This document provides information on interpreting chest x-rays in pediatrics. It discusses examining the entire x-ray using the "ABC" approach to systematically evaluate the abdomen, bones, and chest. Common respiratory conditions seen in children are described, including their etiology, pathology, clinical presentation, and key imaging findings. Conditions covered include asthma, atelectasis, bronchiolitis, bronchogenic cyst, croup, cystic fibrosis, and epiglottitis among others. The importance of careful evaluation for foreign body aspiration is also emphasized.
Interpretation of the paediatric chest x ray 1Archita Goel
This document provides guidance on interpreting pediatric chest x-rays by discussing how technique, age, and anatomical factors can influence the appearance of chest x-rays in children. It outlines a systematic approach to evaluating chest x-rays, including assessing the lungs, heart, mediastinum, diaphragm and skeleton. Common normal variations and abnormal findings are described. The importance of considering clinical history and prior imaging is also emphasized when interpreting pediatric chest x-rays.
(1) This document discusses several types of congenital lung anomalies including bronchial anomalies like tracheal bronchi and accessory cardiac bronchi, bronchial isomerism, bronchial atresia, and congenital lobar overinflation.
(2) It also discusses bronchogenic cysts which are congenital malformations of the bronchial tree that present as mediastinal masses. Congenital pulmonary airway malformations (CPAM), previously known as congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation, are characterized by abnormal bronchial proliferation resulting in multicystic lung tissue.
(3) Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations are also discussed which are abnormal direct connections between arteries and veins in the
This introductory lecture in thoracic surgery covers the following topics:
Development of the lung.
Developmental Anomalies.
Anatomy of the lungs and the bronchial tree.
Diagnostic procedures in thoracic surgery.
Closed tube thoracostomy.
Aspirated tracheobronchial foreign bodies.
Pulmonary hydatid cysts.
This document discusses congenital disorders of the lung across different embryological stages. It covers formation of the conducting airways from 3-16 weeks and alveolar development from 16-36 weeks. Specific disorders are then discussed in more detail, including tracheal atresia, tracheomalacia, bronchogenic cyst, congenital lobar emphysema, and pulmonary sequestration. Imaging and clinical features of each condition are provided.
This document discusses radiological imaging findings for chronic obstructive airway diseases such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Chest x-rays and CT scans can reveal features of chronic bronchitis like hyper-expanded lungs, thickened bronchial walls, and irregular bronchovascular structures. Emphysema appears on CT as destruction of alveolar walls and enlargement of airspaces in various lung regions. Bullae and flattened diaphragms indicate severe COPD. Congenital lobar emphysema involves one lung lobe and appears as unilateral translucency on x-ray or hyperinflation on CT. Pulmonary interstitial emphysema shows air in the interstitium appearing as streak
Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of copd.Abdellah Nazeer
This document discusses radiological imaging findings for various chronic obstructive airway diseases. Chest x-rays and CT scans can show features of chronic bronchitis like bronchovascular thickening and markings. Emphysema appears on imaging as alveolar destruction and airspace enlargement. Bullous lung disease involves air collections like bullae. Congenital lobar emphysema involves overinflation of one or more lobes. Pulmonary interstitial emphysema shows air within the pulmonary interstitium. Pulmonary hypertension can be seen as enlargement of the pulmonary arteries.
This document discusses congenital lung abnormalities. It begins by introducing common congenital lung conditions and their increasing detection. It then covers lung embryology and classification of abnormalities. The most common anomalies involve the bronchopulmonary system, vasculature, or a combination. Imaging plays a key role in evaluating fetal chest masses and associated anomalies. Specific conditions discussed include pulmonary hypoplasia, sequestration, scimitar syndrome, and agenesis. Imaging findings for various congenital lung disorders are presented along with examples of clinical cases.
Interpretation of the paediatric chest x ray 1Archita Goel
This document provides guidance on interpreting pediatric chest x-rays by discussing how technique, age, and anatomical factors can influence the appearance of chest x-rays in children. It outlines a systematic approach to evaluating chest x-rays, including assessing the lungs, heart, mediastinum, diaphragm and skeleton. Common normal variations and abnormal findings are described. The importance of considering clinical history and prior imaging is also emphasized when interpreting pediatric chest x-rays.
(1) This document discusses several types of congenital lung anomalies including bronchial anomalies like tracheal bronchi and accessory cardiac bronchi, bronchial isomerism, bronchial atresia, and congenital lobar overinflation.
(2) It also discusses bronchogenic cysts which are congenital malformations of the bronchial tree that present as mediastinal masses. Congenital pulmonary airway malformations (CPAM), previously known as congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation, are characterized by abnormal bronchial proliferation resulting in multicystic lung tissue.
(3) Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations are also discussed which are abnormal direct connections between arteries and veins in the
This introductory lecture in thoracic surgery covers the following topics:
Development of the lung.
Developmental Anomalies.
Anatomy of the lungs and the bronchial tree.
Diagnostic procedures in thoracic surgery.
Closed tube thoracostomy.
Aspirated tracheobronchial foreign bodies.
Pulmonary hydatid cysts.
This document discusses congenital disorders of the lung across different embryological stages. It covers formation of the conducting airways from 3-16 weeks and alveolar development from 16-36 weeks. Specific disorders are then discussed in more detail, including tracheal atresia, tracheomalacia, bronchogenic cyst, congenital lobar emphysema, and pulmonary sequestration. Imaging and clinical features of each condition are provided.
This document discusses radiological imaging findings for chronic obstructive airway diseases such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Chest x-rays and CT scans can reveal features of chronic bronchitis like hyper-expanded lungs, thickened bronchial walls, and irregular bronchovascular structures. Emphysema appears on CT as destruction of alveolar walls and enlargement of airspaces in various lung regions. Bullae and flattened diaphragms indicate severe COPD. Congenital lobar emphysema involves one lung lobe and appears as unilateral translucency on x-ray or hyperinflation on CT. Pulmonary interstitial emphysema shows air in the interstitium appearing as streak
Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of copd.Abdellah Nazeer
This document discusses radiological imaging findings for various chronic obstructive airway diseases. Chest x-rays and CT scans can show features of chronic bronchitis like bronchovascular thickening and markings. Emphysema appears on imaging as alveolar destruction and airspace enlargement. Bullous lung disease involves air collections like bullae. Congenital lobar emphysema involves overinflation of one or more lobes. Pulmonary interstitial emphysema shows air within the pulmonary interstitium. Pulmonary hypertension can be seen as enlargement of the pulmonary arteries.
