Chapters 14 & 15
the ending of relationships
Uncoupling – the series of stages by which couples (whether married or cohabiting) move toward ending the relationship
Suggested stages:DissatisfactionAttempts at changeTurning elsewhere Further distancing ResolutionInforming the other partnerAcknowledging the ending
marital endings
4 ways a marriage can end:
Desertion – one spouse simply abandons the marriage and the family has no subsequent contact
Separation – married partners decide to no longer live together
Annulment – a pronouncement that declares that a couple never had a valid marriageReligiousCivil (usually for fraud)
Divorce – legal dissolution of a valid marriage
health effects of unhappy marriagesResearch has found that the unhappily married were worse off on heart disease risk factors like high blood pressure and cholesterol than both happily married and single women. One study found that couples in high-conflict marriages take longer than the happily married to heal from various wounds – from minor scrapes to surgery
societal and demographic factors associated with divorceFamily – many of the family’s traditional functions of child care, protection, and recreation have been taken over by outside institutionsReligion – people who are religious are less likely to divorce. Spouses with the same religion more likely to have stable marriagesLaw – legal assistance easier to obtain. Unclear if the prevalence of divorce has made legal proceedings easier, or if easier legal proceedings made divorce more common.
education, income & divorceGenerally, the lower the couple’s educational level and income, the higher the risk for divorceUS Census Bureau: about 36% of women 35-39, with less than 12 years education divorced, compared to about 28% of women with 17+ years of educationnote: the higher the education, the more difficult to marry. But are the marriages more stable if/when they do marry?However, people who have started toward, but failed to complete, a particular degree (regardless of its level), are more likely to divorce than those who complete the degree.Couples below the poverty line are 2x as likely to divorce within 2 years
ethnicity & cultureAfrican American couples are 2x as likely to end their marriages as white and Hispanic couples areLargely due to the fact that they are disproportionately poorAs income levels rise, divorce rates for blacks decrease, resembling those for whitesLatinos have relatively low divorce ratesPartly due to the fact that many are Catholic, and Catholicism frowns on divorce
personal factors associated with divorce
Communication problems
Infidelity
Constant conflict
Emotional abuse
Falling out of love
Unsatisfactory sex
Insufficient income
Physical abuse
Falling in love with someone else
Boredom
effects of divorce
“Divorce hangover” – an individual is unable to let go of the fact that they got a divorce, reorient themselves as single parents, or develop new friendshipsSeparation dist.
Marriage is More Lifegiving than Divorce on all DomainsJenniferStLucy
This describes the ten traits culled by the Survey of Marital Generosity on what will make a marriage very happy and very strong (divorce and separation-proof). Promotion of marriage is vital because it prevents negative outcomes common in single-parent families (both parent and children)
Crisis counseling ii chapter 9 - crisis of divorceGlen Christie
This document discusses factors that contribute to divorce and ways to have a successful divorce. It identifies several common causes of divorce like poor communication, infidelity, money problems, addictions, mid-life crises, sexual issues, and lack of commitment between partners. It also outlines the stages of divorce from the initial emotional separation to accepting the new normal post-divorce. Finally, it provides tips for divorcing successfully such as mediating instead of litigating, co-parenting with the ex-spouse, and taking time to heal from the divorce.
This chapter discusses physical, cognitive, and social development in early adulthood. It covers the transition to adulthood and criteria like independence. Physical peak is between ages 19-26 with decline after 30. Obesity rates have risen significantly and are influenced by both nature and nurture. Friendships and romantic relationships form an important part of social development in early adulthood. Career decisions also become a major focus as adults establish their professional paths.
This document discusses factors that contribute to divorce. It identifies bad communication, infidelity, money management issues, addictions, mid-life crises, sexual discrepancies, lack of commitment, and couple incompatibility as common reasons why marriages end in divorce. It also notes that divorce is a process that involves emotional, legal, economic, and community aspects as couples and their social networks adjust to the dissolution of marriage.
an overview of chapter 11 from the book " The Psychology of Gender" by Vicki S. Helgeson (4th edition)
if you want more detailed reviews of any other chapter or any topic comment down below.
CommitmentsWomen and Intimate RelationshipsChapter .docxmonicafrancis71118
Commitments:
Women and Intimate Relationships
Chapter 8
WS 325
Dr. Thompson
*
Marriage Social institutionRegulated byLawsReligion
Personal and Legal Contract
*
Marriage Marriage is a way that society and/or religions regulate private relationships between couples, stipulating who can/cannot marryStrong patriarchal heritageWhite dress -Bride as PropertyName change -Mrs. (Mr’s)Women in industrialized countries are marrying laterHigher educationEconomics Experiences of independent living more likely, including premarital sex, cohabitationExposure to variety of viewpoints, opportunities, options and sense of self
*
*
Who marries ? Characteristics of a potential mateWomen and men within the same culture often had similar preferencesMutual attraction and loveDependable characterEmotional stabilityPleasing dispositionAcross cultures, women were more likely to emphasize partner’s earning capacity and ambition, men more likely to emphasize good looks and physical attractivenessMarriage GradientWomen “marry up”, men “marry down”The tendency for women to marry men who are older, have higher prestige and income potentialDecreased in the U.S. as women gain access to educational opportunity and higher incomes
*
*
Varieties of MarriageTraditional MarriageTraditional gender roles, both husband and wife agree husband has (and should have) ultimate authority in major decisions and control of moneyModern marriageModern wives are employed, but her job is viewed as less important than the husband’s. Modern wives do a second shift every day Egalitarian MarriagePost gender relationships: partners have moved beyond using gender to define their marital roles, equal power, authorityUnrecognized, Unauthorized MarriageIn the past, slave marriages, interracial marriages were illegal and unrecognizedAt this point in history, same-sex marriages are mostly unrecognized and unauthorized
*
How adherence to gender roles can affect relationships between the sexes
Power in Marriage The Myth of EqualityRefuse to acknowledge traditional gender role socializationHusbands have final say in big decisions in most marriages (76%)Power comes from money and traditional beliefs
*
Social Exchange Theory The theory says that the partner who brings greater outside resources to the relationship will have the greater influence within the relationship. Resources may include prestige, knowledge, money, education, or any other valued “currency.”The theory is based primarily on economic theory, but fails to acknowledge the powerful “symbolic” value of traditional gender rolesThe reality is that even in dual-career couples, a husband’s opinions still tend to carry more weight, and a wife’s employment may not give her equal power. Her career may be relegated to a supportive or secondary income, and may be viewed as undermining her “nurturing role”
*
*
Marital SatisfactionMany studies about marital satisfaction over time show an in.
This document summarizes research on parenting in divorced and remarried families. It discusses the grief process after divorce, factors that influence adjustment, common reactions in children and parents, and long-term consequences for children. It also outlines challenges and tasks in stepfamilies, different stepfamily types (neotraditional, matriarchal, romantic), crises and changes over time, and qualities associated with successful stepfamily relationships.
Webster's New World Dictionary defines parenting as work or skill of a parent in raising a child or children. The same definition applies to single parenting, except in this case the single parent assumes the role of both father and mother. There are a number of circumstances that lead to single parenting: divorce, separation, abandonment, and death.
Marriage is More Lifegiving than Divorce on all DomainsJenniferStLucy
This describes the ten traits culled by the Survey of Marital Generosity on what will make a marriage very happy and very strong (divorce and separation-proof). Promotion of marriage is vital because it prevents negative outcomes common in single-parent families (both parent and children)
Crisis counseling ii chapter 9 - crisis of divorceGlen Christie
This document discusses factors that contribute to divorce and ways to have a successful divorce. It identifies several common causes of divorce like poor communication, infidelity, money problems, addictions, mid-life crises, sexual issues, and lack of commitment between partners. It also outlines the stages of divorce from the initial emotional separation to accepting the new normal post-divorce. Finally, it provides tips for divorcing successfully such as mediating instead of litigating, co-parenting with the ex-spouse, and taking time to heal from the divorce.
This chapter discusses physical, cognitive, and social development in early adulthood. It covers the transition to adulthood and criteria like independence. Physical peak is between ages 19-26 with decline after 30. Obesity rates have risen significantly and are influenced by both nature and nurture. Friendships and romantic relationships form an important part of social development in early adulthood. Career decisions also become a major focus as adults establish their professional paths.
This document discusses factors that contribute to divorce. It identifies bad communication, infidelity, money management issues, addictions, mid-life crises, sexual discrepancies, lack of commitment, and couple incompatibility as common reasons why marriages end in divorce. It also notes that divorce is a process that involves emotional, legal, economic, and community aspects as couples and their social networks adjust to the dissolution of marriage.
an overview of chapter 11 from the book " The Psychology of Gender" by Vicki S. Helgeson (4th edition)
if you want more detailed reviews of any other chapter or any topic comment down below.
CommitmentsWomen and Intimate RelationshipsChapter .docxmonicafrancis71118
Commitments:
Women and Intimate Relationships
Chapter 8
WS 325
Dr. Thompson
*
Marriage Social institutionRegulated byLawsReligion
Personal and Legal Contract
*
Marriage Marriage is a way that society and/or religions regulate private relationships between couples, stipulating who can/cannot marryStrong patriarchal heritageWhite dress -Bride as PropertyName change -Mrs. (Mr’s)Women in industrialized countries are marrying laterHigher educationEconomics Experiences of independent living more likely, including premarital sex, cohabitationExposure to variety of viewpoints, opportunities, options and sense of self
*
*
Who marries ? Characteristics of a potential mateWomen and men within the same culture often had similar preferencesMutual attraction and loveDependable characterEmotional stabilityPleasing dispositionAcross cultures, women were more likely to emphasize partner’s earning capacity and ambition, men more likely to emphasize good looks and physical attractivenessMarriage GradientWomen “marry up”, men “marry down”The tendency for women to marry men who are older, have higher prestige and income potentialDecreased in the U.S. as women gain access to educational opportunity and higher incomes
*
*
Varieties of MarriageTraditional MarriageTraditional gender roles, both husband and wife agree husband has (and should have) ultimate authority in major decisions and control of moneyModern marriageModern wives are employed, but her job is viewed as less important than the husband’s. Modern wives do a second shift every day Egalitarian MarriagePost gender relationships: partners have moved beyond using gender to define their marital roles, equal power, authorityUnrecognized, Unauthorized MarriageIn the past, slave marriages, interracial marriages were illegal and unrecognizedAt this point in history, same-sex marriages are mostly unrecognized and unauthorized
*
How adherence to gender roles can affect relationships between the sexes
Power in Marriage The Myth of EqualityRefuse to acknowledge traditional gender role socializationHusbands have final say in big decisions in most marriages (76%)Power comes from money and traditional beliefs
*
Social Exchange Theory The theory says that the partner who brings greater outside resources to the relationship will have the greater influence within the relationship. Resources may include prestige, knowledge, money, education, or any other valued “currency.”The theory is based primarily on economic theory, but fails to acknowledge the powerful “symbolic” value of traditional gender rolesThe reality is that even in dual-career couples, a husband’s opinions still tend to carry more weight, and a wife’s employment may not give her equal power. Her career may be relegated to a supportive or secondary income, and may be viewed as undermining her “nurturing role”
*
*
Marital SatisfactionMany studies about marital satisfaction over time show an in.
This document summarizes research on parenting in divorced and remarried families. It discusses the grief process after divorce, factors that influence adjustment, common reactions in children and parents, and long-term consequences for children. It also outlines challenges and tasks in stepfamilies, different stepfamily types (neotraditional, matriarchal, romantic), crises and changes over time, and qualities associated with successful stepfamily relationships.
Webster's New World Dictionary defines parenting as work or skill of a parent in raising a child or children. The same definition applies to single parenting, except in this case the single parent assumes the role of both father and mother. There are a number of circumstances that lead to single parenting: divorce, separation, abandonment, and death.
ii48The Negative Effects of Divorce on the Behavior of C.docxwilcockiris
ii
48
The Negative Effects of Divorce on the Behavior of Children
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Research states that half of marriages in the United States will end in divorce, and about half of American children will experience the divorce of their parents before the age of 18 (Amato, 2000; Copen et al., 2012). According to the US Census Bureau, The rate of divorce in America is computed as the number of divorces relative to 1,000 married ladies, during the late 1980s and early 1990s; the rate of divorce reached a historic high of 22.6 divorces (United States Census Bureau, 2013). Research has focused on the reasons that's “why” and methodology that is “how” divorce affects children’s adjustment, given a large number of children that are affected by divorce. Research regularly shows a negative correlation between parental divorce and children wellbeing.
For example, children coming from divorced families tend to deal more harshly with life’s circumstances, by experiencing depression and get stuck forming close relationships with others. Children also tend to have antisocial behaviors. In addition to these measures, establishing and developing a close intimate relationship is an important indicator of how children adjust to their parents’ divorce. Research has found parental divorce to have a significant adverse effect on children’s relationship, such as intimacy and establishing trust and close relationship with others (Daly, 2003). Among children of divorce, few studies have examined boys and girls emotional perspective about divorce. There is less research on the long-term effect of parental divorce and coping strategies about how children focused on divorce.
The rates of divorce rose a dramatic 79 percent in Divorce on Children the United States between 1970 and 1977. Although these escalated rates have since declined, many marriages still end up in divorce. According to the US Census Bureau (2013), in the 1970s, children were considered better off living with one parent than living with both parents during and amidst conflict, abuse, or both. Indeed, there is a substantial affirmation from many research studies that indicate a “conflict-ridden” marriage is not in the best interest of the children. This research paper summarizes the findings of several recent studies related to this question.
1.2 Background of the Problem
Despite personal values, community standards, or religious teachings, divorce is a fact of life, as shown by these facts: 2 of 5 children will experience the divorce of their parents before they reach of 18; About 25 percent of every child will all people regardless of spending some time in a step family regardless of race, color, national origin, A couple’s marriage lasts about 7.2 sex, age, or disability. According to US Census Bureau, divorce rate leveled in the 1980’s at the rate of 11 percent lower than in 1979 and there are about 1,250,000 divorces cases per year in the United State.
The document discusses relationships in early and middle adulthood. It covers the three basic components of love: passion, intimacy, and commitment. It also discusses falling in love, cohabitation, violence in relationships, lifestyles of being single or married, and divorce and remarriage.
This document summarizes key aspects of social and personality development in early and middle adulthood. In early adulthood, intimacy and relationships are a focus as people seek partners. Happiness comes from independence, competence and relationships. In middle adulthood, generativity vs. stagnation involves guiding younger generations. Marital satisfaction follows a U-shape, declining after marriage but increasing as children leave home. Divorce rates are higher for second marriages. The "sandwich generation" cares for children and aging parents simultaneously.
The document provides an overview of relationships and communication in several areas:
1. It discusses the ABCs of relationships - attraction, building, continuation, deterioration, and ending. Factors that influence each stage are explained.
