Cholesterol
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Cholesterol is a waxy steroid molecule produced in animal cells and essential for cell membrane structure and production of hormones and vitamins. High levels can lead to atherosclerosis and restrict blood flow, potentially causing heart attacks, strokes or other issues. Cholesterol levels are evaluated based on HDL ("good") and LDL ("bad") cholesterol subtypes. While essential, too much or too little cholesterol can impact health.
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Steroids are lipids found in the brain and alter electrical activity. They have a fused ring structure and many have a short tail and hydroxyl group, classifying them as sterols. Cholesterol is the precursor to important steroid hormones like estrogen, testosterone, progesterone, aldosterone, and cortisol that play roles in reproduction, metabolism, and other processes. Steroids are man-made versions of these natural hormones that reduce inflammation in conditions like rheumatoid arthritis by decreasing the immune response. They can provide fast symptom relief but are usually only prescribed short-term.
Chemical Bonding [1]
The transport of oxygen by hemoglobin is a real-life example of chemical bonding. Hemoglobin has four parts that each contain an iron atom which binds to oxygen molecules. This binding allows hemoglobin to carry oxygen to tissues in the body. The pH level of blood affects how well oxygen binds to hemoglobin, with more alkaline blood allowing for stronger binding. Blood doping involves reinjecting stored blood to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cells and give athletes an enhanced endurance.
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Chemical Bonding
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Chemical Bonding And Oxygen Consumption In Sports
Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen through chemical bonding with iron. It allows for oxygen transport throughout the body, which is important for endurance activities like climbing Mount Everest. Blood doping artificially boosts red blood cell counts through blood transfusions or EPO use to increase oxygen delivery to muscles and gain a competitive advantage, though it has health risks and is banned in most sports.
Chemical Bonding Power Point
Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen throughout the body. It allows oxygen to be delivered to tissues and organs via the bloodstream. Higher hemoglobin levels increase oxygen-carrying capacity, allowing longer exercise duration and enhanced endurance. However, artificially boosting red blood cell counts through blood doping poses serious health risks like heart attack and stroke.
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is a fatty substance in the blood that is needed for the body's functions but can accumulate and cause health issues. There are two main types - LDL (bad) cholesterol which raises the risk for heart disease when levels are too high, and HDL (good) cholesterol which helps remove LDL from arteries. Cholesterol levels are affected by diet, physical activity, smoking, and genetics. Maintaining optimal total cholesterol under 200 mg/dL, LDL under 100 mg/dL, and HDL over 60 mg/dL can help lower heart disease risk.
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Steroids
Steroids are lipids found in the brain and alter electrical activity. They have a fused ring structure and many have a short tail and hydroxyl group, classifying them as sterols. Cholesterol is the precursor to important steroid hormones like estrogen, testosterone, progesterone, aldosterone, and cortisol that play roles in reproduction, metabolism, and other processes. Steroids are man-made versions of these natural hormones that reduce inflammation in conditions like rheumatoid arthritis by decreasing the immune response. They can provide fast symptom relief but are usually only prescribed short-term.
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Blood lipids include cholesterol and triglycerides, which exist in two forms: LDL and HDL. Abnormal blood lipid levels are associated with diseases like high blood pressure and diabetes. Creative Enzymes supplies enzymes involved in blood lipid metabolism like cholesterol esterase, cholesterol oxidase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase for research and industrial use. They provide information on product sources and contact details.
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Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body. It binds oxygen through chemical bonding, similarly to how pure substances bond. Higher hemoglobin levels allow athletes to climb Mount Everest by increasing oxygen delivery to tissues. Blood doping artificially boosts hemoglobin levels through blood transfusions or injections of hormones like EPO to improve athletic performance, but it can have serious health risks like infections, blood clots, and kidney damage.
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Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen through chemical bonding with iron. It allows for oxygen transport throughout the body, which is important for endurance activities like climbing Mount Everest. Blood doping artificially boosts red blood cell counts through blood transfusions or EPO use to increase oxygen delivery to muscles and gain a competitive advantage, though it has health risks and is banned in most sports.
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Cholesterol is a fatty substance in the blood that is needed for the body's functions but can accumulate and cause health issues. There are two main types - LDL (bad) cholesterol which raises the risk for heart disease when levels are too high, and HDL (good) cholesterol which helps remove LDL from arteries. Cholesterol levels are affected by diet, physical activity, smoking, and genetics. Maintaining optimal total cholesterol under 200 mg/dL, LDL under 100 mg/dL, and HDL over 60 mg/dL can help lower heart disease risk.