This document discusses congenital lung abnormalities. It begins by introducing common congenital lung conditions and their increasing detection. It then covers lung embryology and classification of abnormalities. The most common anomalies involve the bronchopulmonary system, vasculature, or a combination. Imaging plays a key role in evaluating fetal chest masses and associated anomalies. Specific conditions discussed include pulmonary hypoplasia, sequestration, scimitar syndrome, and agenesis. Imaging findings for various congenital lung disorders are presented along with examples of clinical cases.
The document discusses the evaluation and assessment of patients presenting with respiratory symptoms. It outlines the key components of the history to obtain including symptoms, duration, variability, aggravating/relieving factors, and associated conditions. The physical exam is described involving inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation of the chest. Investigations that may be useful are also listed such as sputum examination, spirometry, imaging tests, and microbiological testing. A thorough evaluation of respiratory symptoms is important to make an accurate diagnosis.
This document describes different types of lung cysts and cavities seen on imaging. It discusses the definitions, causes, and key radiologic features of pulmonary cysts, cavities, blebs, bullae, pneumatoceles, and other cystic lung lesions. Specific entities covered in detail include bronchogenic cysts, pulmonary sequestration, congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, hydatid cysts, and cavitating tuberculosis. The document provides useful information to help distinguish these various cystic lung conditions based on appearance, characteristics, and associated clinical findings.
Radiological imaging of pleural diseases Pankaj Kaira
The document discusses the anatomy, imaging, and common diseases of the pleura. It begins by describing the normal anatomy of the pleural layers and thickness. Common pleural diseases are then reviewed, including pleural effusions, pneumothorax, hemothorax, and empyema. Imaging findings on chest x-ray, ultrasound, CT, and MRI are provided for diagnosing and characterizing various pleural conditions. Key signs that help differentiate pleural, pulmonary, and extra-pleural masses are also outlined.
This document discusses various congenital lung abnormalities including pulmonary agenesis, hypoplasia, cystic malformations, sequestrations, bronchogenic cysts, lymphangiectasia, hernias, and lobar emphysema. It describes the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and management of each condition. Surgical resection is often recommended for localized lesions that are symptomatic or have malignant potential, while supportive care is emphasized for diffuse abnormalities.
Chest radiographs are commonly used to identify critical findings. Pneumothorax appears as a discrete airspace with no lung markings beyond. Tension pneumothorax causes lung collapse and tracheal deviation. Pneumomediastinum outlines structures with air. Foreign bodies like earrings may be directly seen in the airway. Pneumoperitoneum produces dark crescents between the liver and diaphragm. Pericardial effusions cause an enlarged cardiac silhouette.
This document provides information on the anatomy and structural abnormalities of the trachea and bronchi. It begins with a description of the normal anatomy of the trachea including its length, diameter, cartilage structure, and changes during inspiration and expiration. It then discusses various congenital anomalies such as bronchus suis, bronchial atresia, and tracheoesophageal fistula. Acquired conditions of the trachea and bronchi are also summarized such as tracheobronchomegaly, saber sheath trachea, relapsing polychondritis, stenosis, malacia, and neoplasms. Common lung diseases like bronchiectasis, emphysema, asthma, and chronic bronchitis are briefly explained as well.
Diffuse pulmonary diseases can be classified as either obstructive or restrictive. Obstructive diseases involve increased airflow resistance and include emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and bronchiectasis. Restrictive diseases involve reduced lung expansion and decreased total lung capacity. Common restrictive diseases are interstitial lung diseases which involve fibrosis of the lung parenchyma, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, and pneumoconiosis. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by a patchy interstitial fibrosis pattern known as usual interstitial pneumonia.
Common suppurative diseases of lung- Bronchiectasis...!Sharmin Susiwala
Bronchiectasis is a condition characterized by irreversible dilation of part of the bronchial tree due to damage to elastic and muscular components, usually from acute or chronic infection. It requires both an infectious insult and impaired drainage or airway obstruction. Symptoms include daily cough and sputum production. Diagnosis involves chest imaging showing abnormal lung signs and high-resolution CT scanning. Treatment focuses on controlling infections with antibiotics and clearing secretions. Complications can include lung damage and recurrent pneumonia.
The document discusses several lung diseases including obstructive lung diseases, restrictive pulmonary diseases, pulmonary infections, lung tumors, and diseases of the pleura. It provides details on specific conditions such as atelectasis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, and bronchiectasis. For each condition, it describes the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, morphology, and clinical course. It also compares and contrasts emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
The document discusses various types and patterns of tuberculosis seen on chest radiographs. It notes that primary tuberculosis presents as a dense, homogeneous consolidation that is often self-limiting. Post-primary tuberculosis shows patchy, poorly defined consolidations, more commonly in the upper lobes, and cavitations are a hallmark finding. Lymphadenopathy is also more common in primary versus post-primary tuberculosis. The document provides images demonstrating examples of various tuberculosis manifestations.
Lecture 21 diseases of respiratory systemGreen-book
The document discusses various diseases of the respiratory system, including different types of emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis, pneumoconiosis from inhaling different types of dust, tumors of the lungs and mediastinum, pleurisy, hydrothorax, hemothorax, pneumothorax, and pleural effusions. It also covers causes of hemoptysis and describes coin lesions seen on chest radiography that could indicate conditions like tuberculosis or tumors.
This document discusses pneumothorax, which is the presence of air in the pleural space outside the lung. It describes different types of pneumothorax including primary spontaneous, secondary spontaneous, closed, open, and tension pneumothorax. Risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis using chest x-ray, treatment options including chest tube insertion, and postoperative management of chest drains are covered. Surgical intervention is indicated for recurrent pneumothorax or when chest drainage fails.
Bronchiectasis is a chronic condition defined by permanent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi due to destruction of elastic and muscular components of the bronchial wall. It has several predisposing factors including infections, obstructions, congenital defects, and hereditary abnormalities. Repeated infections lead to a vicious cycle of infection, obstruction, and further infection that destroys lung parenchyma and the bronchial tree. Clinically, patients may be asymptomatic or experience cough, sputum production, fever, dyspnea, and hemoptysis. Management involves antibiotics, treatment of underlying conditions, bronchial hygiene techniques, and sometimes surgery.