2. Marriage is examined, including historical reasons for marriage, who people typically marry, clarifying expectations, and factors in marital satisfaction. Extramarital affairs, gender differences, and domestic violence are also covered.
3. Divorce rates over time are reviewed along with reasons for the rise in divorce and the costs of divorce, especially for children. Dating after divorce is briefly addressed.
4. Singlehood as an increasing lifestyle is noted, with contributing factors like postpon
The document discusses several topics related to marriage and family, including:
1) It summarizes William Nichols' four stages of the marital life cycle and the core tasks involved in each stage, such as developing affection and determining commitment in the beginning stage.
2) It discusses some of the challenges and changes that occur when individuals get married, such as changes to self-image, relationships, and legal status.
3) It covers various parenting issues like the goals of parenting, developmental stages of children, and tips for effective parenting.
This document summarizes key concepts related to marriage and relationships. It discusses intimacy, the life cycle model of development, power and conflict, and symptom development. It notes that marriage refers to any committed partnership. The document then reviews common reasons people get married as well as poor reasons. It identifies three patterns of marital distress and chief complaints that couples experience. Finally, it provides an overview of the life cycle model and the developmental tasks associated with launching young adults from their family of origin.
This document discusses the impact of divorce on children. It notes that approximately 1/3 of American children will experience parental divorce. Divorce can negatively impact children's psychological well-being and development in both the short and long-term. However, protective factors like a good relationship with at least one parent can help mitigate negative effects. The document provides guidance for parents on communicating with children about divorce and co-parenting to minimize harm. It emphasizes the importance of not involving children in adult/legal issues, criticizing the other parent, or making children feel responsible for parents' well-being.
Sexuality changes across adulthood. In early adulthood, people establish their sexual orientation and identity, develop intimate relationships, and make choices around fertility. In middle adulthood, marital sexuality may decrease in frequency over time while dating and cohabitation become more common for singles and divorced individuals. In late adulthood, biological changes can impact sexuality but emotional and relational aspects remain important, and many still find sexual activity and satisfaction regardless of age.
This document provides an overview of the impact of divorce on children. It discusses the prevalence of divorce, the importance of maintaining relationships with both parents, and the typical responses children have to divorce including denial, anger, anxiety, confusion, bargaining, depression and acceptance. It also addresses parenting models during divorce, how children of different age groups are affected, communication strategies for parents, and creating parenting plans.
1. The document discusses social and personality development in early adulthood, including topics like intimacy vs isolation, friendship, falling in love, marriage, cohabitation, divorce, parenthood, and careers.
2. It presents theories of temperament, attachment, and love (like Sternberg's triangular theory) and how they relate to adjustment in adulthood.
3. Factors like education, income, religion, and having children impact divorce rates, which have been decreasing since the 1990s. Work-life balance and dual-earner families are also addressed.
This document discusses research on how divorce affects children. It notes that divorce can put children at risk for risky behaviors like drugs, drinking, aggression, and depression when they lose family stability. Divorce may also influence children's future relationships by repeating the cycle. However, different studies have found varying outcomes, with some showing 25% of children facing problems and others finding most children adjust well after two years. The document then outlines a study the author conducted surveying people aged 16-40 on their experiences with parental divorce. Most interviewed reported some emotional baggage from their parents' divorce.
The document discusses various aspects of sexuality throughout adulthood, including establishing sexual orientation in early adulthood, redefining sexuality and dealing with biological changes in middle adulthood, and addressing stereotypes and health issues related to sexuality in late adulthood. Key topics covered include sexual development, relationships, orientation, cohabitation, parenting, and the impact of aging on sexuality. Statistics and surveys are presented on topics like sexual activity levels and satisfaction at different life stages.
Having sex before getting married, whether you're already married to your partner or not, is known as premarital sex. Before a legal marriage, so many young adult must at least had one sexual activity before getting married. Young people's behavior are influenced by both internal and external variables Hormonal effects are the internal cause of premarital sex in young people. It is at this phase of biological growth and social role shifts within the family and community that the hormone controls the passage from childhood to adulthood.
This document discusses mental health across the lifespan in 4 sections:
1) Pregnancy and early parenthood - Postpartum depression affects 10-20% of mothers and risk factors include a family history of mental illness.
2) Childhood to adolescence - Significant mental health problems can emerge early and experiences like trauma can damage brain development. Risks include physical illness, family problems, and bullying.
3) Young adulthood to adulthood - Mental health issues affect 1 in 6 employed people and can impair work. Relationships are important for well-being but social networks tend to decrease with age.
4) Older adults - Up to 60% of older adults with medical conditions like strokes may
This study examined the effects of parental divorce on adult children's romantic relationships. It surveyed 55 college students, 25 from divorced families and 30 from intact families. Participants completed questionnaires on trust, commitment, worrying, and fighting in their own relationships. The study found no significant differences between those from divorced versus intact families on these measures. It also found no significant impact of the age of the child at the time of parental divorce. So the results did not support the hypotheses that parental divorce negatively impacts adult children's romantic relationships.
CHAPTER 3Understanding Regulations, Accreditation Criteria, and .docxtiffanyd4
CHAPTER 3
Understanding Regulations, Accreditation Criteria, and Other Standards ofPractice
NAEYC Administrator Competencies Addressed in This Chapter:
Management Knowledge and Skills
2. Legal and Fiscal Management
· Knowledge and application of the advantages and disadvantages of different legal structures
· Knowledge of different codes and regulations as they relate to the delivery of early childhood program services
· Knowledge of child custody, child abuse, special education, confidentiality, anti-discrimination, insurance liability, contract, and laborlaws pertaining to program management
5. Program Operations and Facilities Management
· Knowledge and application of policies and procedures that meet state/local regulations and professional standards pertaining to thehealth and safety of young children
7. Marketing and public relations
· Skill in developing a business plan and effective promotional literature, handbooks, newsletters, and press releases
Early Childhood Knowledge and Skills
5. Children with Special Needs
· Knowledge of licensing standards, state and federal laws (e.g., ADA, IDEA) as they relate to services and accommodations for childrenwith special needs
10. Professionalism
· Knowledge of laws, regulations, and policies that impact professional conduct with children and families
· Knowledge of center accreditation criteria
Learning Outcomes
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
1. Describe the purpose of regulations that apply to programs of early care and education and list several topics they address.
2. Identify several ways accreditation standards are different from child care regulations.
3. State the purpose of Quality Rating and Improvement Systems (QRIS).
4. List some ways qualifications for administrators and teachers are different for licensure, for accreditation, and in QRIS systems.
5. Identify laws that apply to the childcare workplace, such as those that govern the program’s financial management and employees’well-being.
Marie’s Experience
Marie has been successful over the years in keeping her center in compliance with all licensing regulations. She is proud of her teachers andconfident that the center consistently goes above and beyond licensing provisions designed simply to keep children healthy and safe. She knowsthat the center provides high-quality care to the children it serves, but has never pursued accreditation or participated in her state’s optionalQuality Rating and Improvement System (QRIS) because of the time and effort it would require. Her families have confidence in her program anddo not seem to need this additional assurance that it provides high-quality services day in and day out.
Large numbers of families rely on out-of-home care for their infants, toddlers, preschoolers, and school-age children during the workday. In2011, there were 312,254 licensed child care facilities with a capacity to serve almost 10.2 million children. About 34% of these facilitieswere child care center.
Chapter 3 Human RightsINTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS–BASED ORGANIZ.docxtiffanyd4
Chapter 3 Human Rights
INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS–BASED ORGANIZATIONS LIKE THE UN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS HAVE MADE MONITORING HUMAN RIGHTS A GLOBAL ISSUE. The United Nations is headquartered in New York City.
Learning Objectives
1. 3.1Review the expansion of and the commitment to the human rights agenda
2. 3.2Evaluate the milestones that led to the current concerns around human rights
3. 3.3Evaluate some of the philosophical controversies over human rights
4. 3.4Recognize global, regional, national, and local institutions and rules designed to protect human rights across the globe
5. 3.5Report the efforts made globally in bringing violators of human rights to justice
6. 3.6Relate the need for stricter laws to protect women’s human rights across the globe.
7. 3.7Recognize the need to protect the human rights of the disabled
8. 3.8Distinguish between the Western and the Islamic beliefs on individual and community rights
9. 3.9Review the balancing act that needs to be played while fighting terrorism and protecting human rights
10. 3.10Report the controversy around issuing death penalty as punishment
When Muammar Qaddafi used military force to suppress people demonstrating in Libya for a transition to democracy, there was a general consensus that there was a global responsibility to protect civilians. However, when Bashar Assad used fighter jets, tanks, barrel bombs, chemical weapons, and a wide range of brutal methods, including torture, to crush the popular uprising against his rule in Syria, the world did not respond forcefully to protect civilians. The basic reason given for allowing Syria to descend into brutality and chaos was that it was difficult to separate Syrians favoring human rights from those who embraced terrorism. Although cultural values differ significantly from one society to another, our common humanity has equipped us with many shared ideas about how human beings should treat each other. Aspects of globalization, especially communications and migration, reinforce perceptions of a common humanity. In general, there is global agreement that human beings, simply because we exist, are entitled to at least three types of rights. First is civil rights, which include personal liberties such as freedom of speech, religion, and thought; the right to own property; and the right to equal treatment under the law. Second is political rights, including the right to vote, to voice political opinions, and to participate in the political process. Third is social rights, including the right to be secure from violence and other physical danger, the right to a decent standard of living, and the right to health care and education. Societies differ in terms of which rights they emphasize. Four types of human rights claims that dominate global politics are
1. The abuse of individual rights by governments
2. Demands for autonomy or independence by various groups
3. Demands for equality and privacy by groups with unconventional lifestyles
4. Cla.
CHAPTER 13Contributing to the ProfessionNAEYC Administrator Co.docxtiffanyd4
CHAPTER 13
Contributing to the Profession
NAEYC Administrator Competencies Addressed in This Chapter:
Management Knowledge and Skills
1. Personal and Professional Self-Awareness
· The ability to evaluate ethical and moral dilemmas based on a professional code of ethics
8. Leadership and Advocacy
· Knowledge of the legislative process, social issues, and public policy affecting young children and their families
· The ability to advocate on behalf of young children, their families and the profession
Early Childhood Knowledge and Skills
1. Historical and Philosophical Foundations
· Knowledge of research methodologies
10. Professionalism
· Knowledge of different professional organizations, resources, and issues impacting the welfare of early childhood practitioners
· Ability to make professional judgments based on the NAEYC “Code of Ethical Conduct and Statement of Commitment”
· Ability to work as part of a professional team and supervise support staff or volunteers
Learning Outcomes
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
1. Describe how the field of early childhood education has made progress achieving two of the eight criteria of professional status.
2. Identify the advocacy tools that early childhood advocates should have at their disposal.
3. Discuss opportunities that program administrators have to contribute to the field’s future.
Grace’s Experience
Grace had found that working with children came naturally, and she considered herself to be a gifted teacher after only a short time in theclassroom. She thought she would spend her entire career working directly with children. She is now somewhat surprised how much she isenjoying the new responsibilities that come with being a program director. She is gaining confidence that she can work effectively with allfamilies, even when faced with difficult conversations; and her skills as a supervisor, coach, and mentor are increasing as well. She is nowcomfortable as a leader in her own center and is considering volunteering to fill a leadership role in the local early childhood professionalorganization. That would give her opportunities to refine her leadership skills while contributing to the quality of care provided for childrenthroughout her community.
Early childhood administrators are leaders. They contribute to the profession by making the public aware of the field’s emergingprofessionalism, including its reliance on a code of ethics; engaging in informed advocacy; becoming involved in research to increase whatwe know about how children learn, grow, and develop; and coaching and mentoring novices, experienced practitioners, and emergingleaders.
13.1 PROMOTING PROFESSIONALIZATION1
Lilian Katz, one of the most influential voices in the field of early care and education, began discussions about the professionalism of thefield in the mid-1980s. Her work extended a foundation that had been laid by sociologists, philosophers, and other scholars and continuesto influence how early childhoo.
Chapter 2 The Law of EducationIntroductionThis chapter describ.docxtiffanyd4
Chapter 2 The Law of Education
Introduction
This chapter describes the various agencies and types of law that affect education. It also discusses the organization and functions of the various judicial bodies that have an impact on education. School leadership candidates are introduced to standards of review, significant federal civil rights laws, the contents of legal decisions, and a sample legal brief.
Focus Questions
1. How are federal courts organized, and what kind of decisions do they make?
2. What is law? How is law different from policy?
3. From what source does the authority of local boards of education emanate?
4. How can campus and district leaders remain current with changes in law and policy at the national and state level?
Key Terms
1.
2.
3.
4. En banc
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11. Stare decisis
12.
13.
14.
15.
Case Study Confused Yet?
As far as Elise Daniels was concerned, the monthly meeting of the 20 River County middle school principals was the most informative and relaxing activity in her school year. Twice per year, the principals invited a guest to speak to the group. Elise was particularly interested in the fall special guest speaker, the attorney for the state school boards association. Elise had heard him speak several times, so she was aware of his deep knowledge of school law and emerging issues. As the attorney, spoke Elise found herself becoming more anxious. It was as if the attorney was speaking a foreign language. Tinker rules, due process, Title IX, Office of Civil Rights, and the state bullying law. Elise found herself thinking, “The Americans with Disabilities Act has been amended? How am I supposed to keep up with all of this?”
Leadership Perspectives
Middle School Principal Elise Daniels in the case study “Confused Yet?” is correct. School law can be confusing. Educators work in a highly regulated environment directly and indirectly impacted by a wide variety of local, state, and federal authorities. When P–12 educators refer to “the law,” they are often referring to state and/or federal statutes enacted by legislatures (). This understanding is correct. The U.S. Congress and 50 state legislatures are active in the law-making business. To make matters more difficult, the law is constantly changing and evolving as new situations arise. For example, 10 years ago few if any states had passed antibullying laws. By 2008, however, almost every state had some form of antibullying legislation on the books. Soon after, the phenomenon of cyberbullying emerged, and state legislators rushed to add cyberbullying and/or electronic bullying to their state education laws. One can only guess at what new real or perceived problem affecting public P–12 schools will be next.
P–12 educators also refer to school board policy as “law.” However, law and policy are not necessarily identical. , p. 4) defines policy as “one way through which a political system handles a public problem. It includes a government’s expressed inten.
CHAPTER 1 Legal Heritage and the Digital AgeStatue of Liberty,.docxtiffanyd4
CHAPTER 1 Legal Heritage and the Digital Age
Statue of Liberty, New York Harbor
The Statue of Liberty stands majestically in New York Harbor. During the American Revolution, France gave the colonial patriots substantial support in the form of money for equipment and supplies, officers and soldiers who fought in the war, and ships and sailors who fought on the seas. Without the assistance of France, it is unlikely that the American colonists would have won their independence from Britain. In 1886, the people of France gave the Statue of Liberty to the people of the United States in recognition of friendship that was established during the American Revolution. Since then, the Statue of Liberty has become a symbol of liberty and democracy throughout the world.
Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Define law.
2. Describe the functions of law.
3. Explain the development of the U.S. legal system.
4. List and describe the sources of law in the United States.
5. Discuss the importance of the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Brown v. Board of Education.
Chapter Outline
1. Introduction to Legal Heritage and the Digital Age
2. What Is Law?
1. Landmark U.S. Supreme Court Case • Brown v. Board of Education
3. Schools of Jurisprudential Thought
1. CASE 1.1 • U.S. Supreme Court Case • POM Wonderful LLC v. Coca-Cola Company
2. Global Law • Command School of Jurisprudence of Cuba
4. History of American Law
1. Landmark Law • Adoption of English Common Law in the United States
2. Global Law • Civil Law System of France and Germany
5. Sources of Law in the United States
1. Contemporary Environment • How a Bill Becomes Law
2. Digital Law • Law of the Digital Age
6. Critical Legal Thinking
1. CASE 1.2 • U.S. Supreme Court Case • Shelby County, Texas v. Holder
“ Where there is no law, there is no freedom.”
—John Locke Second Treatise of Government, Sec. 57
Introduction to Legal Heritage and the Digital Age
In the words of Judge Learned Hand, “Without law we cannot live; only with it can we insure the future which by right is ours. The best of men’s hopes are enmeshed in its success.”1 Every society makes and enforces laws that govern the conduct of the individuals, businesses, and other organizations that function within it.
Although the law of the United States is based primarily on English common law, other legal systems, such as Spanish and French civil law, also influence it. The sources of law in this country are the U.S. Constitution, state constitutions, federal and state statutes, ordinances, administrative agency rules and regulations, executive orders, and judicial decisions by federal and state courts.
Human beings do not ever make laws; it is the accidents and catastrophes of all kinds happening in every conceivable way that make law for us.
Plato
Laws IV, 709
Businesses that are organized in the United States are subject to its laws. They are also subject to the laws of other countries in which they operate. Busin.
More Related Content
Similar to Chapters 14 & 15the ending of relationshipsUncou.docx
ii48The Negative Effects of Divorce on the Behavior of C.docxwilcockiris
ii
48
The Negative Effects of Divorce on the Behavior of Children
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Research states that half of marriages in the United States will end in divorce, and about half of American children will experience the divorce of their parents before the age of 18 (Amato, 2000; Copen et al., 2012). According to the US Census Bureau, The rate of divorce in America is computed as the number of divorces relative to 1,000 married ladies, during the late 1980s and early 1990s; the rate of divorce reached a historic high of 22.6 divorces (United States Census Bureau, 2013). Research has focused on the reasons that's “why” and methodology that is “how” divorce affects children’s adjustment, given a large number of children that are affected by divorce. Research regularly shows a negative correlation between parental divorce and children wellbeing.
For example, children coming from divorced families tend to deal more harshly with life’s circumstances, by experiencing depression and get stuck forming close relationships with others. Children also tend to have antisocial behaviors. In addition to these measures, establishing and developing a close intimate relationship is an important indicator of how children adjust to their parents’ divorce. Research has found parental divorce to have a significant adverse effect on children’s relationship, such as intimacy and establishing trust and close relationship with others (Daly, 2003). Among children of divorce, few studies have examined boys and girls emotional perspective about divorce. There is less research on the long-term effect of parental divorce and coping strategies about how children focused on divorce.
The rates of divorce rose a dramatic 79 percent in Divorce on Children the United States between 1970 and 1977. Although these escalated rates have since declined, many marriages still end up in divorce. According to the US Census Bureau (2013), in the 1970s, children were considered better off living with one parent than living with both parents during and amidst conflict, abuse, or both. Indeed, there is a substantial affirmation from many research studies that indicate a “conflict-ridden” marriage is not in the best interest of the children. This research paper summarizes the findings of several recent studies related to this question.
1.2 Background of the Problem
Despite personal values, community standards, or religious teachings, divorce is a fact of life, as shown by these facts: 2 of 5 children will experience the divorce of their parents before they reach of 18; About 25 percent of every child will all people regardless of spending some time in a step family regardless of race, color, national origin, A couple’s marriage lasts about 7.2 sex, age, or disability. According to US Census Bureau, divorce rate leveled in the 1980’s at the rate of 11 percent lower than in 1979 and there are about 1,250,000 divorces cases per year in the United State.
The document discusses relationships in early and middle adulthood. It covers the three basic components of love: passion, intimacy, and commitment. It also discusses falling in love, cohabitation, violence in relationships, lifestyles of being single or married, and divorce and remarriage.
This document summarizes key aspects of social and personality development in early and middle adulthood. In early adulthood, intimacy and relationships are a focus as people seek partners. Happiness comes from independence, competence and relationships. In middle adulthood, generativity vs. stagnation involves guiding younger generations. Marital satisfaction follows a U-shape, declining after marriage but increasing as children leave home. Divorce rates are higher for second marriages. The "sandwich generation" cares for children and aging parents simultaneously.
The document provides an overview of relationships and communication in several areas:
1. It discusses the ABCs of relationships - attraction, building, continuation, deterioration, and ending. Factors that influence each stage are explained.
2. Marriage is examined, including historical reasons for marriage, who people typically marry, clarifying expectations, and factors in marital satisfaction. Extramarital affairs, gender differences, and domestic violence are also covered.
3. Divorce rates over time are reviewed along with reasons for the rise in divorce and the costs of divorce, especially for children. Dating after divorce is briefly addressed.
4. Singlehood as an increasing lifestyle is noted, with contributing factors like postpon
The document discusses several topics related to marriage and family, including:
1) It summarizes William Nichols' four stages of the marital life cycle and the core tasks involved in each stage, such as developing affection and determining commitment in the beginning stage.
2) It discusses some of the challenges and changes that occur when individuals get married, such as changes to self-image, relationships, and legal status.
3) It covers various parenting issues like the goals of parenting, developmental stages of children, and tips for effective parenting.
This document summarizes key concepts related to marriage and relationships. It discusses intimacy, the life cycle model of development, power and conflict, and symptom development. It notes that marriage refers to any committed partnership. The document then reviews common reasons people get married as well as poor reasons. It identifies three patterns of marital distress and chief complaints that couples experience. Finally, it provides an overview of the life cycle model and the developmental tasks associated with launching young adults from their family of origin.
This document discusses the impact of divorce on children. It notes that approximately 1/3 of American children will experience parental divorce. Divorce can negatively impact children's psychological well-being and development in both the short and long-term. However, protective factors like a good relationship with at least one parent can help mitigate negative effects. The document provides guidance for parents on communicating with children about divorce and co-parenting to minimize harm. It emphasizes the importance of not involving children in adult/legal issues, criticizing the other parent, or making children feel responsible for parents' well-being.
Sexuality changes across adulthood. In early adulthood, people establish their sexual orientation and identity, develop intimate relationships, and make choices around fertility. In middle adulthood, marital sexuality may decrease in frequency over time while dating and cohabitation become more common for singles and divorced individuals. In late adulthood, biological changes can impact sexuality but emotional and relational aspects remain important, and many still find sexual activity and satisfaction regardless of age.
This document provides an overview of the impact of divorce on children. It discusses the prevalence of divorce, the importance of maintaining relationships with both parents, and the typical responses children have to divorce including denial, anger, anxiety, confusion, bargaining, depression and acceptance. It also addresses parenting models during divorce, how children of different age groups are affected, communication strategies for parents, and creating parenting plans.
1. The document discusses social and personality development in early adulthood, including topics like intimacy vs isolation, friendship, falling in love, marriage, cohabitation, divorce, parenthood, and careers.
2. It presents theories of temperament, attachment, and love (like Sternberg's triangular theory) and how they relate to adjustment in adulthood.
3. Factors like education, income, religion, and having children impact divorce rates, which have been decreasing since the 1990s. Work-life balance and dual-earner families are also addressed.
This document discusses research on how divorce affects children. It notes that divorce can put children at risk for risky behaviors like drugs, drinking, aggression, and depression when they lose family stability. Divorce may also influence children's future relationships by repeating the cycle. However, different studies have found varying outcomes, with some showing 25% of children facing problems and others finding most children adjust well after two years. The document then outlines a study the author conducted surveying people aged 16-40 on their experiences with parental divorce. Most interviewed reported some emotional baggage from their parents' divorce.
The document discusses various aspects of sexuality throughout adulthood, including establishing sexual orientation in early adulthood, redefining sexuality and dealing with biological changes in middle adulthood, and addressing stereotypes and health issues related to sexuality in late adulthood. Key topics covered include sexual development, relationships, orientation, cohabitation, parenting, and the impact of aging on sexuality. Statistics and surveys are presented on topics like sexual activity levels and satisfaction at different life stages.
Having sex before getting married, whether you're already married to your partner or not, is known as premarital sex. Before a legal marriage, so many young adult must at least had one sexual activity before getting married. Young people's behavior are influenced by both internal and external variables Hormonal effects are the internal cause of premarital sex in young people. It is at this phase of biological growth and social role shifts within the family and community that the hormone controls the passage from childhood to adulthood.
This document discusses mental health across the lifespan in 4 sections:
1) Pregnancy and early parenthood - Postpartum depression affects 10-20% of mothers and risk factors include a family history of mental illness.
2) Childhood to adolescence - Significant mental health problems can emerge early and experiences like trauma can damage brain development. Risks include physical illness, family problems, and bullying.
3) Young adulthood to adulthood - Mental health issues affect 1 in 6 employed people and can impair work. Relationships are important for well-being but social networks tend to decrease with age.
4) Older adults - Up to 60% of older adults with medical conditions like strokes may
This study examined the effects of parental divorce on adult children's romantic relationships. It surveyed 55 college students, 25 from divorced families and 30 from intact families. Participants completed questionnaires on trust, commitment, worrying, and fighting in their own relationships. The study found no significant differences between those from divorced versus intact families on these measures. It also found no significant impact of the age of the child at the time of parental divorce. So the results did not support the hypotheses that parental divorce negatively impacts adult children's romantic relationships.
Similar to Chapters 14 & 15the ending of relationshipsUncou.docx (16)
CHAPTER 3Understanding Regulations, Accreditation Criteria, and .docxtiffanyd4
CHAPTER 3
Understanding Regulations, Accreditation Criteria, and Other Standards ofPractice
NAEYC Administrator Competencies Addressed in This Chapter:
Management Knowledge and Skills
2. Legal and Fiscal Management
· Knowledge and application of the advantages and disadvantages of different legal structures
· Knowledge of different codes and regulations as they relate to the delivery of early childhood program services
· Knowledge of child custody, child abuse, special education, confidentiality, anti-discrimination, insurance liability, contract, and laborlaws pertaining to program management
5. Program Operations and Facilities Management
· Knowledge and application of policies and procedures that meet state/local regulations and professional standards pertaining to thehealth and safety of young children
7. Marketing and public relations
· Skill in developing a business plan and effective promotional literature, handbooks, newsletters, and press releases
Early Childhood Knowledge and Skills
5. Children with Special Needs
· Knowledge of licensing standards, state and federal laws (e.g., ADA, IDEA) as they relate to services and accommodations for childrenwith special needs
10. Professionalism
· Knowledge of laws, regulations, and policies that impact professional conduct with children and families
· Knowledge of center accreditation criteria
Learning Outcomes
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
1. Describe the purpose of regulations that apply to programs of early care and education and list several topics they address.
2. Identify several ways accreditation standards are different from child care regulations.
3. State the purpose of Quality Rating and Improvement Systems (QRIS).
4. List some ways qualifications for administrators and teachers are different for licensure, for accreditation, and in QRIS systems.
5. Identify laws that apply to the childcare workplace, such as those that govern the program’s financial management and employees’well-being.
Marie’s Experience
Marie has been successful over the years in keeping her center in compliance with all licensing regulations. She is proud of her teachers andconfident that the center consistently goes above and beyond licensing provisions designed simply to keep children healthy and safe. She knowsthat the center provides high-quality care to the children it serves, but has never pursued accreditation or participated in her state’s optionalQuality Rating and Improvement System (QRIS) because of the time and effort it would require. Her families have confidence in her program anddo not seem to need this additional assurance that it provides high-quality services day in and day out.
Large numbers of families rely on out-of-home care for their infants, toddlers, preschoolers, and school-age children during the workday. In2011, there were 312,254 licensed child care facilities with a capacity to serve almost 10.2 million children. About 34% of these facilitieswere child care center.
Chapter 3 Human RightsINTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS–BASED ORGANIZ.docxtiffanyd4
Chapter 3 Human Rights
INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS–BASED ORGANIZATIONS LIKE THE UN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS HAVE MADE MONITORING HUMAN RIGHTS A GLOBAL ISSUE. The United Nations is headquartered in New York City.
Learning Objectives
1. 3.1Review the expansion of and the commitment to the human rights agenda
2. 3.2Evaluate the milestones that led to the current concerns around human rights
3. 3.3Evaluate some of the philosophical controversies over human rights
4. 3.4Recognize global, regional, national, and local institutions and rules designed to protect human rights across the globe
5. 3.5Report the efforts made globally in bringing violators of human rights to justice
6. 3.6Relate the need for stricter laws to protect women’s human rights across the globe.
7. 3.7Recognize the need to protect the human rights of the disabled
8. 3.8Distinguish between the Western and the Islamic beliefs on individual and community rights
9. 3.9Review the balancing act that needs to be played while fighting terrorism and protecting human rights
10. 3.10Report the controversy around issuing death penalty as punishment
When Muammar Qaddafi used military force to suppress people demonstrating in Libya for a transition to democracy, there was a general consensus that there was a global responsibility to protect civilians. However, when Bashar Assad used fighter jets, tanks, barrel bombs, chemical weapons, and a wide range of brutal methods, including torture, to crush the popular uprising against his rule in Syria, the world did not respond forcefully to protect civilians. The basic reason given for allowing Syria to descend into brutality and chaos was that it was difficult to separate Syrians favoring human rights from those who embraced terrorism. Although cultural values differ significantly from one society to another, our common humanity has equipped us with many shared ideas about how human beings should treat each other. Aspects of globalization, especially communications and migration, reinforce perceptions of a common humanity. In general, there is global agreement that human beings, simply because we exist, are entitled to at least three types of rights. First is civil rights, which include personal liberties such as freedom of speech, religion, and thought; the right to own property; and the right to equal treatment under the law. Second is political rights, including the right to vote, to voice political opinions, and to participate in the political process. Third is social rights, including the right to be secure from violence and other physical danger, the right to a decent standard of living, and the right to health care and education. Societies differ in terms of which rights they emphasize. Four types of human rights claims that dominate global politics are
1. The abuse of individual rights by governments
2. Demands for autonomy or independence by various groups
3. Demands for equality and privacy by groups with unconventional lifestyles
4. Cla.
CHAPTER 13Contributing to the ProfessionNAEYC Administrator Co.docxtiffanyd4
CHAPTER 13
Contributing to the Profession
NAEYC Administrator Competencies Addressed in This Chapter:
Management Knowledge and Skills
1. Personal and Professional Self-Awareness
· The ability to evaluate ethical and moral dilemmas based on a professional code of ethics
8. Leadership and Advocacy
· Knowledge of the legislative process, social issues, and public policy affecting young children and their families
· The ability to advocate on behalf of young children, their families and the profession
Early Childhood Knowledge and Skills
1. Historical and Philosophical Foundations
· Knowledge of research methodologies
10. Professionalism
· Knowledge of different professional organizations, resources, and issues impacting the welfare of early childhood practitioners
· Ability to make professional judgments based on the NAEYC “Code of Ethical Conduct and Statement of Commitment”
· Ability to work as part of a professional team and supervise support staff or volunteers
Learning Outcomes
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
1. Describe how the field of early childhood education has made progress achieving two of the eight criteria of professional status.
