- Prepared a 2D stick model of the bridge in SAP2000 using the properties mentioned in the FHWA Bridge document
- Designed the bridge for linear and non-linear structural models to conduct analyses
- Performed different analyses on the bridge – multimode analysis, pushover analysis, time history analysis and capacity spectrum analysis
- Compared the shear force, bending moment, axial force and displacement values for each abutment and pier from all analyses and critically assessed the bridge performance
Tutorial VSP Conference 2013, San Luis Obispo, CAHersh Amin
Vehicle Sketch Pad Structure Analysis Module (VSP SAM, http://vspsam.ae.utexas.edu/) tutorial presentation at the 2nd annual VSP (http://openvsp.org/) workshop held in San Luis Obispo, CA from Aug 7-9, 2013.
Tutorial VSP Conference 2013, San Luis Obispo, CAHersh Amin
Vehicle Sketch Pad Structure Analysis Module (VSP SAM, http://vspsam.ae.utexas.edu/) tutorial presentation at the 2nd annual VSP (http://openvsp.org/) workshop held in San Luis Obispo, CA from Aug 7-9, 2013.
This article considers different approaches for autopilot controller gain values adjustment. The correct autopilot
performance is tested using modeling methods. A variant of land-based autopilot is considered. Examined are
scenarios of UAV airplanes in level flight. The latter are applicable to tasks such as remote sensing, controlled
area surveillance, etc.
The Mission Concept Review affirms the mission need and examines the proposed mission's objectives and the concept for meeting those objectives. (Cited from NASA Procedural Requirements)
Modeling of Flexible and Rigid Pavements under Aircraft LoadingElise M. Mansour
Masters thesis defense presentation by Elise Mansour, a graduate student, in the Pavement Engineering and Science program at University of Nevada, Reno (UNR).
- Project funded by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).
- Work Credit: Dr. Peter E. Sebaaly, Dr. Elie Y. Hajj, Dr. Gabriel M. Bazi and Elise Mansour.
Experimental and numerical stress analysis of a rectangular wing structureLahiru Dilshan
Structures of an aircraft can be categorised as primary structural components and secondary structure components. Primary structure components are the components which lead to failure of the aircraft if such component is failed during the flight cycle. Secondary components are load sharing components in an aircraft but will not pave the way to catastrophic failure.
Designing aircraft structures should follow several strategies to assure safety. For that, there are three main methods used in designing and maintenance procedures. First one is the safe flight, which an aircraft component has a lifetime. That component is not used beyond that limit and should replace though it is not failed. The fail-safe method is another one that redundant systems or components are there to ensure there is another way to carry the load or do necessary control. The final one is the damage tolerance which measures the current damages are within acceptable limit and carry out the main functions until the next main maintenance process.
To determine the safety of a structure component load distribution, stress and strain variation, deflection can be used as parameters to make sure that component can withstand maximum allowable load with safety factor. There are several techniques used to get accurate results as numerical methods, Finite Element Method (FEM) and experimental methods. In the design process, those three steps are followed in an orderly manner to ensure the safety of an aircraft.
Action Trajectory Reconstruction for Controlling of Vehicle Using SensorsIOSR Journals
Abstract: Inertial sensors, such as accelerometers and gyro-scopes, are rarely used by themselves to compute
velocity and position as each requires the integration of very noisy data. The variance and bias in the resulting
position and velocity estimates grow un-bounded in time. This paper proposes a solution to provide a de-biased
and de-noised estimation of position and velocity of moving vehicle actions from accelerometer measurements.
The method uses a continuous wavelet transform applied to the measurements recursively to provide reliable
action trajectory reconstruction. The results are presented from experiments performed with a MEMS accelerometer
and gyroscope.
Keywords: Action trajectory, continuous wavelet transform, inertial measurement unit.
Final Year Project Report on Structural Analysis and Design of Multistorey RCC Building for Earthquake Resistant Design as per IS Codes. - Khwopa College of Engineering - IOE, Tribhuvan university - Civil Engineering Final Report - Bachelor Level Project
This article considers different approaches for autopilot controller gain values adjustment. The correct autopilot
performance is tested using modeling methods. A variant of land-based autopilot is considered. Examined are
scenarios of UAV airplanes in level flight. The latter are applicable to tasks such as remote sensing, controlled
area surveillance, etc.