Radiological findings of pulmonary consolidation and collapsejyotish roy
This document discusses various types of lung consolidation and atelectasis seen on chest radiographs. It describes air-space consolidation as the replacement of alveolar air by fluid, blood, pus or other substances. Common radiographic findings of consolidation include homogeneous opacities, air bronchograms, ill-defined borders and the silhouette sign. The document also discusses different patterns of consolidation including lobar, round, segmental and diffuse types. Further, it examines four types of atelectasis - resorption, relaxation, adhesive and cicatricial - and their radiographic appearances.
1. Empyema is defined as pus within the pleural cavity, most commonly caused by bacterial pneumonia or lung infection spreading to the pleura.
2. It progresses through exudative, fibrinopurulent, and organizational stages as pus and fibrin deposits build up. This can lead to restricted lung movement and formation of a thick pleural peel.
3. Diagnosis involves chest imaging, thoracentesis of empyema fluid for appearance, microbiology, and biochemical analysis showing low pH, glucose and high LDH levels.
This document summarizes bronchiectasis, including its definition, causes, clinical presentation, imaging appearance and features on CT scan. Bronchiectasis is abnormal permanent dilatation of the bronchi. It results from destruction of the bronchial wall and surrounding tissues due to various pathological processes. On CT scan, it appears as bronchial dilation, lack of tapering, tram-tracking and thickened bronchial walls. The causes discussed include post-infectious, cystic fibrosis, immune deficiencies and congenital disorders. The clinical features are chronic cough, sputum production and recurrent infections.
Examinating the Resipiratory System.pptxssuser504dda
This document provides guidance on examining the respiratory system through history taking and physical examination. It details what to ask patients regarding symptoms like breathlessness, cough, sputum production, and chest pain. It also explains how to inspect, palpate, percuss and auscultate the chest. Specific tests are described like measuring chest expansion, examining neck veins, and evaluating breath sounds and vocal fremitus. A thorough respiratory exam provides clues to underlying cardiopulmonary conditions.
This document discusses several congenital cystic lung diseases that can cause respiratory distress in infants:
1) Pulmonary sequestration is a segment of lung with its own blood supply not connected to the tracheobronchial tree.
2) Bronchogenic cysts originate from lung bud abnormalities and are usually located near the mainstem bronchus or carina.
3) Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation is caused by arrested alveolar development, presenting as cystic lung lesions.
4) Congenital lobar emphysema is due to deficient bronchus cartilage leading to lobar overinflation. Surgical resection is often needed to treat respiratory symptoms from these congen
The document discusses the evaluation and assessment of patients presenting with respiratory symptoms. It outlines the key components of the history to obtain including symptoms, duration, variability, aggravating/relieving factors, and associated conditions. The physical exam is described involving inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation of the chest. Investigations that may be useful are also listed such as sputum examination, spirometry, imaging tests, and microbiological testing. A thorough evaluation of respiratory symptoms is important to make an accurate diagnosis.
This document describes different types of lung cysts and cavities seen on imaging. It discusses the definitions, causes, and key radiologic features of pulmonary cysts, cavities, blebs, bullae, pneumatoceles, and other cystic lung lesions. Specific entities covered in detail include bronchogenic cysts, pulmonary sequestration, congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, hydatid cysts, and cavitating tuberculosis. The document provides useful information to help distinguish these various cystic lung conditions based on appearance, characteristics, and associated clinical findings.
Radiological imaging of pleural diseases Pankaj Kaira
The document discusses the anatomy, imaging, and common diseases of the pleura. It begins by describing the normal anatomy of the pleural layers and thickness. Common pleural diseases are then reviewed, including pleural effusions, pneumothorax, hemothorax, and empyema. Imaging findings on chest x-ray, ultrasound, CT, and MRI are provided for diagnosing and characterizing various pleural conditions. Key signs that help differentiate pleural, pulmonary, and extra-pleural masses are also outlined.
This document discusses various congenital lung abnormalities including pulmonary agenesis, hypoplasia, cystic malformations, sequestrations, bronchogenic cysts, lymphangiectasia, hernias, and lobar emphysema. It describes the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and management of each condition. Surgical resection is often recommended for localized lesions that are symptomatic or have malignant potential, while supportive care is emphasized for diffuse abnormalities.
Chest radiographs are commonly used to identify critical findings. Pneumothorax appears as a discrete airspace with no lung markings beyond. Tension pneumothorax causes lung collapse and tracheal deviation. Pneumomediastinum outlines structures with air. Foreign bodies like earrings may be directly seen in the airway. Pneumoperitoneum produces dark crescents between the liver and diaphragm. Pericardial effusions cause an enlarged cardiac silhouette.
This document provides information on the anatomy and structural abnormalities of the trachea and bronchi. It begins with a description of the normal anatomy of the trachea including its length, diameter, cartilage structure, and changes during inspiration and expiration. It then discusses various congenital anomalies such as bronchus suis, bronchial atresia, and tracheoesophageal fistula. Acquired conditions of the trachea and bronchi are also summarized such as tracheobronchomegaly, saber sheath trachea, relapsing polychondritis, stenosis, malacia, and neoplasms. Common lung diseases like bronchiectasis, emphysema, asthma, and chronic bronchitis are briefly explained as well.
Diffuse pulmonary diseases can be classified as either obstructive or restrictive. Obstructive diseases involve increased airflow resistance and include emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and bronchiectasis. Restrictive diseases involve reduced lung expansion and decreased total lung capacity. Common restrictive diseases are interstitial lung diseases which involve fibrosis of the lung parenchyma, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, and pneumoconiosis. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by a patchy interstitial fibrosis pattern known as usual interstitial pneumonia.
Common suppurative diseases of lung- Bronchiectasis...!Sharmin Susiwala
Bronchiectasis is a condition characterized by irreversible dilation of part of the bronchial tree due to damage to elastic and muscular components, usually from acute or chronic infection. It requires both an infectious insult and impaired drainage or airway obstruction. Symptoms include daily cough and sputum production. Diagnosis involves chest imaging showing abnormal lung signs and high-resolution CT scanning. Treatment focuses on controlling infections with antibiotics and clearing secretions. Complications can include lung damage and recurrent pneumonia.