2. Identify the advocacy tools that early childhood advocates should have at their disposal.
3. Discuss opportunities that program administrators have to contribute to the field’s future.
Grace’s Experience
Grace had found that working with children came naturally, and she considered herself to be a gifted teacher after only a short time in theclassroom. She thought she would spend her entire career working directly with children. She is now somewhat surprised how much she isenjoying the new responsibilities that come with being a program director. She is gaining confidence that she can work effectively with allfamilies, even when faced with difficult conversations; and her skills as a supervisor, coach, and mentor are increasing as well. She is nowcomfortable as a leader in her own center and is considering volunteering to fill a leadership role in the local early childhood professionalorganization. That would give her opportunities to refine her leadership skills while contributing to the quality of care provided for childrenthroughout her community.
Early childhood administrators are leaders. They contribute to the profession by making the public aware of the field’s emergingprofessionalism, including its reliance on a code of ethics; engaging in informed advocacy; becoming involved in research to increase whatwe know about how children learn, grow, and develop; and coaching and mentoring novices, experienced practitioners, and emergingleaders.
13.1 PROMOTING PROFESSIONALIZATION1
Lilian Katz, one of the most influential voices in the field of early care and education, began discussions about the professionalism of thefield in the mid-1980s. Her work extended a foundation that had been laid by sociologists, philosophers, and other scholars and continuesto influence how early childhoo.
Chapter 2 The Law of EducationIntroductionThis chapter describ.docxtiffanyd4
Chapter 2 The Law of Education
Introduction
This chapter describes the various agencies and types of law that affect education. It also discusses the organization and functions of the various judicial bodies that have an impact on education. School leadership candidates are introduced to standards of review, significant federal civil rights laws, the contents of legal decisions, and a sample legal brief.
Focus Questions
1. How are federal courts organized, and what kind of decisions do they make?
2. What is law? How is law different from policy?
3. From what source does the authority of local boards of education emanate?
4. How can campus and district leaders remain current with changes in law and policy at the national and state level?
Key Terms
1.
2.
3.
4. En banc
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11. Stare decisis
12.
13.
14.
15.
Case Study Confused Yet?
As far as Elise Daniels was concerned, the monthly meeting of the 20 River County middle school principals was the most informative and relaxing activity in her school year. Twice per year, the principals invited a guest to speak to the group. Elise was particularly interested in the fall special guest speaker, the attorney for the state school boards association. Elise had heard him speak several times, so she was aware of his deep knowledge of school law and emerging issues. As the attorney, spoke Elise found herself becoming more anxious. It was as if the attorney was speaking a foreign language. Tinker rules, due process, Title IX, Office of Civil Rights, and the state bullying law. Elise found herself thinking, “The Americans with Disabilities Act has been amended? How am I supposed to keep up with all of this?”
Leadership Perspectives
Middle School Principal Elise Daniels in the case study “Confused Yet?” is correct. School law can be confusing. Educators work in a highly regulated environment directly and indirectly impacted by a wide variety of local, state, and federal authorities. When P–12 educators refer to “the law,” they are often referring to state and/or federal statutes enacted by legislatures (). This understanding is correct. The U.S. Congress and 50 state legislatures are active in the law-making business. To make matters more difficult, the law is constantly changing and evolving as new situations arise. For example, 10 years ago few if any states had passed antibullying laws. By 2008, however, almost every state had some form of antibullying legislation on the books. Soon after, the phenomenon of cyberbullying emerged, and state legislators rushed to add cyberbullying and/or electronic bullying to their state education laws. One can only guess at what new real or perceived problem affecting public P–12 schools will be next.
P–12 educators also refer to school board policy as “law.” However, law and policy are not necessarily identical. , p. 4) defines policy as “one way through which a political system handles a public problem. It includes a government’s expressed inten.
CHAPTER 1 Legal Heritage and the Digital AgeStatue of Liberty,.docxtiffanyd4
CHAPTER 1 Legal Heritage and the Digital Age
Statue of Liberty, New York Harbor
The Statue of Liberty stands majestically in New York Harbor. During the American Revolution, France gave the colonial patriots substantial support in the form of money for equipment and supplies, officers and soldiers who fought in the war, and ships and sailors who fought on the seas. Without the assistance of France, it is unlikely that the American colonists would have won their independence from Britain. In 1886, the people of France gave the Statue of Liberty to the people of the United States in recognition of friendship that was established during the American Revolution. Since then, the Statue of Liberty has become a symbol of liberty and democracy throughout the world.
Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Define law.
2. Describe the functions of law.
3. Explain the development of the U.S. legal system.
4. List and describe the sources of law in the United States.
5. Discuss the importance of the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Brown v. Board of Education.
Chapter Outline
1. Introduction to Legal Heritage and the Digital Age
2. What Is Law?
1. Landmark U.S. Supreme Court Case • Brown v. Board of Education
3. Schools of Jurisprudential Thought
1. CASE 1.1 • U.S. Supreme Court Case • POM Wonderful LLC v. Coca-Cola Company
2. Global Law • Command School of Jurisprudence of Cuba
4. History of American Law
1. Landmark Law • Adoption of English Common Law in the United States
2. Global Law • Civil Law System of France and Germany
5. Sources of Law in the United States
1. Contemporary Environment • How a Bill Becomes Law
2. Digital Law • Law of the Digital Age
6. Critical Legal Thinking
1. CASE 1.2 • U.S. Supreme Court Case • Shelby County, Texas v. Holder
“ Where there is no law, there is no freedom.”
—John Locke Second Treatise of Government, Sec. 57
Introduction to Legal Heritage and the Digital Age
In the words of Judge Learned Hand, “Without law we cannot live; only with it can we insure the future which by right is ours. The best of men’s hopes are enmeshed in its success.”1 Every society makes and enforces laws that govern the conduct of the individuals, businesses, and other organizations that function within it.
Although the law of the United States is based primarily on English common law, other legal systems, such as Spanish and French civil law, also influence it. The sources of law in this country are the U.S. Constitution, state constitutions, federal and state statutes, ordinances, administrative agency rules and regulations, executive orders, and judicial decisions by federal and state courts.
Human beings do not ever make laws; it is the accidents and catastrophes of all kinds happening in every conceivable way that make law for us.
Plato
Laws IV, 709
Businesses that are organized in the United States are subject to its laws. They are also subject to the laws of other countries in which they operate. Busin.
CHAPTER 1 BASIC CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS OF HUMAN SERVICESPAUL F.docxtiffanyd4
This chapter provides definitions and concepts related to the field of human services. It discusses how human services aims to help individuals, families, and communities cope with problems and promote well-being. The chapter outlines three basic concepts in human services: intervention, professionalism, and education. It also discusses the generalist roles of human service workers in helping clients and delivering services. Finally, the chapter examines the social ideology of human services and how it relates to ideas about individual rights and responsibilities in society.
CHAPTER 20 Employment Law and Worker ProtectionWashington DC.docxtiffanyd4
CHAPTER 20 Employment Law and Worker Protection
Washington DC
Federal and state laws provide workers’ compensation and occupational safety laws to protect workers in the United States.
Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Explain how state workers’ compensation programs work and describe the benefits available.
2. Describe employers’ duty to provide safe working conditions under the Occupational Safety and Health Act.
3. Describe the minimum wage and overtime pay rules of the Fair Labor Standards Act.
4. Describe the protections afforded by the Family and Medical Leave Act.
5. Describe unemployment insurance and Social Security.
Chapter Outline
1. Introduction to Employment Law and Worker Protection
2. Workers’ Compensation
1. Case 20.1 • Kelley v. Coca-Cola Enterprises, Inc.
3. Occupational Safety
1. Case 20.2 • R. Williams Construction Company v. Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission
4. Fair Labor Standards Act
1. Case 20.3 U.S. SUPREME COURT Case • IBP, Inc. v. Alvarez
5. Family and Medical Leave Act
6. Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act and Employee Retirement Income Security Act
7. Government Programs
“ It is difficult to imagine any grounds, other than our own personal economic predilections, for saying that the contract of employment is any the less an appropriate subject of legislation than are scores of others, in dealing with which this Court has held that legislatures may curtail individual freedom in the public interest.”
—Stone, Justice Dissenting opinion, Morehead v. New York (1936)
Introduction to Employment Law and Worker Protection
Generally, the employer–employee relationship is subject to the common law of contracts and agency law. This relationship is also highly regulated by federal and state governments that have enacted myriad laws that protect workers from unsafe working conditions, require employers to provide workers’ compensation to employers injured on the job, prohibit child labor, require minimum wages and overtime pay to be paid to workers, require employers to provide time off to employees with certain family and medical emergencies, and provide other employee protections and rights.
Poorly paid labor is inefficient labor, the world over.
Henry George
This chapter discusses employment law, workers’ compensation, occupational safety, pay and hour rules, and other laws affecting employment.
Workers’ Compensation
Many types of employment are dangerous, and many workers are injured on the job each year. Under common law, employees who were injured on the job could sue their employers for negligence. This time-consuming process placed the employee at odds with his or her employer. In addition, there was no guarantee that the employee would win the case. Ultimately, many injured workers—or the heirs of deceased workers—were left uncompensated.
Workers’ compensation acts were enacted by states in response to the unfairness of that result. These acts crea.
Chapter 1 Global Issues Challenges of GlobalizationA GROWING .docxtiffanyd4
Chapter 1 Global Issues: Challenges of Globalization
A GROWING WORLDWIDE CONNECTEDNESS IN THE AGE OF GLOBALIZATION HAS GIVEN CITIZENS MORE OF A VOICE TO EXPRESS THEIR DISSATISFACTION. In Brazil, Protestors calling for a wide range of reforms marched toward the soccer stadium where a match would be played between Brazil and Uruguay.
Learning Objectives
1. 1.1Identify important terms in international relations
2. 1.2Report the need to adopt an interdisciplinary approach in understanding the impact of new world events
3. 1.3Examine the formation of the modern states with respect to the thirty years’ war in 1618
4. 1.4Recall the challenges to the four types of sovereignty
5. 1.5Report that the European Union was created by redefining the sovereignty of its nations for lasting peace and security
6. 1.6Recall the influence exerted by the Catholic church, transnational companies, and other NGOs in dictating world events
7. 1.7Examine how globalization has brought about greater interdependence between states
8. 1.8Record the major causes of globalization
9. 1.9Review the most important forms of globalization
10. 1.10Recount the five waves of globalization
11. 1.11Recognize reasons as to why France and the US resist globalization
12. 1.12Examine the three dominant views of the extent to which globalization exists
Revolutions in technology, finance, transportation, and communications and different ways of thinking that characterize interdependence and globalization have eroded the power and significance of nation-states and profoundly altered international relations. Countries share power with nonstate actors that have proliferated as states have failed to deal effectively with major global problems.
Many governments have subcontracted several traditional responsibilities to private companies and have created public-private partnerships in some areas. This is exemplified by the hundreds of special economic zones in China, Dubai, and elsewhere. Contracting out traditional functions of government, combined with the centralization of massive amounts of data, facilitated Edward Snowden’s ability to leak what seems to be an almost unlimited amount of information on America’s spying activities.
The connections between states and citizens, a cornerstone of international relations, have been weakened partly by global communications and migration. Social media enable people around the world to challenge governments and to participate in global governance. The prevalence of mass protests globally demonstrates growing frustration with governments’ inability to meet the demands of the people, especially the global middle class.
The growth of multiple national identities, citizenships, and passports challenges traditional international relations. States that played dominant roles in international affairs must now deal with their declining power as global power is more diffused with the rise of China, India, Brazil, and other emerging market countries. States are i.
CHAPTER 23 Consumer ProtectionRestaurantFederal and state go.docxtiffanyd4
This chapter discusses various laws and government regulations regarding consumer protection. It covers regulations of food and drug safety, including the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act which is enforced by the Food and Drug Administration. The chapter also discusses laws providing protections for consumers in regards to products, automobiles, healthcare, unfair business practices, and consumer finances. The overall goal of consumer protection laws is to promote safety and prohibit abusive practices against consumers.
Chapter 18 When looking further into the EU’s Energy Security and.docxtiffanyd4
Chapter 18
: When looking further into the EU’s Energy Security and ICT sustainable urban development, and government policy efforts:
Q2
– What are the five ICT enablers of energy efficiency identified by European strategic research Road map to ICT enabled Energy-Efficiency in Buildings and constructions, (REEB, 2010)?
identify and name those
five ICT enablers
,
provide a brief narrative for each enabler,
note:
Need 400 words. Need references
Please find the attached
.
CHAPTER 17 Investor Protection and E-Securities TransactionsNe.docxtiffanyd4
CHAPTER 17 Investor Protection and E-Securities Transactions
New York Stock Exchange
This is the home of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) in New York City. The NYSE, nicknamed the Big Board, is the premier stock exchange in the world. It lists the stocks and securities of approximately 3,000 of the world’s largest companies for trading. The origin of the NYSE dates to 1792, when several stockbrokers met under a buttonwood tree on Wall Street. The NYSE is located at 11 Wall Street, which has been designated a National Historic Landmark. The NYSE is now operated by NYSE Euronext, which was formed when the NYSE merged with the fully electronic stock exchange Euronext.
Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Describe the procedure for going public and how securities are registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
2. Describe e-securities transactions and public offerings.
3. Describe the requirements for qualifying for private placement, intrastate, and small offering exemptions from registration.
4. Describe insider trading that violates Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
5. Describe the changes made to securities law by the Jumpstart Our Business Startups (JOBS) Act and its effect on raising capital by small businesses.