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Cholesterol & its metabolism
Cholesterol (from the Ancient Greek chole- (bile) and stereos (solid), followed by the chemical sufffix -ol for an alcohol) is an organic molecule. It is a sterol (or modified steroid), a type of lipid. Cholesterol is biosynthesized by all animal cells and is an essential structural component of animal cell membranes.
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cholesterol is essential because it is involved in synthesis of
1. steroidal hormone
2.vitamin-d
3.bile acids
4. it is also structural component of cell membrane
IN PLASMA MEMBRANE
Cholesterol is important in the membrane as it helps to maintain cell membrane stability at varying temperatures. Cholesterol is bound to neighbouring phospholipid molecules via hydrogen bonds and therefore at low temperatures, reduces their packing.
2. TRANSPORTATION
Cholesteryl ester, a dietary lipid, is an ester of cholesterol. The ester bond is formed between the carboxylate group of a fatty acid and the hydroxyl group of cholesterol. Cholesteryl esters have a lower solubility in water due to their increased hydrophobicity. Esters are formed by replacing at least one –OH (hydroxyl) group with an –O–alkyl (alkoxy) group. They are hydrolyzed by pancreatic enzymes, cholesterol esterase, to produce cholesterol and free fatty acids
cholesterol is also important to maintain structure of lipoprotein
Cholesterol travels through the blood on proteins called “lipoproteins.” Two types of lipoproteins carry cholesterol throughout the body:
1.LDL (low-density lipoprotein), sometimes called “bad” cholesterol, makes up most of your body's cholesterol.
2.HDL (high-density lipoprotein) called “good cholesterol” makes a less part of your body’s cholesterol
Biochemistry research 1
Lipids and lipoproteins play an important role in transporting cholesterol and fatty acids through the bloodstream. High levels of LDL ("bad") cholesterol and low levels of HDL ("good") cholesterol are linked to cardiovascular diseases like heart attacks and strokes. Lipoproteins are complexes of lipids and proteins that vary in size and density depending on their lipid content. They include chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL. While cholesterol is needed for cell membrane structure and hormone production, excess LDL cholesterol can build up in artery walls and restrict blood flow. Maintaining healthy lipid and lipoprotein levels is important for heart health.
Cholesterol & atherosclerosis
Cholesterol is a lipid that is essential for cell membrane structure and hormone production. It is synthesized through a metabolic pathway and regulated at the rate-limiting step by HMG-CoA reductase. High cholesterol levels can lead to atherosclerosis, a hardening of the arteries due to plaque buildup. Plaque forms when cholesterol builds up in artery walls as macrophages take up cholesterol and become foam cells. Over time, plaque can narrow arteries and risk blockages leading to heart attacks and other problems. Risk factors for high cholesterol and atherosclerosis include diet, obesity, smoking, and other lifestyle and genetic factors.
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Cholesterol
This document discusses cholesterol, including what it is, where it comes from, its functions, and importance in the body. Cholesterol is a lipid found in cell membranes and transported in the blood. It is synthesized in the body and absorbed from dietary sources like eggs. Cholesterol performs essential functions like making cell membranes and producing hormones. It is needed for brain and nerve function and plays an important role in many vital bodily processes. Too much cholesterol can accumulate in arteries and lead to health issues, but it also has protective functions and is necessary for overall health.
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Cholesterol (from the Ancient Greek chole- (bile) and stereos (solid), followed by the chemical sufffix -ol for an alcohol) is an organic molecule. It is a sterol (or modified steroid), a type of lipid. Cholesterol is biosynthesized by all animal cells and is an essential structural component of animal cell membranes.
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lipid-lowering drugs
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Biomedical importance of cholestrol
INTRODUCTION
This presentation is a brief knowledge about cholesterol its importance and its role in our bodies along with respective diseases.
CHOLESTROL
A compound of the sterol type found in most body tissues, including the blood and the nerves. Cholesterol and its derivatives are important constituents of cell membranes and precursors of other steroid compounds
OCCURENCE
Endogenous: Cholesterol is naturally found in our bodies. 75% of your body’s requirements are fulfilled by the endogenous cholesterol produced in the liver.
Exogenous: The cholesterol we get from food. Exogenous cholesterol is obtained from animal products, and this source of cholesterol accounts for about 25% of the body’s cholesterol needs.
CLASSIFICATION OF CHOLESTROL
Two types of cholesterol:
HDL
“Good” Cholesterol
High levels of HDL have been found to lower risk of heart attack
Risk of heart disease increases when there are lower levels of HDL.
“Help remove cholesterol from artery walls and transport it to the liver for elimination from the body”
LDL
Bad cholesterol that can build up in the arteries.
High levels of LDL can increase risk of heart disease.