The document discusses several lung diseases including obstructive lung diseases, restrictive pulmonary diseases, pulmonary infections, lung tumors, and diseases of the pleura. It provides details on specific conditions such as atelectasis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, and bronchiectasis. For each condition, it describes the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, morphology, and clinical course. It also compares and contrasts emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
The document discusses various types and patterns of tuberculosis seen on chest radiographs. It notes that primary tuberculosis presents as a dense, homogeneous consolidation that is often self-limiting. Post-primary tuberculosis shows patchy, poorly defined consolidations, more commonly in the upper lobes, and cavitations are a hallmark finding. Lymphadenopathy is also more common in primary versus post-primary tuberculosis. The document provides images demonstrating examples of various tuberculosis manifestations.
Lecture 21 diseases of respiratory systemGreen-book
The document discusses various diseases of the respiratory system, including different types of emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis, pneumoconiosis from inhaling different types of dust, tumors of the lungs and mediastinum, pleurisy, hydrothorax, hemothorax, pneumothorax, and pleural effusions. It also covers causes of hemoptysis and describes coin lesions seen on chest radiography that could indicate conditions like tuberculosis or tumors.
This document discusses pneumothorax, which is the presence of air in the pleural space outside the lung. It describes different types of pneumothorax including primary spontaneous, secondary spontaneous, closed, open, and tension pneumothorax. Risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis using chest x-ray, treatment options including chest tube insertion, and postoperative management of chest drains are covered. Surgical intervention is indicated for recurrent pneumothorax or when chest drainage fails.
Bronchiectasis is a chronic condition defined by permanent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi due to destruction of elastic and muscular components of the bronchial wall. It has several predisposing factors including infections, obstructions, congenital defects, and hereditary abnormalities. Repeated infections lead to a vicious cycle of infection, obstruction, and further infection that destroys lung parenchyma and the bronchial tree. Clinically, patients may be asymptomatic or experience cough, sputum production, fever, dyspnea, and hemoptysis. Management involves antibiotics, treatment of underlying conditions, bronchial hygiene techniques, and sometimes surgery.
Radiological findings of pulmonary consolidation and collapsejyotish roy
This document discusses various types of lung consolidation and atelectasis seen on chest radiographs. It describes air-space consolidation as the replacement of alveolar air by fluid, blood, pus or other substances. Common radiographic findings of consolidation include homogeneous opacities, air bronchograms, ill-defined borders and the silhouette sign. The document also discusses different patterns of consolidation including lobar, round, segmental and diffuse types. Further, it examines four types of atelectasis - resorption, relaxation, adhesive and cicatricial - and their radiographic appearances.
1. Empyema is defined as pus within the pleural cavity, most commonly caused by bacterial pneumonia or lung infection spreading to the pleura.
2. It progresses through exudative, fibrinopurulent, and organizational stages as pus and fibrin deposits build up. This can lead to restricted lung movement and formation of a thick pleural peel.
3. Diagnosis involves chest imaging, thoracentesis of empyema fluid for appearance, microbiology, and biochemical analysis showing low pH, glucose and high LDH levels.
This document summarizes bronchiectasis, including its definition, causes, clinical presentation, imaging appearance and features on CT scan. Bronchiectasis is abnormal permanent dilatation of the bronchi. It results from destruction of the bronchial wall and surrounding tissues due to various pathological processes. On CT scan, it appears as bronchial dilation, lack of tapering, tram-tracking and thickened bronchial walls. The causes discussed include post-infectious, cystic fibrosis, immune deficiencies and congenital disorders. The clinical features are chronic cough, sputum production and recurrent infections.
Examinating the Resipiratory System.pptxssuser504dda
This document provides guidance on examining the respiratory system through history taking and physical examination. It details what to ask patients regarding symptoms like breathlessness, cough, sputum production, and chest pain. It also explains how to inspect, palpate, percuss and auscultate the chest. Specific tests are described like measuring chest expansion, examining neck veins, and evaluating breath sounds and vocal fremitus. A thorough respiratory exam provides clues to underlying cardiopulmonary conditions.
This document discusses several congenital cystic lung diseases that can cause respiratory distress in infants:
1) Pulmonary sequestration is a segment of lung with its own blood supply not connected to the tracheobronchial tree.
2) Bronchogenic cysts originate from lung bud abnormalities and are usually located near the mainstem bronchus or carina.
3) Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation is caused by arrested alveolar development, presenting as cystic lung lesions.
4) Congenital lobar emphysema is due to deficient bronchus cartilage leading to lobar overinflation. Surgical resection is often needed to treat respiratory symptoms from these congen
PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE OF LABOUR.pptx about workHurshidaShia
This document discusses the classification and characteristics of physical factors in production environments that can negatively impact health, namely dust and noise. It classifies dust based on chemical composition, influence on the organism, form of particles, size of particles, and formation mechanism. Noise is described from a physical and hygienic perspective, and is classified based on frequency, with the human ear perceiving sounds from 16-20,000 Hz across 10 octaves. Factors like frequency, intensity, and rhythm are discussed for noise.
Hygiene of water.ppt interesting powerpointHurshidaShia
This document discusses various aspects of water hygiene and disinfection. It describes how water can spread infections through fecal-oral transmission and by acting as a habitat for disease carriers like mosquitoes. Various methods of water disinfection are outlined, including chlorination, ozonization, UV irradiation, and boiling. Hard water is also defined and methods for determining hardness and removing hardness like boiling, lime addition, and ion exchange processes are provided.
This document provides an outline for a lecture on introduction to sports medicine. It discusses key topics that will be covered, including the sports medicine team, models in sports medicine, classifications of sports injuries, and the RICE principle. The intended learning outcomes are for students to understand the definition of sports medicine, the roles of the sports medicine team, injury classifications, and the RICE principle.
This document discusses blood clotting and drugs that regulate the clotting process. It describes the four phases of clotting (vascular, platelet, coagulation, fibrinolytic) and the two pathways of coagulation (intrinsic and extrinsic). It also outlines classes of drugs that prevent clotting, dissolve clots, prevent bleeding, and treat clotting deficiencies. Specific drugs discussed include heparin, warfarin, aspirin, streptokinase, factor supplements, and others. The mechanisms of action and uses of these drugs are provided.
