circuit Diagram+BCLED

43. Planning the Layout 2

44. R 1S1LED 1c9VbTR 1R 2eCircuit Diagram

45. +R1S1+R2cLED 1beTR 1_Tips:Letakkan [ IC ] ditengahverobod, kemudiantandakanlaluan[track] puncapositif [atas] dannegatif [bawah],

46. Putuskan track diantara pin IC dantandakan [ X ] padagambarajah IC.

47. Gunakansaiz grid sebenarveroboddisebelahkiriuntukmemeriksajarakkomponen.

48. Sentiasautamakankeselamatan.Saiz grid sebenarverobod. Jarak lubang 0.1" (2.54mm)Arus bergerak secara mendatar123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434422222121202019191818171716161515141413131212111110109988776655443322111234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344 [78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my

49. Planning the LayoutImprove your planCopyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

50. +R1S1+R2cLED 1beTR 1_Tips:Letakkan [ IC ] ditengahverobod, kemudiantandakanlaluan[track] puncapositif [atas] dannegatif [bawah],

51. Putuskan track diantara pin IC dantandakan [ X ] padagambarajah IC.

52. Gunakansaiz grid sebenarveroboddisebelahkiriuntukmemeriksajarakkomponen.

53. Sentiasautamakankeselamatan.Saiz grid sebenarverobod. Jarak lubang 0.1" (2.54mm)Arus bergerak secara mendatar123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434422222121202019191818171716161515141413131212111110109988776655443322111234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344 [78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my

54. Planning the LayoutCheck your planCopyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

55. R 1S1LED 1c9VbTR 1R 2eR1Circuit DiagramS1R2LED 1cBCbeTR 1

56. Planning the Layout 3

57. R 1S1LED 1R 2cbTR 29VecbTR 1eCircuit Diagram

58. Tips:Letakkan [ IC ] ditengahverobod, kemudiantandakanlaluan[track] puncapositif [atas] dannegatif [bawah],

59. Putuskan track diantara pin IC dantandakan [ X ] padagambarajah IC.

60. Gunakansaiz grid sebenarveroboddisebelahkiriuntukmemeriksajarakkomponen.

61. Sentiasautamakankeselamatan.Saiz grid sebenarverobod. Jarak lubang 0.1" (2.54mm)Arus bergerak secara mendatar+R1S1R2+ebccLED 1TR 2bBCeTR 1_ [78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434422222121202019191818171716161515141413131212111110109988776655443322111234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344

62. Planning the LayoutImprove your planCopyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

63. Tips:Letakkan [ IC ] ditengahverobod, kemudiantandakanlaluan[track] puncapositif [atas] dannegatif [bawah],

64. Putuskan track diantara pin IC dantandakan [ X ] padagambarajah IC.

65. Gunakansaiz grid sebenarveroboddisebelahkiriuntukmemeriksajarakkomponen.

66. Sentiasautamakankeselamatan.Saiz grid sebenarverobod. Jarak lubang 0.1" (2.54mm)Arus bergerak secara mendatar+R1S1R2+ebccLED 1TR 2bBCeTR 1_ [78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434422222121202019191818171716161515141413131212111110109988776655443322111234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344

67. Planning the LayoutCheck your planCopyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

68. R 1S1LED 1R 2cbTR 29VR1ecS1bR2TR 1+ebecLED 1Circuit DiagramTR 2cbBCeTR 1

69. Planning the Layout 4

70. R1680k847555timer9V63R210kR31k21++C110µFLEDCircuit Diagram

71. Tips:Letakkan [ IC ] ditengahverobod, kemudiantandakanlaluan[track] puncapositif [atas] dannegatif [bawah],

72. Putuskan track diantara pin IC dantandakan [ X ] padagambarajah IC.

73. Gunakansaiz grid sebenarveroboddisebelahkiriuntukmemeriksajarakkomponen.

74. Sentiasautamakankeselamatan.Saiz grid sebenarverobod. Jaraklubang 0.1" (2.54mm)Arusbergeraksecaramendatar222120191812345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243441722162115201419+131812171116R1680k+10LED 115R31k914X18813X27712X36611R210kX45510IC 55549_3C110µF8+27165432112345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728729303132333435363738394041424344 [78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my

75. Planning the LayoutImprove your planCopyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

76. Tips:Letakkan [ IC ] ditengahverobod, kemudiantandakanlaluan[track] puncapositif [atas] dannegatif [bawah],

77. Putuskan track diantara pin IC dantandakan [ X ] padagambarajah IC.

78. Gunakansaiz grid sebenarveroboddisebelahkiriuntukmemeriksajarakkomponen.

79. Sentiasautamakankeselamatan.Saiz grid sebenarverobod. Jaraklubang 0.1" (2.54mm)Arusbergeraksecaramendatar222120191812345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243441722162115201419+131812171116R1680k+10LED 115914R31kX18813X27712X36611R210kX45510IC 55549_38C110µF+27165432112345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728729303132333435363738394041424344 [78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my