The Mission Concept Review affirms the mission need and examines the proposed mission's objectives and the concept for meeting those objectives. (Cited from NASA Procedural Requirements)
Modeling of Flexible and Rigid Pavements under Aircraft LoadingElise M. Mansour
Masters thesis defense presentation by Elise Mansour, a graduate student, in the Pavement Engineering and Science program at University of Nevada, Reno (UNR).
- Project funded by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).
- Work Credit: Dr. Peter E. Sebaaly, Dr. Elie Y. Hajj, Dr. Gabriel M. Bazi and Elise Mansour.
Experimental and numerical stress analysis of a rectangular wing structureLahiru Dilshan
Structures of an aircraft can be categorised as primary structural components and secondary structure components. Primary structure components are the components which lead to failure of the aircraft if such component is failed during the flight cycle. Secondary components are load sharing components in an aircraft but will not pave the way to catastrophic failure.
Designing aircraft structures should follow several strategies to assure safety. For that, there are three main methods used in designing and maintenance procedures. First one is the safe flight, which an aircraft component has a lifetime. That component is not used beyond that limit and should replace though it is not failed. The fail-safe method is another one that redundant systems or components are there to ensure there is another way to carry the load or do necessary control. The final one is the damage tolerance which measures the current damages are within acceptable limit and carry out the main functions until the next main maintenance process.
To determine the safety of a structure component load distribution, stress and strain variation, deflection can be used as parameters to make sure that component can withstand maximum allowable load with safety factor. There are several techniques used to get accurate results as numerical methods, Finite Element Method (FEM) and experimental methods. In the design process, those three steps are followed in an orderly manner to ensure the safety of an aircraft.
Action Trajectory Reconstruction for Controlling of Vehicle Using SensorsIOSR Journals
Abstract: Inertial sensors, such as accelerometers and gyro-scopes, are rarely used by themselves to compute
velocity and position as each requires the integration of very noisy data. The variance and bias in the resulting
position and velocity estimates grow un-bounded in time. This paper proposes a solution to provide a de-biased
and de-noised estimation of position and velocity of moving vehicle actions from accelerometer measurements.
The method uses a continuous wavelet transform applied to the measurements recursively to provide reliable
action trajectory reconstruction. The results are presented from experiments performed with a MEMS accelerometer
and gyroscope.
Keywords: Action trajectory, continuous wavelet transform, inertial measurement unit.
Final Year Project Report on Structural Analysis and Design of Multistorey RCC Building for Earthquake Resistant Design as per IS Codes. - Khwopa College of Engineering - IOE, Tribhuvan university - Civil Engineering Final Report - Bachelor Level Project
Multiphase Flow Modeling and Simulation: HPC-Enabled Capabilities Today and T...inside-BigData.com
In this video from the 2014 HPC User Forum in Seattle, Igor Bolotnov from North Carolina State University presents: Multiphase Flow Modeling and Simulation: HPC-Enabled Capabilities Today and Tomorrow.
Learn more: http://insidehpc.com/video-gallery-hpc-user-forum-2014-seattle/
Seismic Assessment of Existing Bridge Using OPENSEESIJMER
The task of this paper is to determine if the response of existing bridge near village Korti in the
vicinity of Pandharpur, designed using the Indian Standard Specifications would meet performance
requirements when subjected to the moderate seismic hazard. This paper will provide an analysis of designed bridge behavior in Korti near Pandharpur, and determine if this behavior is acceptable for bridges classified as critical or essential. Analysis of this bridge is carried out using software framework OPENSEES
Dynamic Analysis And Optimization Of Fatigue Crack Propagation Using Full Fac...IJERA Editor
A pipe installation experiences fluctuating loading condition and occasionally high amplitude Seismic Vibration. The modelling of fatigue crack growth becomes more substantial if the pipes carry harmful fluids. However there is an insufficiency of fatigue crack model for pipes. Generally a prior step before developing a simplified model is to analyze the process and to identify the effective process parameters of the process .The primary objective of this investigation is dealt with identification and analysis of fatigue crack growth process for part-through cracked pipes. In the present investigation an attempt has been made identify the effective process parameter of fatigue life and optimization of the process parameters by using full factorial design methodology, so that it will be help full to develop a simplified fatigue crack growth model in future research works.