The document discusses sources of both natural and anthropogenic air pollution and their health impacts. It notes that over 3 million deaths per year are caused by outdoor air pollution while indoor air pollution from burning biomass for cooking and heating results in over 2 million deaths annually, especially among women and young children. Specific pollutants like particulate matter, ozone, carbon monoxide, and radon are examined in depth regarding their formation, levels, and effects on human health and the environment.
Este documento habla sobre la historia y desarrollo de la tecnología de comunicaciones. Brevemente describe cómo las comunicaciones han evolucionado de señales de humo y tambores a telégrafos eléctricos y teléfonos, luego a la radio y la televisión, y finalmente a las comunicaciones inalámbricas y digitales modernas como los teléfonos celulares e Internet.
This document discusses several acquired disorders of the stomach in children that can be seen on radiology exams. It describes disorders as inflammatory (e.g. peptic ulcer disease), tumors/tumor-like conditions, or having an underlying congenital predisposition (e.g. gastric volvulus). Specific conditions discussed in detail include spontaneous gastric perforation, gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, hypertrophic gastropathy (Ménétrier disease), and chronic granulomatous disease. Imaging findings and treatment approaches are provided for each condition.
Chemotherapy works by killing both normal and cancerous cells, altering their DNA. It is administered intravenously, intrathecally, or orally. Treatment protocols consider the cancer type, location, and drugs/doses. Common side effects include hair loss, mouth sores, bone marrow suppression, nausea, and weight loss. Nursing care focuses on preventing infection due to immunosuppression and supporting coping and nutrition during treatment.
The document discusses various types of anemia including iron deficiency anemia, sickle cell anemia, and vitamin deficiency anemia. It states that anemia occurs when there are not enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen throughout the body. Common symptoms of anemia include feeling tired and weak, as well as headaches, cold hands and feet, dizziness, and irregular heartbeats, as the body is not getting enough oxygen. All types of anemia require treatment.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks its own cells and tissues, causing inflammation and damage to multiple organs. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to SLE, which most often affects teenage girls and young women. Clinically, SLE can cause a variety of symptoms affecting the skin, joints, lungs, kidneys, nervous system, and other organs. Complications include lupus nephritis, central nervous system involvement, Raynaud's syndrome, and antiphospholipid syndrome. Timely diagnosis and treatment can help control symptoms and improve prognosis, though organ damage may still occur without constant management of the disease.
This document discusses Guillain-Barre syndrome and myasthenia gravis. It describes Guillain-Barre as a post-infectious autoimmune peripheral neuropathy causing ascending symmetric weakness. Most patients experience a demyelinating neuropathy. Myasthenia gravis is caused by antibodies against acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, causing weakness that worsens with exercise. It discusses clinical features, diagnostic testing including Tensilon testing and repetitive nerve stimulation, treatment including IVIG, plasmapheresis and immunosuppressants, and prognosis for both conditions.
This document summarizes information on acute intestinal infections including dysentery, salmonellosis, and Escherichia coli infection. It describes the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of these conditions. The main points are:
- Dysentery is caused by Shigella bacteria and causes bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain. Salmonellosis is caused by Salmonella bacteria and can cause diarrhea, fever, or systemic infection. E. coli infection is most common in babies and causes watery diarrhea.
- These infections are usually spread through contaminated food or water. Symptoms range from mild diarrhea to severe dehydration. Diagnosis involves bacterial culture of stool samples.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
2. Normal Chest
Imaging Findings:
When interpreting a chest x-ray
in a child, the entire film should
be examined, not just the chest.
Use of the "ABC" approach
ensures that all areas of the film
are systematically examined.
3. A - Abdomen
A - Abdomen, check for:
bowel gas pattern suggesting
ileus or obstruction, free
intraperitoneal air, abnormal
calcification, abdominal situs,
diaphragm position.
4. B -Bones
B - Bone, check for:
fractures, lytic or
blastic lesions,
metabolic bone
diseases.
5. C - Chest
C - Chest, check for: midline trachea
and mediastinum, abnormal
mediastinal and cardiac contours,
position of the aortic arch, pleural
effusions, pulmonary vascularity,
pneumomediastinum,
pneumothorax, pneumopericardium,
infiltrates, atelectasis.
6. In older infants and children,
a good inspiratory chest film
is one in which the
relationship of the 6th
anterior rib ends intersect
the domes of the diaphragm.
7. Normal Chest, Expiratory with
Tracheal Buckling
Etiology/Pathophysiology:
Unexpanded alveoli cause decreased thoracic
volume.
Pathology:
Collapsed alveoli causes the diffuse opacity in
the chest during expiration. The relative
fixation of the trachea at the thoracic inlet
while the distal trachea moves up and down
during inspiration and expiration causes
tracheal buckling during expiration.
8. Imaging Findings:
Normal Chest, Expiratory with
Tracheal Buckling
In older infants and children, a good
inspiratory chest film is one in which
the 6th anterior rib ends intersect the
domes of the diaphragm. Because the
volume of the thorax is decreased, one
sees increased pulmonary opacity,
pulmonary vasculature shadows
become confluent and prominent, and
heart and mediastinal contents
increase in size and prominence.
9. Normal Chest, Expiratory with
Tracheal Buckling
In children less than 5 years old,
lateral buckling of the trachea at
or just above the thoracic inlet is
often seen during expiration.
This tracheal buckling occurs to
the side opposite the aortic arch,
usually to the right.
10. DDX: Normal Chest, Expiratory
with Tracheal Buckling
Pneumonia
Cardiomegaly
Mediastinal mass
Vascular congestion
Congestive heart failure
Pulmonary edema
11. Asthma
Clinical Presentation:
Wheezing, labored breathing, irritative
cough with sputum.
Etiology/Pathophysiology:
Edema of bronchial mucosa and
bronchospasm leads to decreased
bronchiole caliber which leads to air
trapping and hyperinflation. It is often
complicated by mucous plugging of the
bronchi causing atelectasis, most
commonly in the right middle lobe.
12. Asthma
Imaging Findings:
The chest is hyperinflated.
Transient subsegmental areas of
atelectasis may be present.