Composed mainly of cholesterol and a few proteins.
“Primarily responsible for depositing cholesterol within arteries”
BIOMEDICAL IMPORTANCE
Hypercholesterolemia
Atherosclerosis
Heart diseases
Cardiac attack/stroke
Death
HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA
Hypercholesterolemia
is a condition
characterized by
very high levels of
cholesterol in the
blood.
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque builds up inside your arteries. Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood to your heart and other parts of your body.
HEART DISEASES
the blood carries oxygen to our heart, atherosclerosis reduces the amount of blood flowing to our heart. If blood stops flowing to the heart because of a blockage in the arteries, a heart attack occurs.
CARDIAC ATTACK
When coronary artery of heart gets blocked by cholesterol deposition heart doesn’t get the blood supply it needs so cardiac attack occurs due to myocardial infarction.
STROKE
Plaque buildup can also keep your brain from getting enough blood and oxygen. If a clot completely blocks an artery feeding your brain, you have a stroke.
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Any source of oatmeal,
granola or nuts can be
considered a form of fiber.
Oils (Fats)
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Cont…
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The term atherosclerosis is derived from
athero-(meaning porridge) referring to the soft lipid-rich material in the centre of atheroma, and
sclerosis (scarring) referring to connective tissue in the plaques.
This term describes the cholesterol deposits and scarred portion in an arterial plaque or atheroma.
Atherosclerosis is the commonest and the most important of the arterial diseases.
What is Cholesterol? HDL, LDL, and Other Sterols
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Cholestrol & its significance
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The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
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Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
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Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
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Cholesterol
- 2. “fCholesterol, from the Ancient Greek chole- (bile) and stereos (solid) followed by the chemical suffix -ol for an alcohol, is a hydrocarbon organic molecule. It is a sterol (or modified steroid), a lipid molecule and is biosynthesized by all animal cells because it is an essential structural component of animal cell membranes. It is normal and healthy to have cholesterol but very high levels of cholesterol are dangerous. Two types of cholesterol: ◦ High Density Lipoproteins (HDL) ◦ Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL)
- 4. Structural component of plasma membrane It is essential for formation of 1. Steroid hormones 2. Bile Acids 3. Vitamin D 4. Myelin sheath It also acts as an antioxident
- 5. HYPERCHOLESTREMIA (Increased levels of LDL & low levels of HDL) 1. Atherosclerosis Formation of atheroma in arteries leading to .Myocardial Infarction MI .Stroke .Peripheral artery disease .Coronary artery disease (angina) .Brain Infarction . Chronic Renal Ischemia (renal failure)
- 7. When too much cholesterol is in our blood stream, it can accumulate around the lining of our arteries. “Together with other substances, it can form plaque, a thick, hard deposit that can narrow the arteries and make them less flexible” (American Heart Association, 2009 para.2)
- 8. Atherosclerosis: “the process of fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium and fibrin (a clotting material in the blood) building up in the inner lining of an artery. The buildup that results is called plaque.” (American Heart Association, 2008 para.1)
- 10. Heart Disease: the blood carries oxygen to our heart, atherosclerosis reduces the amount of blood flowing to our heart. If blood stops flowing to the heart because of a blockage in the arteries, a heart attack occurs. ( National Cholesterol Education Program, 2005) Heart Attack: A heart attack results from the blockage of an artery to the heart. Can lead to death.
- 11. Stroke: Atherosclerosis in arteries in or leading to the brain can result in stroke. (American Heart Association, 2008) http://www.smartabouthealth.net/image s/stroke_guidelines_drugs.jpg
- 12. Death There are no symptoms of high cholesterol Hypercholesterolemia Atherosclerosis Heart Disease Heart Attack/Stroke
- 13. HYPOCHOLESTREMIA (Low levels of cholesterol in body) Leads To .Depression .Cancer .Cerebral Hemorrhage . Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome
- 14. WebMD, . (2009). High cholesterol. Retrieved from http://www.emedicinehealth.com/high_cholesterol/page2_em.htm Lee-Frye, Betsy. (2009). Cholesterol and african americans--why so high?. Retrieved from http://cholesterol.about.com/lw/Health-Medicine/conditions-and- diseases/Cholesterol-and- African-Americans-Why-So-High-.htm Lee-Frye, Betsy. (2009). Hispanics with high cholesterol--is it a growing trend?. Retrieved from http://cholesterol.about.com/lw/Health-Medicine/Conditions-and- diseases/Cholesterol-and-Hispanics-Why-So-High-.-16c.htm (2009). Diversity matters photo without wording. Retrieved from http://www.mediabistro.com/agencyspy/original/Diversity_Matters_phot o_without_wording__.jpg