Unit Hydrograph (UH) is the most famous and generally utilized technique for analysing and deriving flood hydrograph resulting from a known storm in a basin area. For ungauged catchments, unit hydrograph are derived using either regional unit hydrograph approach. Central Water Commission (CWC) derived the regional unit hydrograph relationships for different sub-zones of India relating to the various unit hydrograph parameters with some prominent physiographic characteristics. In this study, the lately developed UH model is applied located between Latitude 15º54′2′′ N to 16º16′19′′ N Latitude and 76º48′40′′ E to77º4′21′′ E Longitude. The study area covers an area of 466.02 km2, having maximum length of 36.5 km. The maximum and minimum elevation of the basin is 569 m and 341 m above MSL, respectively. The Peak discharge of unit hydrograph obtained is 171.58m3/s. The final cumulative discharge is 1669.05 m3/s.
Attitude Control of Satellite Test Setup Using Reaction WheelsA. Bilal Özcan
A reaction wheel is A type of flywheel used primarily by spacecraft for attitude control without using fuel for rockets or other reaction devices.It bases on the principle of angular momentum transfer. That is Newton’s third law of action-reaction.
1st paper: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338119144_ATTITUDE_CONTROL_OF_SATELLITE_TEST_SETUP_USING_REACTION_WHEELS
In the material testing laboratory, Tensile test was done on a mild steel specimen as figure 4 to identify the young’s modulus, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and percentage elongation. The results were as table 1
DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION OF “KLANN MECHANISM” USING OCTO-POD ROBOTNikhil Koli
This project highlights the reduction in jerk-imparted to the robot by improving the root gait profile of "KLANN Mechanism" used for locomotion in robot.
Analysis & Preliminary Design Of 3-span Continuous RCC Box Girder Bridge Deck with Parabolically Varying Depth Presentation slide for Civil Engineering final year students
A New geotechnical method for natural slope exploration and analysisRasika Athapaththu
Geotechnical investigation of natural slopes is challengeable especially when
natural slopes having higher gradients and access is difficult. Also, it is even more prob-
lematic to find the shear strength parameters spatially to evaluate the stability of slopes as
most of the methods available to find the shear strength parameters in the literature are
uneconomical or such methods cannot be applied in vegetated slopes. Recently, authors
have conducted a series of in situ investigations based on the newly developed lightweight
dynamic cone penetrometer to examine its applicability in analyzing the slopes covered
with weathering remnants of decomposed granite. Six patterns were identified based on the
penetration resistance varies with the depth. Spatial variability analysis conducted on
different grid spaces showed that the coefficient of variation of cone resistance varies from
0 to 35 %. Semi-variogram analysis showed that the Spherical Models can be used to
evaluate the spatial variability of weathering remnants of decomposed granite. A series of
laboratory calibration tests based on the lightweight dynamic cone penetration tests and
direct shear tests with pore pressure measurements were conducted at different void ratios
and degrees of saturation. Based on the laboratory calibration test results, a method to
determine the void ratio, e, from the data of qd was presented. Based on this, two formulas
to evaluate the shear strength parameters, apparent cohesion and friction angle, were
established with the cone resistance and degree of saturation. Slight modification was
proposed in evaluating the apparent cohesion with respect to the different fine content in
the soils. As a whole, the proposed method can be successfully applied to individual slopes
to determine the profile thickness and to evaluate the shear strength parameters spatially.
