Chibahas
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Chibahas are small Buddhist shrines found in Nepal that are miniature versions of chaityas. They are typically made of stone and consist of a dome structure atop a square or octagonal base, representing different elements of the universe. Chibahas contain symbolic carvings including the eyes on the harmika representing wisdom and compassion. They are classified into Lichchhavi and Malla styles and play an important role in Buddhist and Newari architecture.
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Hindu architecture
Hindu architecture evolved from a combination of indigenous Dravidian styles and those of invading Aryan groups. Key characteristics include ornate temples centered around a small inner shrine (garbha-griha) topped with a spire-shaped roof (sikhara) and surrounded by porch-like prayer halls (mandapas). Two major styles developed - the northern Nagara style using stone and emphasizing vertical elements, and the southern Dravidian style using stone for burial monuments and emphasizing horizontal lines. Important examples include the Sun Temple at Konark, known for its massive stone chariot-shaped structure, and early Chalukyan structural temples at Aihole that blended northern and southern features into a distinctive
Budhhist Architecture
Buddhist religious architecture developed in India in the 3rd century BCE and included monasteries (viharas), places to venerate relics (stupas), and shrines or prayer halls (chaityas). Viharas were initially temporary shelters for monks but later became more formal monasteries. Stupas originally housed Buddhist relics and the earliest is the Great Stupa at Sanchi. Chaityas were prayer halls with pillars leading to a stupa and examples can be seen at Ajanta. Architectural styles diverged as Buddhism spread but initially drew from early Indian models. Tibetan architecture was influenced by Nepal, China, and India while Sri Lankan architecture was mainly religious following the introduction
HISTORY: INDIAN ARCHITECTURE 2.0
History of Architecture 3
Report by: Molina & Rivera
DLS-College of St. Benilde
School of Architecture
3rd Term S.Y. 2015-16
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jk
The document provides an overview of Indian art until the 13th century, covering many religions in India including Buddhism, Hinduism, and their artistic traditions. It discusses key Buddhist concepts like the first sermon of Buddha and important figures like Bodhisattvas. For Hinduism, it outlines the pantheon of major gods like Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva and covers elements of Hindu temples and iconic sculptures such as the Nataraja bronze. Regional artistic styles from areas like Orissa and important architectural works like at Sanchi and Angkor Wat are also summarized.
Buddhist architecture.pdf class case study
This document provides an overview of Buddhist architecture in India, beginning with the origins and spread of Buddhism under Emperor Ashoka. It describes several architectural forms that developed during this period, including rock edicts, stupas, monolithic pillars, and monasteries. Specific details are given about the design of monolithic pillars, including their circular shafts, divided capitals, and animal motifs. Key elements of stupas like the Sanchi Stupa are defined, such as the toranas, anda, harmika, and medhi. The purposes of early rock-cut structures like chaityas and viharas are also summarized.
North indian temple architecture pdf
North indian architecture
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Pala sculptures
The Pala Empire ruled eastern India from the 8th to 12th centuries CE and produced sculptures in the Pala style. Pala sculptures derived from late Gupta styles but developed their own distinctive features, including circular faces, broad shoulders, rigid posture, and elaborate ornamentation. Subjects included Buddhist, Brahmanical, and Jain deities. Over time, Pala sculptures became more elongated and ornate, with emphasis on detailed costumes and backgrounds. The sculptures demonstrate the evolution of the Pala artistic tradition across different periods of the empire's rule.
Buddhist_Architecture.pdf
Buddhist architecture began with symbols representing the Buddha's life and spread through architectural monuments established by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. The three main structure types were monasteries (viharas), places to venerate relics (stupas), and prayer halls (chaityas or chaitya grihas). In early Hinayana Buddhism, Buddha was represented symbolically, while in later Mahayana Buddhism sculptures depicted Buddha in various postures. Key elements included stupas, viharas, and chaityas - the latter being prayer halls with stupas and colonnades accommodating gatherings.
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Chibahas
- 3. • Chibahas are Buddhist shrine , Miniature chaityas • the relics are not related with Buddha • built in those places where Buddha made footprints • mostly found in Bahas. Also in Nanis, residential courtyards, dhungedhara, etc. • main ornamental structure in Bahas. • Material: stone and carving in it. Sometimes brick is also used
- 4. Chibahas in Nani Chibahas in Baha
- 5. • complex symbolism of Buddha and his teachings • modified by Newari artists with the passage of time • exclusively Buddhist shrine but Hindu people also worship it. • for the gain of religious merits with some wish in mind • Chibahas in Buddhism are like temples in Hinduism • consist of pedestal base with lotus design carved. (Lotus represents purity while rooted to mud. Lotus also represents Dharmachakra which is a vital element of Buddhism). • Lower part of chibahas shows the Buddha in different poses
- 6. Essential elements: • Plinth (Medhi). may be square or octagonal. • dome - Garbha (womb) or Anda (egg). • multi-stage spire or finial or chattra of multiple layer (13 layers) represents different stages of Nirvana. This is also called Thrayodasi Bhuvan. Chattra Harmika Garbha/ Anda Medhi Gateway Lotus base
- 7. Cone- Fire Dome- Water Cube- Earth Finial/Spire Garbha/ Anda Plinth/ Medhi Those elements of chibahas also represents different elements of universe such as earth, water and fire.
- 8. The four image in four cardinal directions represents four dhyani Buddha. • 1. Akshobhya (east) - represents cosmic element of consciousness. • 2. Ratnasambhava (south)- represents cosmic element of sensation. • 3. Amitabha (west)- represents element of life and light. • 4. Amoghasiddhi (north)- represents cosmic element of confirmation. • Center- Mahadhyani Buddha called Vairocana represented by the eyes on the harmika. • Eyes on the harmika and its carving is the special characteristics of chibahas of Nepal. • The eyes represents wisdom and compassion.
- 9. • According to the time they are built, chibahas are categorizes into two types. 1. Lichchhavi chibahas: • square base and are of two tires. • four gateways in each levels and have a hemispherical dome above it. • Old- flattened/simple dome new- bell like form. 2. Malla Chibahas: • imitated the shape of Swayambhunath stupa. • around 350 chaityas in Kathmandu valley, 124 chibahas are located in Lalitpur. • The hermika and eyes in chibaha was only introduced in Malla period. Chibahas of Lichchhavi period didn’t have hermika and eyes.
- 11. Conclusion It is clear that Chibahas are very essential element of Buddhist architecture as well as Newari architecture. Since they are smaller in size and carry a very strong meaning, people started building chibahas in their homes in areas such as gardens, private courtyards, terraces, etc. In spite of being Buddhist architectural element, Newar people (Buddhist and Hindu) have modified it with time and made it even better.
- 12. Thank you