Chapter Outline
1. Introduction to Investor Protection and E-Securities Transactions
2. Securities Law
1. LANDMARK LAW • Federal Securities Laws
3. Definition of Security
4. Initial Public Offering: Securities Act of 1933
1. BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT • Facebook’s Initial Public Offering
2. CONTEMPORARY ENVIRONMENT • Jumpstart Our Business Startups (JOBS) Act: Emerging Growth Company
5. E-Securities Transactions
1. DIGITAL LAW • Crowdfunding and Funding Portals
6. Exempt Securities
7. Exempt Transactions
8. Trading in Securities: Securities Exchange Act of 1934
9. Insider Trading
1. Case 17.1 • United States v. Bhagat
2. Case 17.2 • United States v. Kluger
3. ETHICS • Stop Trading on Congressional Knowledge Act
10. Short-Swing Profits
11. State “Blue-Sky” Laws
“The insiders here were not trading on an equal footing with the outside investors.”
—Judge Waterman Securities and Exchange Commission v. Texas Gulf Sulphur Company 401 F.2d 833, 1968 U.S. App. Lexis 5796 (1968)
Introduction to Investor Protection and E-Securities Transactions
Prior to the 1920s and 1930s, the securities markets in this country were not regulated by the federal government. Securities were issued and sold to investors with little, if any, disclosure. Fraud in these transactions was common. To respond to this lack of regulation, in the early 1930s Congress enacted federal securities statutes to regulate the securities markets, including the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The federal securities statutes were designed to require disclosure of information to investors, provide for the regulation of securities issues and trading, and prevent fraud. Today, many .
Chapter 13 Law, Ethics, and Educational Leadership Making the Con.docxtiffanyd4
Chapter 13 Law, Ethics, and Educational Leadership: Making the Connection
Introduction
This chapter presents examples from the ISLLC standards of the relationship between law and ethics. The chapter also provides examples of how knowledge of law and the application of ethical principles to decision making helps guide school leaders through the sometimes treacherous waters of educational leadership.
Focus Questions
1. How may ethical considerations and legal knowledge guide school leader decision making?
2. Why is it important to consider a balance between these two sometimes competing concepts?
Case Study So Many Detentions, So Little Time
Jefferson Middle School (JMS) was the most racially and culturally diverse of the three middle schools in Riverboat School District, a relatively affluent bedroom community within commuter distance of Capital City. Unfortunately, the culture of Jefferson Middle School was not going well. Over the past 5 years, assistant superintendent Sharon Grey had seen JMS become a school divided by an underlying animosity along racial and socioeconomic lines. This animosity was characterized by numerous clashes between student groups, between teachers and students, between campus administrators and teachers, and between teachers and parents. Sharon finally concluded that JMS was a “mess.”
After much thought and a few sleepless nights, Sharon as part of her job description made the recommendation to the Riverboat school board to not reemploy Jeremy Smith as principal of JMS. Immediately after the board decision, Sharon organized a search committee of teachers, parents, and campus administrators and began the process of finding the right principal for JMS. The committee finally agreed on Charleston Jones. Charleston was a relatively inexperienced campus administrator but had impressed the committee with his instructional leadership knowledge, intelligence, and youthful energy. However, the job of stabilizing JMS was proving to be more of a challenge than anyone had anticipated.
Charleston had instituted a schoolwide discipline plan and had insisted that teachers and school administrators not deviate from the plan. However, he could sense that things were still not right. Animosity among student and parent groups remained just below the surface, ready to erupt at the slightest provocation. Clashes between teachers and students were still relatively frequent. Teachers still blamed one another, school administrators, and the school resource officer for a lack of order in the school. Change was not coming quickly to RMS, and Charleston understood that although school management had improved, several aspects of school culture were less than desirable. Student suspension rates remained high, and parental support was waning. As one of the assistant principals remarked after the umpteenth student referral, “So many detentions, so little time!”
Charleston felt the need to talk. He reached for the phone and made an appointment with.
Chapter 12 presented strategic planning and performance with Int.docxtiffanyd4
Chapter 12 presented strategic planning and performance with Intuit. Define Key Performance Indicators (KPI) and Key Risk Indicators (KRI)? How does an organization come up with these key indicators? Do you know of any top-down indicators? Do you know of any bottom-up indicators? Give some examples of both. In what way does identifying these indicators help an organization? Are there any other key indicators that would help an organization?
Requirements:
Initial posting by Wednesday
Reply to at least 2 other classmates by Sunday (Post a response on different days throughout the week)
Provide a minimum of 2 references on the initial post and one reference any response posts.
Proper APA Format (References & Citations)/No plagiarism
.
ChapterTool KitChapter 7102715Corporate Valuation and Stock Valu.docxtiffanyd4
ChapterTool KitChapter 710/27/15Corporate Valuation and Stock Valuation7-4 Valuing Common Stocks—Introducing the Free Cash Flow (FCF) Valuation ModelData for B&B Corporation (Millions)Constant free cash flow (FCF) =$10Weighted average cost of capital (WACC) =10%Short-term investments =$2Debt =$28Preferred stock =$4Number of shares of common stock =5The first step is to estimate the value of operations, which is the present value of all expected free cash flows. Because the FCF's are expected to be constant, this is a perpetuity. The present value of a perpetuity is the cash flow divided by the cost of capital:Value of operations (Vop) =FCF/WACCValue of operations (Vop) =$100.00millionB&B's total value is the sum of value of operations and the short-term investments: Value of operations$100+ ST investments$2Estimated total intrinsic value$102The next step is to estimate the intrinsic value of equity, which is the remaining total value after accounting for the claims of debtholders and preferred stockholders: Value of operations$100+ ST investments$2Estimated total intrinsic value$102− All debt$28− Preferred stock$4Estimated intrinsic value of equity$70The final step is to estimate the intrinsic common stock price per share, which is the estimated intrinsic value of equity divided by the number of shares of common stock: Value of operations$100+ ST investments$2Estimated total intrinsic value$102− All debt$28− Preferred stock$4Estimated intrinsic value of equity$70÷ Number of shares5Estimated intrinsic stock price =$14.00The figure below shows a summary of the previous calculations.Figure 7-2B&B Corporation's Sources of Value and Claims on Value (Millions of Dollars except Per Share Data)Inputs:Valuation AnalysisConstant free cash flow (FCF) =$10Value of operations$100Weighted average cost of capital (WACC) =10%+ ST investments$2Short-term investments =$2Estimated total intrinsic value$102Debt =$28− All debt$28Preferred stock =$4− Preferred stock$4Number of shares of common stock =5Estimated intrinsic value of equity$70÷ Number of shares5Estimated intrinsic stock price$14.00Data for Pie ChartsShort-term investments =$2Value of operations =$100Total =$102Debt =$28Preferred stock =$4Estimated equity value =$70Total =$1027-5 The Constant Growth Model: Valuation when Expected Free Cash Flow Grows at a Constant RateCase 1: The expected free cash flow at t=1 and the expected constant growth rate after t=1 are known.First expected free cash flow (FCF1) =$105Weighted average cost of capital (WACC) =9%Constant growth rate (gL) =5%When free cash flows are expected to grow at a constant rate, the value of operations is:Value of operations (Vop) =FCF1 / [WACC-gL]Value of operations (Vop) =$2,625Case 2: Constant growth is expected to begin immediately.Most recent free cash flow (FCF0) =$200Weighted average cost of capital (WACC) =12%Constant growth rate (gL) =7%When free cash flows are expected to grow at a constant rate, the value of operations is:.
CHAPTER 12Working with Families and CommunitiesNAEYC Administr.docxtiffanyd4
CHAPTER 12
Working with Families and Communities
NAEYC Administrator Competencies Addressed in This Chapter:
Management Knowledge and Skills
6. Family Support
· Knowledge and application of family systems and different parenting styles
· The ability to implement program practices that support families of diverse cultural, ethnic, linguistic, and socio-economic backgrounds
· The ability to support families as valued partners in the educational process
3. Staff Management and Human Relations
· The ability to relate to staff and board members of diverse racial, cultural, and ethnic backgrounds
7. Marketing and Public Relations
· The ability to promote linkages with local schools
9. Oral and Written Communication
· Knowledge of oral communication techniques, including establishing rapport, preparing the environment, active listening, and voicecontrol
· The ability to communicate ideas effectively in a formal presentation
Early Childhood Knowledge and Skills
6. Family and Community Relationships
· Knowledge of the diversity of family systems, traditional, non-traditional and alternative family structures, family life styles, and thedynamics of family life on the development of young children
· Knowledge of socio-cultural factors influencing contemporary families including the impact of language, religion, poverty, race,technology, and the media
· Knowledge of different community resources, assistance, and support available to children and families
· Knowledge of different strategies to promote reciprocal partnerships between home and center
· Ability to communicate effectively with parents through written and oral communication
· Ability to demonstrate awareness and appreciation of different cultural and familial practices and customs
· Knowledge of child rearing patterns in other countries
10. Professionalism
· Ability to make professional judgments based on the NAEYC “Code of Ethical Conduct and Statement of Commitment”
Learning Outcomes
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
1. Explain three approaches that programs of early care and education might take to working with families.
2. Identify some of the benefits enjoyed by children, families, and programs when families are engaged with the programs serving theiryoung children.
3. Describe some effective strategies for building trusting relationships with all families.
4. Identify the stakeholder groups and the kinds of expertise that should be represented on programs’ advisory committees and boardsof directors.
Grace’s Experience
The program that Grace directs has been an important part of the neighborhood for more than 20 years. She knows she is benefiting from thegoodwill it has earned over the years. It is respected because of its tradition of high-quality outreach projects, such as the sing-along the childrenpresent at the senior center in the spring. The program’s tradition of community involvement has meant that local businesses have always beenwilling to help out when asked fo.
Chapter 10. Political Socialization The Making of a CitizenLear.docxtiffanyd4
Chapter 10. Political Socialization: The Making of a Citizen
Learning Objectives
· 1Describe the model citizen in democratic theory and explain the concept.
· 2Define socialization and explain the relevance of this concept in the study of politics.
· 3Explain how a disparate population of individuals and groups (families, clans, and tribes) can be forged into a cohesive society.
· 4Demonstrate how socialization affects political behavior and analyze what happens when socialization fails.
· 5Characterize the role of television and the Internet in influencing people’s political beliefs and behavior, and evaluate their impact on the quality of citizenship in contemporary society.
The year is 1932. The Soviet Union is suffering a severe shortage of food, and millions go hungry. Joseph Stalin, leader of the Communist Party and head of the Soviet government, has undertaken a vast reordering of Soviet agriculture that eliminates a whole class of landholders (the kulaks) and collectivizes all farmland. Henceforth, every farm and all farm products belong to the state. To deter theft of what is now considered state property, the Soviet government enacts a law prohibiting individual farmers from appropriating any grain for their own private use. Acting under this law, a young boy reports his father to the authorities for concealing grain. The father is shot for stealing state property. Soon after, the boy is killed by a group of peasants, led by his uncle, who are outraged that he would betray his own father. The government, taking a radically different view of the affair, extols the boy as a patriotic martyr.
Stalin considered the little boy in this story a model citizen, a hero. How citizenship is defined says a lot about a government and the philosophy or ideology that underpins it.
The Good Citizen
Stalin’s celebration of a child’s act of betrayal as heroic points to a distinction Aristotle originally made: The good citizen is defined by laws, regimes, and rulers, but the moral fiber (and universal characteristics) of a good person is fixed, and it transcends the expectations of any particular political regime.*
Good citizenship includes behaving in accordance with the rules, norms, and expectations of our own state and society. Thus, the actual requirements vary widely. A good citizen in Soviet Russia of the 1930s was a person whose first loyalty was to the Communist Party. The test of good citizenship in a totalitarian state is this: Are you willing to subordinate all personal convictions and even family loyalties to the dictates of political authority, and to follow the dictator’s whims no matter where they may lead? In marked contrast are the standards of citizenship in constitutional democracies, which prize and protect freedom of conscience and speech.
Where the requirements of the abstract good citizen—always defined by the state—come into conflict with the moral compass of actual citizens, and where the state seeks to obscure or obliterate t.
Chapters one and twoAnswer the questions in complete paragraphs .docxtiffanyd4
Chapters one and two
Answer the questions in complete paragraphs (at least 3), APA style (citations/references) and make sure to separate/number the answers
1. Explain the differences between Classic Autism and Asperger Disorder according to the DSM-V (Diagnostic Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association).
2. How is ASD identified and diagnosed? Name and describe some of the measurement tools.
3. Describe the characteristics of ASD under each criterion: a) language deficits, b) social differences, c) behavior, and d) motor deficits.
4. List and describe the evidence-base practices for educating ASD children discussed in chapter 2.
5. Describe the differences between a focused intervention and comprehensive treatment models.
6. What are the components of effective instruction for students with ASD?
.
ChapterTool KitChapter 1212912Corporate Valuation and Financial .docxtiffanyd4
ChapterTool KitChapter 1212/9/12Corporate Valuation and Financial Planning12-2 Financial Planning at MicroDrive, Inc.The process used by MicroDrive to forecast the free cash flows from its operating plan is described in the sections below.Setting Up the Model to Forecast OperationsWe begin with MicroDrive's most recent financial statements and selected additional data.Figure 12-1 MicroDrive’s Most Recent Financial Statements (Millions, Except for Per Share Data)INCOME STATEMENTSBALANCE SHEETS20122013Assets20122013Net sales$ 4,760$ 5,000Cash$ 60$ 50COGS (excl. depr.)3,5603,800ST Investments40-Depreciation170200Accounts receivable380500Other operating expenses480500Inventories8201,000EBIT$ 550$ 500Total CA$ 1,300$ 1,550Interest expense100120Net PP&E1,7002,000Pre-tax earnings$ 450$ 380Total assets$ 3,000$ 3,550Taxes (40%)180152NI before pref. div.$ 270$ 228Liabilities and equityPreferred div.88Accounts payable$ 190$ 200Net income$ 262$ 220Accruals280300Notes payable130280Other DataTotal CL$ 600$ 780Common dividends$48$50Long-term bonds1,0001,200Addition to RE$214$170Total liabilities$ 1,600$ 1,980Tax rate40%40%Preferred stock100100Shares of common stock5050Common stock500500Earnings per share$5.24$4.40Retained earnings800970Dividends per share$0.96$1.00Total common equity$ 1,300$ 1,470Price per share$40.00$27.00Total liabs. & equity$ 3,000$ 3,550The figure below shows all the inputs required to project the financial statements for the scenario that has been selected with the Scenario Manager: Data, What-If Analysis, Scenario Manager. There are two scenarios. The first is named Status Quo because all operating ratios except the sales growth rate are assumed to remain unchanged. The initial sales growth rate was chosen by MicroDrive's managers based on the existing product lines. The growth rate declines over time until it eventually levels off at a sustainable rate. The other scenario is named Final because it is the set of inputs chosen by MicroDrive's management team.Section 1 shows the inputs required to estimate the items in an operating plan. For each of these inputs, Section 1 shows the industry averages, the actual values for the past two years for MicroDrive, and the forecasted values for the next five years. The managers assumed the inputs for future years (except the sales growth rate) would be equal to the inputs in the first projected year.MicroDrive's managers assume that sales will eventually level off at a sustaniable constant rate.Sections 2 and 3 show the data required to estimate the weighted average cost of capital. Section 4 shows the forecasted growth rate in dividends.Note: These inputs are linked throughout the model. If you want to change an input, do it here and not other places in the model.Figure 12-2MicroDrive's Forecast: Inputs for the Selected ScenarioStatus QuoIndustryMicroDriveMicroDriveInputsActualActualForecast1. Operating Ratios2013201220132014201520162017201.