Based on this, hazard assessment of individual slopes can be made.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdf
Presentation CIE619
1. Analysis of FHWA Example 5 Bridge at Tacoma
by
Lemuria Pathfinders
Supratik Bose
Sathvika Meenakshisundaram
Sharath Chandra Ranganath
Sandhya Ravindran
Amy Ruby
May 2014
6. Objectives
CSEE DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO 6
Primary objective was to evaluate the bridge response using various
analysis procedures given MCEER/ATC 49 report
Comparison of the results obtained from various analysis
Critical assessment of performance of the bridge based on those results
Recommendations for improvement of performance during future
seismic event
8. Modeling Assumptions
CSEE DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO 8
SAP 2000 Model
2D Bridge model was developed in SAP 2000 v. 16.0.1 program
Uniformly distributed load (DL) on superstructure = 9.3 kips/feet
Superstructure : Equivalent concrete cross-section with same area
and inertia of composite structure
Centroid of the superstructure taken 8 feet above the top of the pier to
account for bearing height
9. Modeling Assumptions…
CSEE DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO 9
Modeling of Substructure: Piers
Modelled as three 2D frame
elements
Foundation spring stiffness
attached to the bottommost
nodes of the piers
Pinned piers: node 6XX transfers
shears but longitudinal moment
(M3) released
Sliding piers: Only transverse
shear transferred and M3, V2
released
Relationship between actual pier and stick model
Details of sliding bearings
10. Modeling Assumptions…
CSEE DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO 10
Foundation springs and abutment
Foundation stiffness calculated in
FHWA- example was used as the soil
conditions are similar
Abutments modelled as simple nodes
with vertical translation and torsional
rotation restraint and transverse
equivalent spring
Spring Foundation Model
Abutment Support Model
k11 2.66 × 104 Kip/ft
k22 7.847 × 105 Kip/ft
k33 1.70× 104 Kip/ft
k44 7.96 × 107 Kip-ft/rad
k55 4.785 × 106 Kip-ft/rad
K66 9.628 × 107 Kip-ft/rad
12. Response Spectra
CSEE DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO 12
Response Spectra of the Site
MCEER/ATC 49 report suggests 2 level of earthquakes for analysis
Maximum Credible Earthquake Expected Earthquake
13. Scaling of GMs
CSEE DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO 13
Selected GMs
Selected ground motions are scaled such that
Geometric mean spectra never lies below 15% of design spectra
Average ratio of mean and target spectra not less than unity over
the period range of significance.
Selected Ground Motions
No Ground Motion NGA# Scale M Year Station
MCE
1
Cape
Mendocino
828 1.0 7.01 1992 Petrolia
2 North Ridge 960 1.0 6.69 1994 Canyon Country-W Lost Cany
3 Loma-Prieto 753 1.0 6.93 1989 Corralitos
EE
1 North Ridge 1048 0.38 6.69 1994 North Ridge 17645 Saticoy St
2 Imperial Valley 181 0.47 6.53 1979 El-Centro #6
3 Kobe Japan 1116 0.72 6.90 1995 Shin-Osake
15. Analysis
CSEE DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO 15
Uniform Load Method
Maximum displacement (vs-max) obtained by assigning Po of 1 kip/ft,
Pe, K and Tm calculated based on these equations
max
o
s
P L
K
v
sup
16011.2
18271.2
long super piers long
trans er piers trans
W W W kips
W W W kips
2m
W
T
Kg
e d
W
P C
L
Direction of applied load
Transverse Longitudinal
Max displacement (ft) 0.037 0.144
Lateral Stiffness (kip/ft) 36808.5 9631.17
Time Period (s) 0.78 1.43
Hazard level EE MCE EE MCE
Cd 0.2486 0.8825 0.133 0.47
Pe (kip/ft) 3.281 11.65 1.5386 5.437
Base Shear (kips) 4542.22 16124.33 2129.49 7525.26
Maximum Moment (kips-feet) 5698.64 20234.42 2704.91 9558.44
Max Displacement after Pe (ft) 0.124 0.442 0.228 0.775
16. Analysis…
CSEE DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO 16
Multimode Method
Modal analysis was carried out in SAP 2000 program
Mode
Period
(s)
Cumulative Modal Mass Participation
Mode of
VibrationTranslational Rotational
UX UY UZ RX RY RZ
1.00 1.54 0.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 Longitudinal
2.00 0.88 0.00 0.59 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 Transverse
3.00 0.75 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.54 Torsion
Direction Analytical Calculation (kip/feet) Modal Analysis (kip/feet)
Longitudinal (Local X) 8484 8277
Transverse (Local Y) 28793 28927
Comparison of bridge stiffness obtained analytically and from modal analysis
17. Analysis…
CSEE DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO 17
Multimode Method…
Modes were combined using CQC method and the directional effects
were considered by 100%-40% combination rule
Ambient damping of 5% was considered
Results obtained from multimode response spectrum analysis at MCE
MCE Pier No.
