This document is a chemistry project report by Harshit Kumar, a class 12 student, about minerals. It includes an introduction, acknowledgements, certificate, and sections on minerals found in Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh with maps. It also analyzes the major ion chemistry of rivers in the two states. The project was guided by Ms. Rupa and received support from the school principal and Harshit's parents.

1. INTRODUCTION
•Name – Harshit Kumar
•Class – XII (Sci)
•Roll No. – 22
•Subject – Chemistry
•Topic – Minerals
•Subject Teacher – Ms. Rupa Mam

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I Would like to express my gratitude toward to my Chemistry teacher
Ms. Rupa Mam for her valuable guidance and nonstop support during
this project. As well as, I am grateful to our principal Dr. Rita Sirohi for
providing me with the beautiful opportunity to work on this Project.
I would also like to thank my parents and friends for encouraging me
during the course of this project.
Finally, I would like to thank the CBSE board for giving me this great
opportunity to do this project.

3. Certificate
This is certify that Harshit Kumar a student of class 12 (Science), has
successfullycompleted the research on the below mentioned project under
the guidance of Ms. Rupa Mam during the year 2023-24in partial fulfillment
of chemistry practical examination conducted by AISSCE, New Delhi.
Signature of internal Signature of external
examiner examiner

4. CONTENT
• Minerals
• Minerals found in Arunachal Pradesh with map
• Minerals found in Uttar Pradesh with map
• Major ions chemistry of Suburban (Uttar Pradesh)
• Major ion chemistry of tanga river at dahung ( Arunachal Pradesh)
• Major ion and heavy metal chemistry of Pachin River (Itanagar)

5. Minerals
A Mineral is a naturally occurring substance, representable by a
chemical formula that is usually solid and inorganic , and has a crystal
structure.
Mineral resources are the key of material basis
for socio-economic development. Statistical
results show that more than 95% of energy
used by mankind, 80% industrial raw materials
and 70% raw materials for agricultural produ-
- ction are from mineral resources.

6. Minerals Map Of Arunachal
Pradesh

7. Minerals Found In Arunachal
Pradesh
The Department of Geology and Mining was created by the
Govt. of Arunachal Pradesh during 1995-96 mainly for the
purpose of mineral survey and investigation, mineral
exploration, control and monitoring on the production of
minerals and primarily for earning the revenue in term of
royalty etc. for the state exchequer. The Department is one
of the highest revenue earning department in the state as
on date. The state is having variety of minerals like coal,
Petroleum, Natural Gas, Dolomite, Limestone, Graphite,
Asbestos, Placer gold, Iron, Marble, Ferro-Silicon Grade,
Quartzite, Lead and zinc, Minor Mineral (Sand, Gravel,
Boulders, Soil, etc.).

8. Coal ÷ Namchik Namphuk coalfield in Arunachal Pradesh. The Namchik-Namphuk coalfield
was allocated to the APMDTCL on October 28, 2003 by the coal Ministry.
Extraction was started there in March 2007 by the National Mining
Company Ltd. Of Tinsukia in Assam on the basis of the memorandum of
Association(MoA)through an open tender of extraction of two lakh metric
tons coal annually.
DOLOMITE ÷ The Abhinna Group has two dolomite mining site on lease in
Arunachal Pradesh with a reserve of up to 20 million tons. The Group has
also set up magnesium extraction plant, to recover magnesiafrom dolomite
ore. It has successfully marketed the magnesium metal to the fertilizer and
pharmaceutical business space. Dolomite occurrence are widespread in the
country. The economic usage of dolomite is primarily metallurgical like,
refractorines.

9. Minerals Map Of Uttar Pradesh

10. Minerals Found In Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh is a state located in the northern region of India, and it is
the most densely populated state of the country. The state is rich in
natural resources, including minerals, and has a long history of mining
activities. The state has a diverse range of minerals, including coal,
limestone, dolomite, iron ore, copper ore, lead-zinc ore, gold, and
diamond, among others.
The mineral wealth of this region has been an essential contributor to
its economy, and the mining industry is a major source of employment
for the local inhabitants.