Pneumomediastinum may be
present, dissecting into the
subcutaneous tissues of the chest
and neck.
14. Atelectasis
Imaging Findings:
Atelectasis is associated with a shift of the
adjacent structures, such as the
mediastinum, into the involved
hemithorax. A "silhouette sign" occurs
when the collapsed lung abuts against the
heart and obliterates the margin between
the lung and the heart.
15. Bronchiolitis
Clinical Presentation:
Respiratory distress in a child less than 18
months old.
Etiology/Pathophysiology:
Acute viral respiratory illness leads to
edema and infiltration of bronchial walls
which leads to inflammatory obstruction of
small peripheral pulmonary airways.
Mucous plugging also contributes to small
airway obstruction.
16. Bronchiolitis
Etiology/Pathophysiology:
The infant airway has several features
which distinguish it from the adult airway
and help to increase the susceptibility to an
effect of inflammatory bronchiolar
narrowing in infancy:
it is easily plugged by mucous or
inflammatory debris, the collateral
pathways of ventilation - pores of Cohn and
Lambert - are less well developed, it has
more mucous glands in the airways, and
the airways are more collapsible in
response to airway pressure changes.
17. Bronchiolitis
Pathology:
Edema and inflammatory
infiltration of the bronchial walls.
Imaging Findings:
The chest is hyperinflated. There
is peribronchial cuffing and
overdistended airways. Overtime
focal segmental/subsegmental
atelectasis may be seen.
18. Bronchogenic Cyst
Clinical Presentation:
Mediastinal cysts in small
children can cause dysphagia or
respiratory distress due to
displacement of the esophagus
and / or trachea. Pulmonary
cysts are usually asymptomatic.
19. Bronchogenic Cyst
Etiology/Pathophysiology:
Due to abnormal branching or budding
of the tracheobronchial tree.
Bronchogenic cyst is in the broad
category of bronchopulmonary foregut
malformations which makes them
related to enteric duplication cysts and
pulmonary sequestration.
21. Bronchogenic Cyst
Imaging Findings:
Occur in the mediastinum and lung with
equal frequency. Mediastinal cysts are
usually solitary, with 50% in the posterior
mediastinum, and 35% in the middle
mediastinum. Mediastinal cysts rarely
communicate with the tracheal tree and
are oval and rounded in appearance and
may change in shape with
inspiration/expiration.
22. Bronchogenic Cyst
Mediastinal cysts are located either
centrally or in the
perihilar/subcarinal areas.
Pulmonary cysts are solitary, round
mass lesions located in the medial
third of the lung and don't
communicate with the
tracheobronchial tree until they
become infected.
24. Choanal Atresia
Etiology/Pathophysiology:
Due to a membranous or bony
occlusion (septum) between the nose
and pharynx, associated with medially
bowing of the lateral walls of the nasal
cavity.
Part of the CHARGE association -
coloboma, heart disease, choanal
atresia, retarted growth, genital
hypoplasia, and ear anomalies.
25. Choanal Atresia
Imaging Findings:
On computed tomography, a
bony occlusion between the nose
and the pharynx can be
visualized.The lateral walls of
the nasal cavity are thickened
and bowed medially, and the
vomer is usually enlarged.
28. Croup (Acute
Laryngotracheobronchitis)
Imaging Findings:
An AP film shows proximal subglottic
airway narrowing which is visible as
the "steeple sign" where there is loss
of the shoulder like subglottic trachea.
A lateral film of the airway should
always be taken to rule out the other
diseases in the differential of
inspiratory stridor, particularly
epiglottitis.
29. Croup (Acute
Laryngotracheobronchitis) DDX
Congenital subglottic stenosis
Subglottic hemangioma
Airway foreign body
Esophageal foreign body
Epiglottitis - 25% of epiglottitis
patient have subglottic airway
narrowing
30. Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
Clinical Presentation:
Major manifestations are chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease,
pancreatic insufficiency with
malabsorption, and elevated sweat
electrolytes. It is the most common
lethal genetic disease in whites with
90% percent of the mortality due to
pulmonary infections.
31. Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
Etiology/Pathophysiology:
Due to an inborn error of
metabolism causing dysfunction
of all exocrine glands leading to
thickened exocrine gland
secretions. The lungs are normal
at birth but become
progressively obstructed leading
to hyperinflation
32. Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
. The thickened mucus in the airways
gives the patient a predisposition to
infection, often with Pseudomonas,
which over time results in bronchiectasis.
Eventually as the pulmonary disease
worsens the patient gets pulmonary
hypertension and cor pulmonale.
Pneumothorax and pulmonary
hemorrhage are common complications.
33. Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
Imaging Findings:
The classical CXR signs are
hyperinflation, peribronchial
thickening, cystic bronchiectasis,
fibrosis, and scattered areas of mucoid
impaction. The cardiac silhouette is
normally narrowed due to the
pulmonary hypertension and the
generalized obstructive emphysema.
34. Diaphragmatic Eventration
Clinical Presentation:
Usually are asymptomatic or have mild
respiratory distress.
Etiology/Pathophysiology:
Abnormal elevation of the diaphragm due to
absent or deficient diaphragm muscles with
only the peripheral thoracic attachments
showing normal muscle. There are two types:
(1) congenital, due to defective diaphragm
muscle formation and (2) acquired, due to
atrophy of diaphragm muscles secondary to
prenatal or postnatal phrenic nerve injury. The
acquired type is the most common.
35. Diaphragmatic Eventration
Pathology:
Marked decrease in muscle fibers between
the parietal pleura and the peritoneum. The
affected area appears membranous.
Imaging Findings:
Generalized elevation of the diaphragm with
the abdominal viscera contained by a thin
but intact diaphragm.
DDX:
Anteromedial (Morgagni) hernia
36.
37. Рентгенонегативное контрастирование
воздухом применяют почти исключительно при
лечебно-диагностической
пневмоирригографии у детей с подозрением на
кишечную инвагинацию. В последние годы по
мере внедрения в клиническую практику
новых методов визуализации (компьютерная
томография, магнитно-резонансная
томография) многие исследования с
использованием рентгенонегативного
контрастирования уже не применяются
(пневмомедиастинография,
ретропневмоперитонеум и пр.).