Longitudinal Transverse
Axial
ForceShear Moment Shear Moment
1L+0.4T
Pier 1 993.8 37327.5 221. 9 114662.1 55.6
Pier 2 1322.1 68960.6 2330.0 125658.3 32.4
Pier 3 699.8 35743.1 2301.7 159105.4 64.9
Pier 4 437.2 20518.7 2693.0 186280.0 26.3
1T+0.4L
Pier 1 1413.3 53082.6 1587.5 79300.8 90.6
Pier 2 2325.7 124775.3 1573.5 84425.7 48.9
Pier 3 1310.0 71479.4 1372.0 91656.7 101.2
Pier 4 1092.5 51280.3 1078.0 74358.5 10.5
18. Analysis…
CSEE DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO 18
Pushover Analysis
Fiber PMM hinges were used to define non linearity
Simplified bilinear behaviour assumed for concrete and steel
Triangular loading pattern was used
Individual piers: Hinges only at the bottom of the members
Entire structure: Hinges considered at the base and the neck of the
trapezoidal part of the piers
Stiffness (kips/feet)
Longitudinal Transverse
Pushover Analytical Pushover Analytical
70 feet pier 5872 5022 1728 1259
50 feet pier 8100 7841 3375 2983
Stiffness (kips/feet) Chord Radial
Bridge 10500 10331 28889 29521
Comparison of stiffness obtained analytically and calculated from pushover analysis
20. Analysis…
CSEE DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO 20
Linear Elastic Time History Analysis (THA)
Linear elastic THA carried out both in NONLIN and SAP 2000
Hazard
Level
Base Shear (kips) Displacement (feet)
Long Trans Long Trans
NON SAP NON SAP NON SAP NON SAP
MCE 8426.75 12130 20743.9 32080 0.81 1.16 0.70 1.33
EE 4051.63 5731 6803.53 10250 0.39 0.34 0.23 0.35
Comparison of maximum results from SAP 2000 and NONLIN
EE has lesser demand on the structure and hence impose smaller
displacement on the piers as compared to MCE
20% difference in results obtained from SAP2000 and NONLIN.
21. Analysis…
CSEE DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO 21
Non Linear SDoF Time History Analysis (THA)
Nonlinear SDoF THA was carried out in NONLIN
Simplified bilinear behaviour was assumed with K2 = 0
Yield strength obtained from pushover analysis
Hazard
Level
GM
Global X Linear Global X
Nonlinear
Global Y
Linear
Global Y
Nonlinear
Shear
(kips)
Disp.
(feet)
Shear
(kips)
Disp.
(feet)
Shear
(kips)
Disp.
(feet)
Shear
(kips)
Disp.
(feet)
MCE
NGA 753-FN 2757 0.27 2757 0.27 7356 0.25 7356 0.25
NGA 753-FP 6905 0.67 4250 0.72 20409 0.69 20409 0.69
NGA 828-FN 4165 0.40 4165 0.40 18876 0.64 18876 0.64
EE
NGA 1048-FP 3105 0.30 3105 0.30 5007 0.17 5007 0.17
NGA 1116-FP 2297 0.22 2297 0.22 5644 0.19 5644 0.19
NGA 1116-FP 4052 0.39 4052 0.39 6282 0.21 6282 0.21
Comparison of results from linear and nonlinear analysis in NONLIN
22. Analysis…
CSEE DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO 22
Non Linear MDoF Time History Analysis
Same nonlinear model as used in pushover analysis
Newmark Beta direct integration procedure was used
Maximum displacement response during NR-GM Hysteretic begaviour during NR-GM
23. Analysis…
CSEE DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO 23
Non Linear MDoF Time History Analysis
Lesser demands observed at EE for linear and nonlinear analysis.
Structure remain within the elastic range at EE hazard level
In MCE for some of the GMs, the structure reached the inelastic zone
Maximum displacement recorded from MDoF analysis in SAP 2000
program was higher compared to SDoF analysis in NONLIN.