Chapters 4-6 Preparing Written MessagesPrepari.docxtiffanyd4
Chapters 4-6: Preparing Written Messages
Preparing Written Messages
Lesson Outline
Seven Steps to Preparing Written Messages
Effective Sentences and Coherent Paragraphs
Revise to Grab Your Audience’s Attention
Improve Readability
Proofread and Revise
Seven Steps to Preparing
Written Messages
Seven Preparation Steps
Step 1: Consider Contextual Forces
Step 2: Determine Purpose, Channel, and Medium
Step 3: Envision Audience
Step 4: Adapt Message to Audience Needs and Concerns
Step 5: Organize the Message
Step 6: Prepare First Draft
Step 7: Revise, Edit, and Proofread
Effective Sentences and
Coherent Paragraphs
Step 6: Prepare the First Draft
Proceed Deductively or Inductively
Know Logical Sequence of Minor Points
Write rapidly with Intent to Rewrite
Use Active More Than Passive Voice
Craft Powerful Sentences
Rely on Active Voice—Subject Doer of Action
(Passive—Subject Receiver of Action Sentence Is Less Emphatic)
Passive Voice Uses
Conceal the Doer/Avoid Finger Pointing
Doer Is Unknown
Place More Emphasis on What Was Done
(Receiver of Action)
5
Emphasize Important Ideas
Techniques
Sentence Structure—place important ideas in simple sentences/place in independent clauses (emphasis)
Repetition—repeat a word in a sentence
Labeling Words—use words that signal important
Position—position it first or last in a clause, sentence, paragraph, or presentation
Space and Format—use extraordinary amount of space for important items or use headings
Develop Coherent Paragraphs
Develop Deductive/Inductive Paragraphs Consistently
Link Ideas to Achieve Coherence
Keep Paragraphs Unified
Vary Sentence and Paragraph Length
Position Topic Sentences and
Link Ideas
Deductive—topic sentence precedes details
Inductive—topic sentence follows details
Link Ideas to Achieve Coherence (Cohesion)
Repeat Word from Preceding Sentence
Use a Pronoun for a Noun in Preceding Sentence
Use Connecting Words (e.g., Conjunctive Adverbs)
Link Paragraphs by Using Transition Words
Use Transition Sentences before Headings,
But Not Subheadings
Paragraph Unity
Keep Paragraphs Unified—support must be focused on topic sentences
Ensure Paragraphs Cover Topic Sentence, But Do Not Write Extraneous Materials
Arrange Paragraphs in a Logical and Systematic Sequence
Vary Sentence and
Paragraph Length
Vary Sentence Length (Average—Short)
Vary Sentence Structure (Sentence Variety)
Vary Paragraph Length (Average—Short
8-10 Lines)
Changes in Tense, Voice, and Person in Paragraphs Are Discouraged
Revise to Grab
Reader’s Attention
Cultivate a Frame of Mind (Mind-set) for Revising and Proofreading
Have Your Revising/Editing Space/Room
View from Audience Perspective (You Attitude)
Revise until No More Changes Would Improve the Document
Be Willing to Allow Others to Make Suggestions (Writer’s Pride of Ownership?)
Ensure Error-Free Messages
Use Visual Enhancements for More Readability
Add Only When They Aid Comprehension
Create an A.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
Chapters 14 & 15the ending of relationshipsUncou.docx
1. Chapters 14 & 15
the ending of relationships
Uncoupling – the series of stages by which couples (whether
married or cohabiting) move toward ending the relationship
Suggested stages:DissatisfactionAttempts at changeTurning
elsewhere Further distancing ResolutionInforming the other
partnerAcknowledging the ending
marital endings
4 ways a marriage can end:
Desertion – one spouse simply abandons the marriage and the
family has no subsequent contact
Separation – married partners decide to no longer live together
Annulment – a pronouncement that declares that a couple never
had a valid marriageReligiousCivil (usually for fraud)
Divorce – legal dissolution of a valid marriage
health effects of unhappy marriagesResearch has found that the
unhappily married were worse off on heart disease risk factors
like high blood pressure and cholesterol than both happily
married and single women. One study found that couples in
high-conflict marriages take longer than the happily married to
heal from various wounds – from minor scrapes to surgery
2. societal and demographic factors associated with divorceFamily
– many of the family’s traditional functions of child care,
protection, and recreation have been taken over by outside
institutionsReligion – people who are religious are less likely to
divorce. Spouses with the same religion more likely to have
stable marriagesLaw – legal assistance easier to obtain. Unclear
if the prevalence of divorce has made legal proceedings easier,
or if easier legal proceedings made divorce more common.
education, income & divorceGenerally, the lower the couple’s
educational level and income, the higher the risk for divorceUS
Census Bureau: about 36% of women 35-39, with less than 12
years education divorced, compared to about 28% of women
with 17+ years of educationnote: the higher the education, the
more difficult to marry. But are the marriages more stable
if/when they do marry?However, people who have started
toward, but failed to complete, a particular degree (regardless of
its level), are more likely to divorce than those who complete
the degree.Couples below the poverty line are 2x as likely to
divorce within 2 years
ethnicity & cultureAfrican American couples are 2x as likely to
end their marriages as white and Hispanic couples areLargely
due to the fact that they are disproportionately poorAs income
levels rise, divorce rates for blacks decrease, resembling those
for whitesLatinos have relatively low divorce ratesPartly due to
the fact that many are Catholic, and Catholicism frowns on
divorce
3. personal factors associated with divorce
Communication problems
Infidelity
Constant conflict
Emotional abuse
Falling out of love
Unsatisfactory sex
Insufficient income
Physical abuse
Falling in love with someone else
Boredom
effects of divorce
“Divorce hangover” – an individual is unable to let go of the
fact that they got a divorce, reorient themselves as single
parents, or develop new friendshipsSeparation distress –
depression, loss, anxiety & intense lonelinessCompared to
married and other singles, divorced are the most depressed and
even suicidalLoneliness and fears of being stigmatizedStress –
next to death of a spouse or a child, divorce is the greatest
stress-producing event one can experience in life
effects of divorce, cont’d:Health problems – divorced people
are at higher risk for health problems, partly because ongoing
stress can tax immune systemsHigher likelihood of heart or lung
disease, cancer, high blood pressure, diabetes, stroke, and
difficulties with mobilityHigher rates of alcoholism, mental
problems, accidents and suicideCan be positive for young,
highly educated females in short-lived marriages, and those
4. with strong social support
long-term effects of divorce on children
Wallerstein vs. Hetherington
Wallerstein (pessimistic): her study found that 10-15 years after
a split, children entered adulthood as “worried, underachieving,
self-deprecating, and sometimes angry”Claims that a lack of
healthy role models causes children to have less social
competence, puts them at greater risk for drug & alcohol abuse,
are less likely to attend college, and girls more likely to have
early sexual experiencesWallerstein argues that children are
better off if parents stay together, even they’re in unhappy or
loveless marriages
Hetherington (optimist): argues that the harm of divorce has
been exaggerated and the positive effects ignoredSaw increased
resilience in children of divorceFound that within 6 years after
divorce, children were as well adjusted and happy as were
children whose parents stayed married
Why the difference in findings?Hetherington interviewed 1400
families, half divorced, half not; Wallerstein interviewed 60
families and compared children of divorced parents w/44 adults
who grew up in intact familiesHetherington’s sample considered
more representative and data collection more scientifically
rigorous
returning to the single life
In a hurry to remarry? In one study of 248 remarried subjects,
respondents spent an average of 17 months dating, whereas
5. before their second marriage they spent about half the time
dating – only about 9 months
Sex?Generally, men tend to enjoy sex after separation, and are
bolstered by it. Women don’t find sex quite as enjoyable, and
their sense of well-being isn’t linked to sexual activity
middle-aged singlesThe main reason for dating among men and
women (49% of respondents) was to have someone to talk to or
do fun things with – only 10% of men and 7% of women had the
goal of marriageAbout 29% said they had a hard time finding
dates
Sex:59% of men felt they didn’t have sex often enough; only
35% of women felt that way46% of men, and only 21% of
women, said they had sex with more than one person during the
same time period21% of men and only 2% of women said sex on
the first date is acceptable (in 40’s & 50’s – gap wider, the
older they get)
remarriageImportant to distinguish between happiness (quality
in marriage) and stability (duration of the marriage)
Happiness:In comparison with first marriages, evidence
suggests that second marriages show either no difference in
satisfaction or even show less satisfactionMany studies indicate
that there are few differences in satisfaction in first compared to
second marriagesIs the case regardless of the complexities of
step children and other factorsSome research suggests that
remarried couples might not handle conflicts well, resorting to
anger and shouting
Stability:Generally, 2nd and 3rd marriages don’t last as long as
6. 1st marriages
Why is there a higher divorce rate amongst the
remarried?They’re more accepting of divorceRemarried partners
receive less social supportStepchildren create more stressesLack
of a cultural script creates uncertaintySociety hasn’t created a
“cultural script” for remarriage – a set of social norms that
guide participants in their relations with each otherSingle
remarriages are no more apt to divorce than people in 1st
marriages; but, double remarriages are twice as likely to divorce
as people in first marriages
Parenting & Crisis
Chapters 11 & 13
Adjusting to Parenting
Why is transitioning into parenthood more difficult than most
7. (if not all) other transitions in life?
Parenthood can’t be “undone”
Is an immediate 24/7 job
Unrealistic expectations can lead to disillusionment –
parenthood might be romanticized due to lack of previous
experience
No instruction manual for parenting
Parenting changes the couple’s relationship – marital
satisfaction after the first baby’s birth has been found to be 42%
lower
Changes New Parents Might Expect
Carolyn & Phillip Cowan identified changes new parents
typically experience:
People think about themselves differently – are full-fledged
8. adults, responsible for one of life’s most important
responsibilities
Adjusting to new roles between partners
Alters the relationship with their own parents
Adjustments within the career
Parenting Approaches
Baumrind identified 3 approaches to parenting:
Authoritarian – parents are repressive, controlling, and
unreasonably strict
Working class parents tend to be more authoritarian
Parents tend to be cold and unsupportive, discourage verbal
give-and-take, and often use physical force to control behavior
Children in these families tend to be more moody, less cheerful,
more passively hostile, and more vulnerable to stress
Permissive – parents are warm and reasonable
9. Few rules & regulations
Authoritative – parents are both strict & controlling, and also
warm & supportive
Tend to use positive reinforcement rather than punishment
Show awareness of the child’s feelings & encourage open
communication, independence & self-reliance
Children show self-reliance, curiosity, and creativity in dealing
with new situations
LeMasters & DeFrain’s 5 Parenting Styles
Martyr – parents makes big sacrifices for their children, and
exercise little or no authority over them
Spoil children with material things
Children rarely learn to be self-sufficient
Pal – parents let children set their own goals, rules, and limits
Police officer – authoritarian & repressive style where parents
10. insist that their children follow rules, and punish them when
they don’t
Risk of rebelling in adolescence
Teacher-Counselor – parents intensely focused on guiding
children’s behavior
Put needs of the child before those of the parents
Athletic Coach – parents set rules for the house, teach the
children rules, and apply penalties for infractions
LeMasters and DeFrain feel this is the most effective style
(similar to Baumrind’s authoritative approach)
Principles of Effective Childrearing
Positive reinforcement – helps encourage both positive social
behavior and a positive self-image, as well as a feeling of
comfort about engaging in love relationships in adulthood
11. Instilling values & a sense of responsibility
Practicing good communication
Avoiding physical punishment
Children exposed to spanking are more apt to lie, cheat, or be
mean to others, to be disobedient in school, experience
depression, drug abuse, or suicide in adolescence, and to be
linked to dating violence and child-to-parent violence
Grandparenthood
What defines a grandparent?
Biology
Emotional bond
Closeness to family
3 grandparenting styles:
Remote – largely symbolic, little if any direct contact
Companionate – focus more on leisure activities and friendship
12. Involved – take a more active role in the lives of grandchildren,
often more of a parental role
Finding Meaning in Aging
Older people recognize their lives are coming to an end, and
spend more time in reflection
Neurgarten (1971) identified 4 ways of coping:
Disintegrated & disorganized – marked by despair; can’t come
to terms with aging
Often found in nursing homes or hospitals
Passive-dependent – little confidence in their ability to cope
with daily life; seek help even if they don’t need it
Defended – living independently but fearful of aging; try to
shield themselves from reality of old age. Fight to stay
youthful.
Integrated – cope well with challenges of aging
13. Key to successful aging lies in keeping personal dignity & self-
confidence while accepting growing old
Internal vs. External Stressors
Internal stressors – those events that begin inside the family
Expected over the normal family life cycle, events that are
sought out (like a new job), and situations of long duration
(diabetes, chemical addiction, etc.)
External stressors – those that begin with someone or something
outside the family
Natural disasters, economic downturns, winning the lottery, etc.