38. а - контрастное вещество (бариевая взвесь)
введено перорально, контрастирован желудок и
кишечные петли, расположенные в правом
гемитораксе - истинная правосторонняя
диафрагмальная грыжа у ребенка 2 лет;
б - фистулография: контрастный препарат
(урографин) введен в свищевой ход у ребенка 13
лет с хроническим посттравматическим
остеомиелитом большеберцовой кости; в -
цистография: контрастный препарат (урографин)
по катетеру введен в мочевой пузырь,
определяется пузырно-мочеточниковый рефлюкс 4
степени с обеих сторон, нейрогенный мочевой
пузырь у ребенка 2 лет
39. Epiglottitis
Clinical Presentation:
Seen in an older age group than croup,
usually around 3-10 years old. Presents
with drooling, fever, signs of systemic
toxicity, severe sore throat, rapidly
progressive dysphagia, inspiratory stridor,
and respiratory distress. Physical exam
shows a red, swollen, cherrylike tip of the
inflamed epiglottis. Note that both
epiglottitis and croup have inspiratory
stridor.
40. Epiglottitis
Etiology/Pathophysiology:
The most common cause is bacterial
infection due to Haemophilus
influenza. Other less common causes
are angioneurotic edema, thermal
injuries from smoke inhalation, caustic
ingestion, hemorrhage, and radiation.
The enlarged aryepiglottic folds
account for much of the airway
obstruction
41. Epiglottitis
Imaging Findings:
Careful radiographic evaluation is
essential. Personnel skilled in the
management of pediatric airway
obstruction and equipment for
emergency intubation must
accompany the patient to the
radiology department. The lateral film
should be done upright with no
attempt made to hyperextend the
neck which can cause complete airway
obstruction.
42. Epiglottitis
Imaging Findings:
The lateral film shows a domelike
enlargement of the epiglottis with
thickened aryepiglottic folds,
supraglottic airway narrowing, and
obstruction. Twenty-five percent
have subglottic airway narrowing.
On the CXR lung volumes are
normal.
43. Foreign Body, Trachea
Clinical Presentation:
The presentation varies, depending on
the size of the foreign body. There can
be sudden choking with acute
respiratory distress, or there can be
delayed symptoms with cough,
wheezing, and hemoptysis. Less
commonly the patient can present
with recurrent pneumonias.
44. Foreign Body, Trachea
Etiology/Pathophysiology:
An aspirated foreign body causes a
spectrum of airway obstruction,
depending on its size and how long it
has been present. When the foreign
body is much smaller than the airway
you have a bypass valve effect giving
you normal aeration - air gets in and
out on inspiration and expiration.
45. Foreign Body, Trachea
When the foreign body is only a little
bit smaller than the airway you have
a check valve effect giving you air
trapping - air gets in during
inspiration but does not get out on
expiration.
When the foreign body is as large as
the airway you have a stop valve
effect - air does not get in or out
during inspiration or expiration.
47. а - свернутый зонд (стрелки) в оральном конце пищевода у новорожденного с атрезией пищевода;
б - дренаж (стрелки) в плевральной полости у младенца с напряженным пневмотораксом справа; круглые тени - электроды
от монитора; в - исследование по Вангестину: на коже промежности в проекции анального отверстия нанесена
рентгеноконтрастная метка (стрелка); по рентгеновскому снимку, выполненному в положении младенца вниз головой, опре-
деляется расстояние от метки до пузыря воздуха в атрезированной
48. Pneumonia, Bacterial
Clinical Presentation:
Presents with an abrupt onset of
fever and tachypnea.
Etiology/Pathophysiology:
Common pathogens include
Staphylococcus, Pneumococcus
(Streptococcus pneumonia), and
Haemophilus influenza. Bacterial
pneumonia usually has primarily
alveolar involvement without airway
involvement
49. Pneumonia, Bacterial
Pneumatoceles may form
during the recuperative phase
and are transient
accumulations of interstitial
air that have escaped through
necrotic bronchial foci and are
usually of little significance,
resolving over time.
50. Pneumonia, Bacterial
Imaging Findings:
Homogeneous consolidation of all or
part of a lobe with air bronchograms.
Lung volume is preserved. Bacterial
infections are usually in the periphery
of the lung while viral infections are
more commonly in the center of the
lung in a perihilar location. Effusions
are often seen with bacterial
pneumonia.
51. Pneumonia, Mycoplasma
Clinical Presentation:
Seen in late childhood or early adult
life. Presents with chest pain, cough,
mild chills, fever, and myalgia.
Probably is seen in younger children
but is asymptomatic or has very mild
symptoms.
Etiology/Pathophysiology:
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is the
causitive agent.
52. Pneumonia, Mycoplasma
Imaging Findings:
See subsegmental or
segmental consolidation
which can involve the upper
and lower lobes and be
unilateral or bilateral. No air
bronchograms are seen, and
there can be small effusions.
53. Pneumonia, Pneumocystis Carinii
Clinical Presentation:
Respiratory distress in an immune
compromised patient due to a
congenital immune disorder,
immunosupression treatment, or
AIDS.
Etiology/Pathophysiology:
Pneumocystis Carinii, which is a
protozoa.
54. Pneumonia, Pneumocystis Carinii
Imaging Findings:
The appearance is extremely variable.
The classical appearance is diffuse
bilateral central consolidation radiating
into the peripheral lung zones with
sparing of the apices. A patchy reticular
granular density that progresses rapidly
to diffuse alveolar consolidation is a
typical course. Effusion and
lymphadenopathy are rarely seen. The
CXR clears very slowly.
56. Pneumonia, Round
Clinical Presentation:
Most common in infancy and early
childhood.
Etiology/Pathophysiology:
Caused by a bacterial infection.
Imaging Findings:
Well circumscribed, rounded mass lesion in
a peripheral location with air bronchograms.
DDX:
Intrathoracic mass lesions - will not have air
bronchograms.
57. Pneumonia, Viral
Clinical Presentation:
Respiratory distress.
Etiology/Pathophysiology:
Respiratory syncitial virus is the most
common cause in early life. Other causes
include parainfluenza, adenovirus, and
influenza viruses. Inflammation begins in
the respiratory mucosa of the major bronchi
and spreads transmurally and
endobronchially into the adjacent
interstitium as well as into the peripheral air
spaces.