11. Coal ÷ The Indian state of Uttar Pradesh possesses considerable coal reserves, making it
one of the mostimportant minerals found in the state. The Singrauli
Coalfields (Sonbhadra district), which is one of the most prominent
coal-producing regions in the nation is where the majority of the coal
deposits can be found. Coal extracted from Uttar Pradesh is put to use
not just in the production of power but also used in various other
industries, such as cement, steel, and fertilizer.
Limestone ÷ One such significant type of mineral that can be found in Uttar
Pradesh is limestone. The state possesses substantialamounts of
high-grade limestone, which is an important raw material in the
manufacturing of cement, paper, and steel. In the state of
Uttar Pradesh, the districts of Mirzapur, Sonbhadra, and Varanasi
are home to the mostsignificant limestone reserves.

12. Major ions chemistry of
Suburban (Uttar Pradesh)
The insight of this study focuses on extracting significant controlling factors contributing to the
deviations of groundwater chemistry in suburban district of western Uttar Pradesh. Q-HCA
based grouping of the sampling sites categorized major ions chemistry into moderately
mineralized clusters (Cluster 1, 2) and highly enriched clusters with exceeding mean levels for
the majority of parameters (Cluster 3, 4). Spatial conformity showed that groundwater quality in
the southwest, northwest, and northern regions were predominantly influenced. Clusters’
graphical characterization illustrated controlling mechanism of rock–water interaction (Cluster 1,
2 and 3) and shifting towards evaporative mechanisms (Cluster 4). Coinciding results of Piper
and Chadha’s plot revealed that Ca–Mg–HCO3 and mixed type of hydrochemical facies
regulating with recharging water, base-exchange and reverse ion exchange processes (Cluster 1,
2 and 3) and composition of Na+K–Cl–SO4 type of water facies (Cluster 4) induced salinizationas
controlling pathways. Major ionic binary plots indicated the dominance of silicate
weathering (Cluster 1 and 2) phenomenon, whereas evaporation processes and
chloro-alkaline indices divulged influence of salinizationand the cation–anion
exchange as the dominant reaction mechanism. Saturation indices attributed the
precipitation of aragonite, calcite and dolomite, whereas dissolution of anhydrite and gypsum.

13. Major ion chemistry of Tenga River at
Dahung (Arunachal Pradesh)
• This study examines the major ion chemistry of the Tenga River in the Dahung area in Arunachal
Pradesh of India. The samplings were carried out during the post-monsoonperiod and all the
analysis were carried out following the standard procedures. Tenga river water is characterised by
the following relative ionic abundances: Mg > Ca > Na > K > Fe and SO4 - > Cl- > NO3 > PO4 -.
Hydrochemical analyses indicate that dolomite weathering and dissolution of feldspathoid group
and evaporite sediments are the major contributing factors towards the composition of the river
water. In the absence of major industrial activity in the region, the other significant impact on
water quality of the river is due to the agricultural and livestock operations through farmland
runoff.

14. Major ion and heavy metal chemistry of
Pachin River (Itanagar)
The Pachin river is an upland tributary of the Brahmaputra river, originating in the foot-hills of the lesser
Himalayas. A systematic study of major ions and heavy metals in the surface water of the river was
carried out at peak, intermediate and low flow conditions during an one-year interval to assess the
relative contributions from weathering and pollution. The major
ion chemistry indicates that silicate weathering and precipitation are the
major contributing factors to the river’s chemical composition. The Pachin
river is characterized by a low overall conductivity, even during times of
evaporative concentrations during low flow. This corresponds to the fact
that the catchment area is still relatively pristine, i.e., well forested and without significant industry.
However, heavy metal patterns clearly reflect source input from agricultural activity and urban
development. The levels of Fe and Co were amongst the highest of any rivers of the Indian sub-continent,
while these and Cr, Mn, Cu and Se each exceeded the world average value. These results clearly indicate
that rivers draining pristine areas can be significantly modified by human activities, and consequently,
these must be monitored to ensure that useable water supplies meet the prescribed safety standards