14. Infidelity
Affairs seem to be primarily related to 2 variables: Premarital
sexual permissiveness and unhappiness in the marriage
Men and women who have a strong need for sex and who have
permissive sexual values plus some dissatisfaction in their
present relationship are more inclined to seek extramarital
relationships
Short-Term Involvements:
Men: is often sex without love (prostitutes or a one-night stand)
Apt to have an affair for the feeling of conquest and sexual
excitement
Women: affair usually involves love as well as sex
Apt to have affair because they’re angry with husbands and seek
revenge
15. Long-Term Involvements: 4 Types
Marriage-Maintenance – affairs that provide something missing
from the relationship, like unusual sex
Some argue that these types of affairs can actually help to
sustain a marriage
Intimacy Reduction – involvements by a spouse who feels
uncomfortable with too much closeness in his/her marriage
Reactive – engaged in by partners who are seeking reassurance
about their youthfulness & sexuality
Hedonistic – acts of playfulness by partners who are often
sexually fulfilled and happy in their own marriages
“Just for fun”
16. Violence
Men:
More likely to say that they have beat up the woman they were
dating, or threatened her with a gun
Date rapists tend to hold traditional views about women and
sex, to show hostility towards women, to have been sexually
promiscuous as adolescents, to report a great number of sexual
experiences, to have a propensity for jealousy, and to have
difficulty expressing their feelings
Women:
More likely to say they’ve been pushed or slapped by a man
they were dating
College women who have been date-raped reported higher levels
of sexual dysfunction, anger, depression, and anxiety than did
comparable women who had not been date raped
17. Cohabiting couples are more likely to be physically violent –
mostly grabbing pushing, and slapping
In homosexual relationships, lesbian victims and gay male
victims are more likely to fight back than is the case with
straight women
Gay men are less abusive than heterosexual men, but lesbians
are more abusive that heterosexual women toward their partners
18. Marital Violence
2 Kinds of Marital Violence:
Patriarchal Terrorism – violence by men who feel that they must
control “their” women by any means necessary
View women as property
Want to keep them “in their place”
Common Couple Violence – violence between partners arising
from everyday disputes that have gone too far
Motivated by the need to control the situation
Generally, domestic violence is found more frequently among
young, low-income, blue-collar couples where alcohol and/or
drugs are abused, and where the man tends to believe in
traditional gender roles, is jealous, and believes violence is
acceptable
Spillover – the effect of participation in one of life’s domains
(like work) on other domains (like family)
19. Child Abuse & Neglect
Children of single parents had a 77% greater risk of being
harmed by physical abuse, an 87% greater risk of neglect, and
80% greater risk of suffering serious injury or harm from abuse
and neglect
Children in large families are physically neglected 3x the rate
of those who come from single-child families
Children from low-income families more than 22x more likely
to experience maltreatment, 18x more likely to be sexually
abused, and 56x more likely to be educationally neglected
Girls are sexually abused 3x more often than boys, but boys are
at greater risk for emotional neglect and serious injury
Dealing with Stress
Defense mechanisms – unconscious methods for denying,
excusing, disguising, or changing the behaviors that cause
20. anxiety and frustration
Repression – unconscious blocking of whatever is causing stress
Denial – refusal to believe info that provokes anxiety
Rationalization – assertion that the reasons for illogical
behavior are rational and good
Displacement – redirecting one’s feelings from the true target to
something less threatening
Projection – attribution of unacceptable impulses or
characteristics to other people
Reaction formation – people presenting themselves as the
opposite of what they truly feel
Regression – relapse into a more childlike type of behavior
Sublimation – socially constructive behavior that’s formed to
disguise unacceptable behavior
ie, hostile impulses channeled into seeking a career as a police
officer
21. Variations
Chapter 9
households
Platonic “roommate marriages”
Commuter, living-apart-together, & transnational marriages
Skipped-generation households: grandparents raising
grandchildren
“Adultolescents”
shifts in household arrangements
Decline in the percentage of married-couple households
Decline in percentage of households with children
Why the changes?
Women are waiting longer to have children
More burden on working parents
More female households
More women in the workforce
22. the life of singles
Never-Marrieds:
Social trends that encourage individuals to either not marry, or
marry later:
Lack of potential marriage partners –
In 1948 sex ratio was about equal; by 2000, there were 96.3 men
for every 100 women
Today most of the shortage is in older age groups; however,
African American, Chinese American and Japanese women
perceive that there are fewer suitable marriage partners
Economic changes – during economic downturns, men & women
tend to postpone marriage
More liberal & individualistic sexual & social standards
The Widowed:
Women more likely to be widowed
Widowed females less likely to find new spouses because of the
marriage gradient and the marriage squeeze
Marriage gradient – tendency of men to marry downward in
class and women to marry upward with respect to age,
education, & occupational success
The Divorced:
Divorced people are considerably less happy than married
people, and also less happy than the widowed.
23. singlehood
Singles have more free time
Singles have more fun
distinguish between fun and happiness
Singles are more comfortable with other singles
Singles are lonely
cohabitation
Currently about 7.5 million Americans live with partners of the
opposite sex
Why cohabitate?
The “Linus blanket” – one partner is highly insecure and prefers
a relationship with someone
Emancipation
Convenience
Testing
24. Is cohabitation a stage in the courtship process leading to
marriage, or is it a separate institution functioning as an
alternative to marriage?
¾ of cohabiting women expect to marry their partners, but only
1/3 marry within 3 years
66% of White cohabiting women marry their partners, but only
10% of cohabiting Black women do
If pregnant, Whites are much more likely to marry
Cohabitation has different meanings among Blacks and Whites
Among Whites is a transitional step, among Blacks seems to be
a substitution
Economics play a big role in choosing cohabitation over
marriage
Compared to married couples, for unmarried cohabitants the
commitment during their time together isn’t as deep
Might have lower levels of happiness and higher rates of
depression and alcohol problems compared to married couples
Might also experience more incidents of fighting and domestic
violence
Some research indicates that men who cohabitate with women
they eventually marry are less committed to the marriage,
compared to men who never lived with partner prior to the
marriage
Men who want to “try out” the marriage might be less
committed to the institution in general & their partners
25. homosexuality
One review of genetic research concluded that:
At least half of the reasons for sexual orientation could be
traced to genetics
Sexual orientation tended to run in families
Has been found that lesbians seem to have different brain
circuitry then heterosexual women do, processing the aroma of
sex hormones in ways similar to straight men
Gay men & straight men respond differently to 2 odors that may
be involved in sexual arousal, potentially indicating a biological
basis for sexual orientation
LeVay (1993): argues that sexual orientation is related to the
structure of a person’s brain
Studied the brains of homosexual and heterosexual men and
found that there is a difference in size in the hypothalamus, the
part of the brain that regulates hormones
This anatomical difference plays a part in shaping orientation
Genetics: study of 44 pairs of homosexual brothers found a
distinct genetic pattern involving the X chromosome
High number of gay male relatives
Some researchers think there is a “gay gene” on the X
chromosome
26. gay couples
Bell & Weinberg (1978) conducted a study of 979 male and
female, black and white, homosexuals. Found 5 categories:
Closed couples – “happily married”
Open couples – “unhappily married”
Functionals – highly sexual
Dysfunctionals – tormented
Asexuals – lonely
How gay couples differ:
More likely to be egalitarian, dual-worker relationships, with
income or household responsibilities based on factors other than
traditional roles
Gay couples get more support from friends than from their
extended families
homosexual relationships
Gay Men:
Seem to have more casual sex than either heterosexual men or
lesbians, and their sexuality seems to be more body-centered
than personality-centered
Gay male couples are 2x as likely as straight couples to report
the highest levels of closeness in their relationships
27. Gay Women:
Seem to emphasize committed relationships more than gay men
do
Have less casual sex than gay men, & sexuality is more
personality-focused
Report greater sexual satisfaction
Compared with married couples and gay male couples, lesbian
couples have been found to be the closest, most satisfied, and
the most flexible in roles in their relationships
Marriage
Chapter 8
28. Thompson: “The way the whole issue of family life in America
is framed politically and culturally is dependent on utopian
images of the family that come out of 50’s television”
Old TV shows did not actually reflect the American family;
instead, they established the notion of what a perfect American
family is supposed to be.
29. Love & Marriage
Prior to the Industrial Revolution, marriage in the US was a
practical arrangement between two families
Different countries have different ideas of the role of love in
choosing a mate
Emphasis on romantic love as a basis for marriage emphasizes
individual gratification
Romantic love can be seen as a danger to the integrity of the
structure of the community or nation
Hindu view: “a marriage is something that affects so many
people, relatives, ancestors, neighbors, and friends, in serious
ways. How can you possibly leave it up to one young person,
driven by lust and passion, to make a sound decision?”
30. There isn’t much agreement on this topic, in terms of who
should be allowed to marry, the steps leading to marriage, and
the expectations once married
Despite the differences in conceptualization, marriage has not
lost its ideological significance
US has highest marriage rate; 90% of all Americans will marry
But individuals are waiting longer to get married, may cohabit
at some point, and divorce easier
Some form of marriage exists in all societies around the world
Who we believe to be good/bad partners, what we believe to be
acceptable/unacceptable are the products of factors including
family, culture, tradition, religion, media, social contacts and
other factors like technology and globalization
31. Why Do People Get Married?
Main reason people get married is because of love. After that,
main reasons are companionship, wanting children, and
happiness
Marriage for the “Right” Reasons:
Emotional Security – looking for an emotional and enduring
relationship
Companionship – want to avoid being alone
Parenthood
Marriage for the “Wrong” Reasons:
33. A major key in predicting the happiness of interracial marriages
is the extent to which the couple is aware of how their union is
perceived by others with regard to racial issues, and how much
social support they receive for their relationship from relatives
and friends
Rates of intermarriage in the US have increased in the past 30
years, but not dramatically
African Americans least likely to marry outside of their group
Black women least likely to be in an interracial marriage
About 1/3 as likely as Black men to marry someone from
another race
The higher the education level of the partners, the greater the
chance of intermarriage
34. 1/5 of all married Asian women are married to someone of
another race; more than double the rate of Asian men
Native Americans, Hawaiians and individuals of mixed race
(duh) have the highest interracial marriage rate
70% of all interracial couples in 2000 include:
A person of “some other race” + White spouse
Black husband + White wife
White husband + Native American wife
Asian women + White husbands
35. Expectations of Marriage
Marriage as a Rite of Passage:
Rite of Passage – an event signaling a major change from one
social status to another
Engagement
Wedding
Honeymoon
Marriage in Expectation of Sexual Exclusivity & Permanence:
Most partners assume that their relationship will be built around
2 promises: sexual exclusivity and permanence.
Marriage as a Legal Commitment:
By making a legal, contractual commitment, the state where you
live has an interest in how you terminate the marriage, how
property is divided, and how children are shared.
36. Marital Quality
Marital quality is composed of 2 factors: marital stability and
marital satisfaction
Research has a lack of information about the underlying factors
influencing marital processes and outcomes among diverse
groups
Participants who became parents by the 3rd year of marriage
had higher levels of tension
In a survey of 247 Black and White women, they found that
equity, trust and emotional health predicted marital happiness
Among Black women, their physical health and the closeness of
their relationship to their in-laws also predicted marital well-
being
Upper class vs. lower class expectations
37. 3 contractual marital agreements:
Covenant marriage – is an anti-divorce contract where couples
demonstrate their commitment to marriage by a) getting
premarital counseling, b)getting therapy when needed, and c)
agreeing not to divorce until after 2 years of separation, or after
proving adultery or abuse
Prenuptual agreement
Postnuptual agreement
38. Phases in the Family Life Cycle
1. The Beginning Phase: Most Marital Satisfaction
“Identity bargaining”
Loss of independence
New friends & relatives
Defining career & domestic roles
2. Child-Rearing Phase: Less Marital Satisfaction
39. Period of less marital satisfaction is correlated with the most
intense periods of childbearing and childrearing
Changes during childrearing years:
Work
Domestic responsibilities
Sexual changes
3. Middle-Age Phase: More Marital Satisfaction
Empty-nest syndrome – depression after children have moved
out
4. Aging Phase
One study found that wives became less deferential to their
husbands, and men became less patriarchal and more
collaborative with their wives
40. 5 Types of Enduring Marriages (Cuber & Harroff)
Utilitarian Marriages: Based on convenience
1. Conflict-habituated – tension & unresolved conflict
Fighting is an acceptable way of dealing with each other
2. Devitalized – lost the strong emotional connection, but stay
together out of duty
3. Passive-congenial – couples focuses on activities rather than
emotional intimacy
Different from devitalized in that this is how they’ve always
been
Intrinsic Marriages: Fundamentally rewarding
4. Vital – partners are intensely bound together psychologically
and participate in many aspects of each other’s lives
5. Total – bound together psychologically, but participate in all
aspects of each other’s lives, and have few areas of
tension/conflict
41. 4 Types of “Good Marriages” (Wallerstein & Blakeslee)
Based on a very limited sample: all white, well-educated, and
middle-class, 50 couples total
Romantic marriage – filled with passion and sex. Romantic
ideas of destiny and “ever after”
Rescue marriage – point is to provide comfort for past suffering
Companionate marriage – spouses base relationship on equality
and friendship
Traditional – husband is the breadwinner, wife is homemaker
42. Qualities of Good Marriages
Homogamy – marriages between people of similar education,
ethnicity, religion, age and social class tend to be more
successful
Similar characteristics and interests = higher happiness
Income – the more the income and the higher the occupational
status, the higher the likelihood of happiness
Equity – partners give in proportion to what they receive
Equality – equal status and responsibility for domestic,
financial and emotional duties
Multiple studies have found that women spend almost double
the amount of time on household chores
44. Sex & the Media
Average American youth spends 1/3 of each day with various
types of mass media
Brown et al. found that children between 12-14 who had a “high
sexual media diet” were more than 2x more likely to have sex at
ages 14 to 16, compared to teens exposed to lighter sexual
media fare
According to Martino et al., teens who listen to raunchy, sexual
lyrics of music are twice as likely to start having sex sooner
than those who listen to other songs
Many commercials emphasize not only that sex is fun, but that
everyone is having it
Married people have the most sex, and report the highest levels
of both emotional and physical satisfaction with their partners
25% of married men and 10% of married women have had at
least one extramarital sexual experience
Incidence is higher among the young than the old
Higher among men than women
Higher among people of low social positions than those who are
well off
Chances are higher with people who don’t identify with a
religion
Also higher with people in unhappy marriages
Culture
Positions
Kinsey (1948) found that heterosexual couples in the US have
sex in a single position
People in the South Seas never have sex in that way
45. “Missionary position”
Kissing
Modesty
Incest
The Sexual Revolution
First began in the 1920’s with industrialization
“Roaring 20’s”
Kinsey wrote 2 bestselling books which revealed that people in
the US were much less conventional about sexual issues than
expected
Encouraged a new openness towards sexuality
Sexual revolution really came of age in the 60’s
Narrowing of the double standard
Increased sexual activity overall, but changed women’s
behavior more than men’s
The Sexual Counterrevolution
Began in 1980
Was a conservative call for a return to “family values”
Critics of the sexual revolution objected to the idea of free love,
cohabitation, and children being born out of wedlock
Whether for moral reasons or fear of disease, more people
began limiting their number of sexual partners or abstained
from sex altogether
Sex is more satisfying in countries where women and men are
46. considered equal
“When mama’s not happy, nobody’s happy”
According to the UN, the Netherlands, Denmark, and Sweden
give women the highest social standing
Women in the nations of Niger, Democratic Republic of Congo,
and Yemen have the lowest social standing
Why do people go against their wishes and give in to sex?
Enticement – involves seduction
Altruism – satisfying the other person just because he/she wants
it
Inexperience – belief that one needs the experience
Reluctance – feeling obligated or not knowing what else to do
Sexual Values
Sexual values – deeply held beliefs and attitudes about what is
right and wrong, desirable and undesirable sexual behavior
4 Standards of Premarital and Nonmarital Sex:
The Double-Standard – standard according to which premarital
and nonmarital sex is more acceptable for men than for women
Permissiveness with Affection – allows premarital or nonmarital
sex for both women & men, provided they have an affectionate
and committed relationship
Permissiveness without Affection – (“recreational sex”) allows
premarital or nonmarital sex for women & men regardless of the
amount of affection or stability in their relationship
Abstinence – avoidance of intercourse
Sexual Values of College Students
Knox identified 3 sexual values that guided the behavior of
college students in sexual decision making:
Absolutism – adhere to strict codes, usually religious in nature,
that dictate right and wrong
47. Hedonism – “if it feels good, do it, but don’t hurt anybody in
the process”; men 6x more likely to endorse this
Relativism – “what you do sexually depends on the person
you’re with, how you feel about each other, and the nature of
the relationship”
The age at which people have had their first sexual encounter
has dropped over the past 50 years: Went from 20.4 ys (1954-
63) to 17.6 (1994-03)
How Do We Learn About Sex?