80. Planning the LayoutCheck your planCopyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

81. R1680k847555timer9V63R210k555timerR1680k+R31k2LED 11R31kX18++X27C110µFLEDX36R210kX45IC 555Circuit DiagramC110µF+

83. Planning the Layout 5

84. + 9VLED 1R1R2846R3IC 55573R421+C1LED 2S1- 0VCircuit Diagram

85. Tips:Letakkan [ IC ] ditengahverobod, kemudiantandakanlaluan[track] puncapositif [atas] dannegatif [bawah],

86. Putuskan track diantara pin IC dantandakan [ X ] padagambarajah IC.

87. Gunakansaiz grid sebenarveroboddisebelahkiriuntukmemeriksajarakkomponen.

88. Sentiasautamakankeselamatan.Saiz grid sebenarverobod. Jaraklubang 0.1" (2.54mm)Arusbergeraksecaramendatar1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344222221212020191918181717161615151414LED 1LED 2131312+12+11111010R1R29988X1877XS12766XBC+3655XR4R3454C14IC 5553322+111234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344_ [78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my

89. Planning the LayoutImprove your planCopyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

90. Tips:Letakkan [ IC ] ditengahverobod, kemudiantandakanlaluan[track] puncapositif [atas] dannegatif [bawah],

91. Putuskan track diantara pin IC dantandakan [ X ] padagambarajah IC.

92. Gunakansaiz grid sebenarveroboddisebelahkiriuntukmemeriksajarakkomponen.

93. Sentiasautamakankeselamatan.Saiz grid sebenarverobod. Jaraklubang 0.1" (2.54mm)Arusbergeraksecaramendatar1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344222221212020191918181717161615151414LED 1131312+12LED 2+11111010R1R29988X1877XS12766XBC+3655XR4454C14IC 55533R322+111234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344_ [78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my

94. Planning the LayoutCheck your planCopyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

95. + 9VLED 1R1R2846R3LED 1IC 55573+LED 2+555timerR42R11R5X+18XS127C1LED 2S1XBC36XR445- 0VC1Circuit DiagramIC 555R3+

96. Planning the Layout 6

97. S1LED 1R133k1M842R3100k555timer9V36R2470Ω71C1220µFC2 0.1µFLED 2Circuit Diagram

98. Saiz grid sebenarverobod. Jaraklubang 0.1" (2.54mm)Arusbergeraksecaramendatar12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243442222212120201919181817171616S115151M1414+LED 1LED 21313X12+1211+111010R133k99IC 5558R3100k8X1877X2766X9V36BZ55X45+C20.1µF4C1220µF4_33R2470Ω22111234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344 [78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my

99. Planning the LayoutImprove your planCopyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

100. Saiz grid sebenarverobod. Jaraklubang 0.1" (2.54mm)Arusbergeraksecaramendatar12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243442222212120201919181817171616S115151M1414+LED 1LED 21313X12+1211+111010R133k99IC 5558R3100k8X1877X2766X9V36BZ55X45+C20.1µF4C1220µF4_33R2470Ω22111234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344 [78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my

101. Planning the LayoutCheck your planCopyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

102. S11MLED 2LED 1X++555timer++R133kIC 555R3100kX18X27X9V36BZX45++C20.1µFC1220µFR2470Ω

103. Planning the Layout 7

104. R1R2R6847IC 555R5632155C21LS29VIC Muzik1R3R4NONC3C1cS1bCOMLEDeTRCircuit Diagram

105. Saiz grid sebenarverobod. Jaraklubang 0.1" (2.54mm)Arusbergeraksecaramendatar22212019181234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344172216211520+141913181217R11116NCR2R61015NO9COM14XC2818BC13X72712X63611R5X545R31041IC 555R49+XC1328_2c3+71bIC Muzik6e5LED TR 43211234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344 [78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my [78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my

106. Planning the LayoutImprove your planCopyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

107. Saiz grid sebenarverobod. Jaraklubang 0.1" (2.54mm)Arusbergeraksecaramendatar22212019181234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344172216211520+141913181217R11116NCR2R61015NO9COM14XC281813X72712BCX63611R5X545R3109V41IC 555R49+XC1328_2c3+71bIC Muzik6e5LED TR 43211234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344 [78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my [78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my

108. Planning the LayoutCheck your planCopyright All Right Reserved 2009 : kry... Studio

109. 555timerR1R6R2NOBCNOCOMCOMC2X18X27R3X36XR545LSIC 5551R4+C1X2c3+LED IC MuzikbeTR

110. Planning the Layout 8

111. S1R1LS 12LED 2LED 13IC MuzikR2R319V++C2C1CCbbeeCircuit Diagram

112. Saiz grid sebenarverobod. Jaraklubang 0.1" (2.54mm)Arusbergeraksecaramendatar123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434422222121202019191818171716161515141413131212111110109988776655443322111234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344 [78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my

113. Planning the Layout 9

114. S1R210kR310kR510kR610kR81kC31µF8484C10.1µFC20.1µF555timer555timer33229V3R4470ΩR1470ΩS4S36161S2BuzerR71kCircuit Diagram

115. Saiz grid sebenarverobod. Jaraklubang 0.1" (2.54mm)Arusbergeraksecaramendatar123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434422222121202019191818171716161515141413131212111110109988776655443322111234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344 [78/02] 2009 © Hakcipta Krysaid@yahoo.com.my