Max
Moment
(kips-ft)
Shear (kips) Disp. (ft)
Trans Long Long Trans Long Trans
P1 86000 27670 754 1858 0.175 0.234
P2 101300 47930 1150 1959 0.460 0.280
P3 104700 36240 666 1584 0.439 0.363
P4 104900 28210 617 1634 0.331 0.369
Max
Moment
(kips-ft)
Shear (kips) Disp. (ft)
Trans Long Long Trans Long Trans
P1 141500 53740 1728 3403 0.699 0.647
P2 145800 56600 1413 3275 0.853 0.801
P3 140700 51320 2064 2325 0.915 1.106
P4 147300 43820 1824 2462 1.305 1.124
Expected Earthquake Maximum Credible Earthquake
24. Analysis…
CSEE DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO 24
Capacity Spectrum Analysis
2
1
2 1
2
v n
C c
L y
gF S V
C C
B W
BL obtained from Table 5.4.1.1-1 of MCEER/ATC 49
MCE
y θpH 0.25CCH Modified CC Modified Vn
Long Trans Long Trans Long Trans Long Trans Long Trans
Operational 13.7 2.3 1.75 1.75 4.2 25.3 1.1 2.6 33722 33722
Life Safety 5.4 0.9 1.75 1.75 4.2 25.3 2.6 - 13174 -
Hazard Level
Operational Life Safety
Long Trans Long Trans
EE SAFE
MCE UNSAFE UNSAFE UNSAFE SAFE
25. Analysis Results…
CSEE DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO 25
Comparison of results of various analysis
Shear forces and displacements obtained are in close agreement
Bending moment in some of the cases are different and the possible
reason is the irregular curved geometry of the bridge
Max
Expected earthquake Maximum Credible earthquake
Shear
(kips)
Moment
(kips-feet)
Displacement
(feet)
Shear
(kips)
Moment
(kips-feet)
Displacement
(feet)
Long Trans Trans Long Long Trans Long Trans Trans Long Long Trans
ULM 793 624 45482 45988 0.24 0.12 2217 2802 161485 162499 0.85 0.44
MM 761 657 52668 35293 0.18 0.15 2326 2693 186280 124783 0.64 0.51
Elastic
THA
672 2058 127500 42417 0.34 0.35 2850 7810 495833 152500 1.33 1.16
Inelastic
THA
1150 1959 104900 47930 0.46 0.37 2064 3403 147300 116600 1.31 1.12
Comparison of results from various analysis procedure
26. Analysis Results…
CSEE DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO 26
Performance of the bridge
Demands obtained from linear analysis were divided by R-factor
1 ( 1)
1.25
B B
S
T
R R R
T
RB obtained from Table 4.7.1 of MCEER/ATC 49
Analysis
Expected Earthquake Maximum Credible Earthquake
Longitudinal Transverse Longitudinal Transverse
LS OP LS OP LS OP LS OP
ULM Safe Safe Safe Safe Unsafe Unsafe Safe Unsafe
MM Safe Safe Safe Safe Unsafe Unsafe Unsafe Unsafe
Elastic THA Safe Unsafe Safe Safe Safe Unsafe Safe Unsafe
Inelastic THA Unsafe Unsafe Unsafe Unsafe Unsafe Unsafe Unsafe Unsafe
Therefore it can be concluded that performance of bridge remains
operational in case of EE but leads to possible failure in MCE.
28. Recommendations
CSEE DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO 28
Recommendation for improvement of bridge performance at MCE:
Seismic isolation bearings can be used to accommodate the excess
displacement demands during high seismic event.
Sliding friction pendulum bearings can be a good alternative to those
used in the present model to ensure better performance at MCE.
Use of dampers along with the isolators can also improve the
performance of the bridge at large earthquakes.
All the piers can be converted to sliding piers to accommodate the
high displacement demands expected at MCE
30. References
CSEE DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO 30
CSI., 2009. Integrated Software for Structural Analysis and Design, SAP 2000. CSI.
FHWA-SA-97-010. Seismic Design of Bridges, Design Example No. 5, Nine Span Viaduct Steel
Girder Bridge.
BERGER/ABAM Engineers. Federal Highway Administration. 1996.
MCEER/ATC 49. Recommended LFRD Guidelines for the Seismic Design of Highway Bridges, Part
I: Specifications. ATC MCEER Joint Venture. 2003
MCEER/ATC 49. Recommended LFRD Guidelines for the Seismic Design of Highway Bridges, Part
II: Commentary and Appendices. ATC MCEER Joint Venture. 2003
Bruneau, M., Uang, C. M. and Sabelli, R. 2010. Ductile Design of Steel Structures. Second Edition
Lawson, R.S., Vance, V. and Krawinkler, H. 1994. Nonlinear static pushover analysis: Why, When
and How?.
Proceedings of 5th US National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, July 10-14, 1994, Chicago.
Chopra, A. K. (2012). Earthquake Response of Linear Systems. Dynamics of Structures: Theory and
Applications to Earthquake Engineering (). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Inc.
Villaverde, R., 2009. Fundamental Concepts of Earthquake Engineering.