58. Pneumonia, Viral
Imaging Findings:
Usually central in location. Hilar and
vascular radiographic sharpness is
lost due to bronchial wall thickening
with peribronchial interstitial edema
and inflammatory infiltrate. Due to
the central airway involvement there
is peripheral air trapping and
hyperinflation. Patchy pulmonary
densities can be seen and are usually
due to subsegmental atelectasis.
59. Pneumothorax, Spontaneous
Clinical Presentation:
Sudden onset of pleuritic chest pain in a
teen with associated respiratory distress.
Etiology/Pathophysiology:
Pneumothorax may occur in an otherwise
normal lung during normal respiration or
more commonly during episodes of cough,
resuscitation, or artifical ventilation.
Imaging Findings:
A pleural line is demonstrated better on
the expiratory film than on the inspiratory
film.
60. Pulmonary Agenesis
Clinical Presentation:
Unilateral agenesis is usually asymptomatic.
The child usually develops respiratory
distress and presents in the first year of life
when the remaining lung is compromised,
usually by a lower respiratory tract
infection.
Sixty percent have other congenital
anomalies including cardiac lesions,
bronchogenic cysts, diaphragmatic hernias,
and skeletal anomalies (commonly vertebral
or rib anomalies).
Agenesis of the right lung is associated with
a higher frequency of anomalies than
agenesis of the left lung.
61. Pulmonary Agenesis
Etiology/Pathophysiology:
Due to complete failure of development of
one or both of the lung buds.
Imaging Findings:
Asymmetry in chest volume and
configuration with overexpansion of the
normal lung often causing some
mediastinal shift to the contralateral side.
The definitive diagnosis is made via
pulmonary angiography which shows the
pulmonary artery to the affected side to be
absent.
62. Pulmonary Edema, Non Cardiogenic
[Drowning]
Clinical Presentation:
The third highest cause of accidental death in
children.
Etiology/Pathophysiology:
Causes include drowning, acute
glomerulonephritis, fluid overload, aspiration,
inhalation injury, neurogenic pulmonary edema,
allergic reaction, and adult respiratory distress
syndrome. It is due to injury of the alveolar
septa, increased permeability of the pulmonary
vascular endothelium, pulmonary microvascular
platelet aggregation, and finally intraalveolar
edema.
63. Pulmonary Edema, Non
Cardiogenic [Drowning]
In drowning, the extent and severity
of the edema depends on the amount
of water aspirated and the degree of
hypoxia. Whether the water is fresh or
salt makes no difference on the
pulmonary findings.
Imaging Findings:
One of three patterns is seen: a
normal chest, bilateral perihilar
pulmonary edema, or generalized
pulmonary edema.
64. Tuberculosis, Primary
Clinical Presentation:
Cough and fever.
Etiology/Pathophysiology:
The initial infection with the bacterium
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis is acquired via an
airborne route. If the initial infection is not
walled off, it may spread via bronchogenic
spread with multiple pulmonary foci, lymphatic
spread to more distant lymph nodes and
hematogenous (miliary) spread to kidneys,
lungs, liver, and meninges.
Pathology:
The classic finding is caseating necrosis.
65. Tuberculosis, Primary
Imaging Findings:
The initial focus has localized air space
consolidation and then spreads from the
periphery via lymphatic channels to regional
lymph nodes where the lymph nodes
enlarge after several weeks. If the infection
involutes the lesion can calcify with the
Ghon focus being the calcified peripheral
lung focus and the Ranke complex being the
calcified peripheral lung focus and the
calcified central lymph nodes.
66. Tuberculosis, Primary
If resistance fails to develop and there is no
involution the initial peripheral focus can
extend to occupy an entire segment or lobe.
Often there may be an associated pleural
effusion. Primary TB has its peripheral foci
scattered throughout the lung fields.
Secondary, or reinfection, TB has 90% of its
lesions in apices. The lungs may take 4
years to clear after therapy. The classic
picture of primary TB is air space disease
associated with hilar/mediastinal
adenopathy and pleural effusion.
67. Tuberculosis, Miliary
Clinical Presentation:
More common in younger children than in
older children.
Etiology/Pathophysiology:
Hematogenous spread of tubercle bacilli
throughout the body, usually in the first few
months after a primary infection. The
younger the infant the more rapidly the
inflammatory process evolves.
Pathology:
Granulomas.
68. Tuberculosis, Miliary
Imaging Findings:
May take several days to show up on CXR.
Tiny, miliary densities are seen in the lungs
that represent a confluence of several
pulmonary granulomas. Hilar and
paratracheal adenopathy may also seen.
DDX:
Hematogenous spread of viral and fungal
infections
Sarcoid
Lymphoproliferative malignant disease
69. Diaphragm Rupture, Traumatic
Clinical Presentation:
Upper abdominal tenderness, rigidity and
rebound tenderness after blunt or crushing or
penetrating injuries. Chest pain, dyspnea, and
hypertension may also be present.
Etiology/Pathophysiology:
Due to blunt or crushing abdominal injuries
from sudden deceleration in a motor vehicle
accident, or more rarely stab and gunshot
wounds.
Imaging Findings:
See abdominal contents such as bowel or solid
viscera in the chest. Can be confirmed by
passing a nasogastric tube or performing an
upper GI exam.
70. Pectus Carinatum
Clinical Presentation:
Asymptomatic as it rarely causes
physiologic compromise of the lungs.
Etiology/Pathophysiology:
Ventral protrusion of the upper portion of
the sternum and its costal cartilages with
bilateral flattening of the lateral chest wall.
Imaging Findings:
The elevated protrusion of the upper
sternum is easily seen on the lateral chest
film.
71. Pectus Excavatum
Clinical Presentation:
Asymptomatic as it rarely causes physiologic
compromise of the lungs.
Etiology/Pathophysiology:
The lower part of the sternum and its costal
cartilages are partially rotated to the right and
depressed causing displacement of the heart to
the left.
Imaging Findings:
On the AP film there is some deviation of the
heart to the left causing the right hilus and
bronchovascular markings to appear
prominent. The depressed body of the lower
sternum is easily seen on the lateral chest film.
72. Source
Michael P. D'Alessandro, M.D.
Peer Review Status: Internally Peer
Reviewed
https://www.virtualpediatrichospital.org/p
roviders/PAP/ChestDiseases/ChestDisInde
x.shtml