Parents
Research suggests that mothers with good relationships with
teenage daughters have been able to influence their sexual
activity
Some parents avoid having “the talk” until an “appropriate
time”, or will discuss the topic once then feel that they’ve done
their duty – although more frequent discussion is more effective
In white families, usually fathers talk with their boys and
mothers talk with their girls. In black & Hispanic families,
however, mothers more than fathers perform this function,
regardless of the sex of the child
Religion
Direct influence – some research suggests that the strength of
religious beliefs & frequency of church attendance are related to
the delay of first intercourse; especially true for girls
Indirect influence – higher religiosity --> lower drinking -->
lower frequency of sexual behavior
Friends & Siblings
Friends, not parents, are the most important source of
48. information about sex
Friends have the greatest influence on teenager’s sexual values
and on a teen’s decision to become sexually active
Sex Education
Probably the most effective sex-ed approaches involve teaching
students to understand the pressure from media and peers to
have sex and how to resist it, and to understand the risks of
unprotected sex and how to avoid them
Sexual Partners
They become the most influential in helping us to modify our
sexual expectations (sexual scripts)
Sexual Scripts
Sexual script – a set of expectations as to how one should
behave in sexual situations
Represent the interpretations and behaviors we have learned
from society and others that are expected of us in sexual
situations
Sexual scripts are most influential and powerful during
adolescence and young adulthood, when people are most
influenced by media, friends, and parents; later, we are more
influenced by our partners
Men’s sexual scripts: supposed to be in charge, confident,
aggressive – not tender and compassionate
Women’s sexual scripts: expected to be beautiful, loving,
nurturing, and accommodating
Communication: Realizing Effective Intimacy
Chapter 6
49. Power & Its Effects
Power – the ability or potential to impose one’s will on other
people; to get them to think, feel, or do something they would
not ordinarily have done spontaneously
Power in a relationship often derives from personality –
whichever partner, whether male or female, has the more
forceful personality & temperament might be the more dominant
50. one in the relationship
People who feel powerless or helpless often are likely to be
depressed and susceptible to physical and emotional disorders
What does unequal power do to relationships?
Affects self-esteem
Inhibits satisfaction, love, & sharing of feelings
Encourages manipulation
51. How Does Power Work?
Raven et al. offer 6 types of power people may exert in a
relationship:
Coercive power – based on the fear that the partner will inflict
punishment
Reward power – based on the belief that your agreement with
your partner will elicit rewards from that partner
Expert power – based on the opinion that your partner has
specialized knowledge
Legitimate power – based on your partner’s having the right to
ask you and your duty of having to comply
Referent power – based on your identifying with and admiring
your spouse & receiving satisfaction by pleasing him/her
Informational power – persuasive power; you’re persuaded by
your partner that what he/she wants is in your best interest
52. Bloode & Wolfe’s Resource Theory:
The balance of power in a marriage reflects the relative
resources of each spouse
Resources include money, education, occupational status, sex,
parenting skills, etc. The spouse who has more resources is able
to make more decisions that affect his/her partner, thereby
giving them more power.
Waller’s Principle of Least Interest:
The partner who is least interested in the relationship has the
most power
If you’re more committed to your relationship than your
partner, you might hold back expressing frustrations,
unhappiness, resentments, etc. and instead strive to please your
partner
53. Conflict
In any intimate relationship, we crave 2 contradictory things:
closeness and independence
As a result of this clash, we experience conflict – the process of
interaction that results when the behavior of one person
interferes with the behavior of another
In our society we experience a conflict taboo – conflict and
anger are considered wrong, and seen as the opposite of
cooperation and love
Challenges the idea of the folk concept of the family –
emphasizes support, understanding, happiness, and warm
holiday rituals
However, conflict is natural to relationships, and is often
desirable
54. negative conflict
Negative conflict is destructive behavior that’s typically bad for
relationships, families, and even health
Repressed anger – unconscious suppression of feelings of anger
so that they are expressed in other ways
“Gunnysacking” – saving up grievances until they spill over
Overeating, apathy, depression, displacement
Passive-Aggression – the expression of anger indirectly rather
than directly
Sarcasm, nagging, nitpicking, silent treatment
Scapegoating – blaming one partner or family member for
everything that goes wrong
Gaslighting – when one partner constantly criticizes or denies
55. the other’s definition of reality, diminishing the other’s self-
esteem
positive conflict
Positive conflict is the kind of airing of differences that bring
partners closer together; builds up each other’s self-esteem
rather than diminishing it
Conflict helps to clarify differences
56. Conflict keeps small issues from becoming big ones
Conflict can improve relationships
what do couples argue about?
Research suggests that most disagreements are never actually
fully resolved
Most couples, both happy & unhappy, tend to argue, particularly
57. in the early stages of the marriage, and they tend to argue about
the same things
9 common areas of conflict:
Household tasks
Especially pronounced among women; “second shift”
Money
Sex
Gender difference in sex drive, and female sex drive is more
dependent on social, cultural, and situational factors
Women are resentful of partners who are affectionate only when
interested in sex
Loyalty: Trust & Fidelity
One study found that in 1/3 of divorces, one or both partners
has been sexually unfaithful
58. 5. Power
6. Nurturance – who takes care of whom?
7. Privacy – aloneness vs. interaction
8. Children
9. Differences in Style – variations in preferences,
temperaments & tastes
59. how people handle conflict
5 Major Types of Conflict:
Competing: individual is assertive and uncooperative, and sees
conflict as a war which he or she is determined to win
Parallel: individual is unassertive and uncooperative. Both
partners deny and retreat from any discussion of a problem.
Accommodating: individual is unassertive but cooperative;
takes a passive stance. Don’t advance your own feelings but try
to soothe the other.
Compromising: individual is somewhat assertive, but both are
cooperative
Collaborating: great deal of concern about advancing both your
own interests and your partner’s. You are assertive and
cooperative.
60. resolving conflict
Authors recommend the following rules for dealing with
conflict:
Attack problems, not the person
Using “I feel” language
Be sensitive about timing and place
Say what you mean, don’t lie & manipulate, and ask for what
you want
Active listening
61. nonverbal communication
Nonverbal communication consists of messages sent outside the
written or spoken word
5 kinds of nonverbal communication:
Interpersonal space
Eye contact
Serves 3 purposes: signalizes the beginning and end of a
conversation, expresses emotion, and communicates interest and
attention
Facial expressions
Body movements & gestures
Touch
62. uses of nonverbal communication
Malandro & Barker contend that nonverbal communication has
6 functions in relation to our spoken words
It can complement our words
Can contradict our words
Can accent our words
Can repeat our words
Can substitute for our words
Can help regulate our communication
63. gender differences
Women:
Research suggests that they seek closeness and avoid isolation
Rapport talk – aimed at gaining intimacy. Women tend to
respond by listening, offering sympathy, support, &
understanding
After work and money, women talk equally about leisure and
men
64. Talk in terms of details, anecdotes, and personal disclosures.
Talk tentatively, using disclaimers & verbal hedges, especially
when talking to men
Men:
More likely than women to act unilaterally in making decisions
Report talk – aimed at conveying information
After work and money, men talk about leisure. Less likely to
talk about women than women were to talk about men.
Tend to dominate conversations by speaking longer, more
frequently, and interrupting others
65. barriers to communication
Satir identified 4 styles of miscommunication:
Placating – passive people who are always agreeable but act
helpless
Greatest desire is to avoid making a scene
Blaming – always put the responsibility for any problem on
someone else
Computing – pretend to be reasonable and not reveal their
feelings because they find emotions threatening
Distracting – Avoid disclosing relevant feelings, so they never
discuss a problem but instead change the subject
66. Gottman
5 kinds of couple’s interactions which, in 90% of cases, are
predictors of divorce:
Contempt – (ie, eye rolling) expresses that your partner is
inferior or undesirable
Criticism – making disapproving judgments or evaluations
about your partner
Defensiveness – not listening, but instead defending yourself
against a presumed attack
Stonewalling – refusing to listen to your partner, especially
his/her complaints
Belligerence – being provocative and challenging your partner’s
power and authority
First 4 interactions tend to happen sequentially, showing an
escalation in negativity
69. Assumptions about love pushed by pop culture:
Love at first sight
One true love
Love is blind
Love conquers all
70.
71. According to an online survey conducted by Beliefnet, 61% of
women and 50% of men believe there is one perfect soul mate
out there for everyone
“Nothing has produced more unhappiness than the concept of a
soul mate” (Pittman)
When one thinks that there is a perfect match out there, we
always have our eyes open for a better deal or something on the
side
Can cause us to avoid the decision to commit or commit only
partly to our partner, not giving up the right to keep looking
Romantic love – an emotionally intense, passionate love in
which a person believes in love at first sight, that there is only
one true love and love conquers all.
Companionate love – emphasizes intimacy with, affection for,
and commitment to another person
Between 6 months and 2.5 years romantic love starts to shift to
companionate love
72.
73. Theories of Love
Biochemical Theory: “Love is a Natural High”
Argues that love results from our biological, chemical, and
hormonal origins
Being newly in love releases chemicals that act as stimulants to
our brains, and is why we feel tremendous exhilaration and
energy
These feelings of euphoria resulting from chemicals do not last
– tolerance builds up, and more chemicals are needed to achieve
the same effect
This is why many people jump from relationship to relationship
Research has also shown that women can tell which men might
be interested in becoming fathers just by looking at their faces
and figuring out which of them have the highest testosterone
levels
Other research shows that men are more attracted to women
when females are at the height of fertility, & when they’re
ovulating.
Not true for men in long-term relationships
Critics say that this theory isn’t enough to produce feelings of
love, and a sociological-psychological component is necessary
74.
75. Attachment Theory: “Closeness is a Survival Need”
Posits that our primary motivation in life is to feel connected
with other people – because it is the only security to ever have.
Maintaining closeness is a survival need.
3 types of attachment, shown in babies and also in adults:
Secure – don’t avoid feeling dependent or being depended on
Relationships last about 10 years
Avoidant – uneasy being close to others
Relationships last about 6 years
Anxious/Ambivalent – anxious that partners don’t love them, or
that they won’t stay
Relationships last about 5 years
76.
77. Wheel Theory: “The 4 Stages of Love”
Suggests that love develops and is maintained through 4 stages
Rapport – feeling at ease with another person
Enhanced by similarities in social, cultural, and educational
background & upbringing
Self-Revelation – disclosure of personal feelings; talking about
hopes, fears, and ambitions
Mutual Dependency – sharing of pleasures, ideas, humor, and
sexual desiress
Intimacy Need Fulfillment – individual and partner make mutual
decisions, reinforce each other’s goals, offer sympathy and
support, and help each other satisfy deeper needs
Relationship has developed into a consistent pattern of mutual
dependence and exchange of needs
As long as the wheel rolls forward, love continues to develop
78.
79. Triangular Theory: Toward Consummate Love
Emphasizes 3 elements of love that interact with each other:
Intimacy – feelings that create the experience of warmth and
bonding in a loving relationship
Passion – romance, physical attraction, and sexuality
Decision/Commitment – decision is to love, commitment is to
love that person over time
Can be seen on a continuum, with non-love at one end and
consummate love at the other end. Consummate love – when the
intimacy, passion, and decision/commitment between two
people is the same.
80.
81. Styles of Love: Lee’s 6 Kinds of Relationships
Love of beauty & the physical (eros) – characterized by intense
emotional attachment and powerful sexual feelings
Obsessive love (mania) – consists of strong sexual attraction
and emotional intensity, extreme jealousy, and mood swings
alternating between ecstasy and despair
Playful love (ludus) – casual & carefree. Sees sex as recreation,
the enjoyment of many sexual partners rather than concentrating
on one serious relationship
Companionate love (storge) – affectionate, peaceful, and
companionate. Starts with friendship and develops into love.
Altruistic love (agape) – unselfish and self-sacrificing.
82. Describes those who fulfill others’ needs even at the expense of
their own.
Practical love (pragma) – Makes a rational assessment of a
potential partner’s positives and negatives
83. Jealousy
Characteristics of Jealousy:
Men are jealous about sex, women about intimacy
Men and women generally have different reactions
Men more apt to express their anger, maybe by reacting
violently; women are more apt to suppress anger and be
depressed, and more likely to damage property
Securely attached men are more likely to report experiencing
84. the idea of emotional infidelity as distressing, as compared to
men whose attachment style is avoidant
Jealous people are more likely to be insecure
Relationships of short duration (less than a year) are more
vulnerable to jealousy than those of long duration
85. Qualities to consider about yourself
Gordon mentions qualities one should consider about him or
herself to determine whether or not they are a good candidate
for love:
Energy
Meaning – finding meaning in every day situations
86. Self-esteem – appreciate your own worth
No ghosts – don’t allow ghosts of the past to haunt you
Kindness – kind to everyone, not just partner
All these qualities can be summed up in the idea of maturity.
87. Immature vs. Mature Love
Immature love – passionate or romantic love
Mature love – resembles companionate love
Immature love:
Persistent thinking – “can’t get you out of my mind”
Passionate feeling – “can’t live without you”
88. Passionate behavior – “I would do anything for you”
Mature love: Is your partner…
Trustworthy & stable
Caring & Kind
Someone you actually like?
90. A great deal of popular interest in dating, and seems to be quite
a bit of frustration with the challenge of finding a suitable
partner
Whitehead: “We are in the middle of a massive transition…a
contemporary crisis in dating and mating.”
Historically, becoming involved with another person was
understood in the context of courtship
Today, rules about dating are uncertain and confused.
“We’ve lost the ability to slow down the process of becoming
intimate and choosing a partner”
Some changes:
Assertive females
Workplace romances
Speed dating/online meeting
Closed Courtship: Arranged Marriages
Arranged marriage – partners were determined not by the bride
and groom, but by their families
Blind Marriage: neither partner saw each other until the
wedding day
Bride price & Dowry:
Bride price – man must pay money or property to the future
bride’s family for the right to marry her
Dowry – the money, property, or good a woman brings to the
marriage
Elopement
Forced Marriage – one or both coerced to marry under either
physical or emotional pressure
Open Courtship: Relationship Marketplace
In North America, and most Western nations, we have an open
courtship system – most of us generally make our own decisions
91. about choosing our partners.
Relationship market – (aka marriage market) Prospective
partners compare the personal, social, and financial resources of
eligible mates, then bargain for the best they can get
Fits with the social exchange perspective
People looking for a traditional partnership: typically men offer
financial security & status, women offer domestic skills
People looking for an egalitarian partnership: men & women
might play up similar assets
Functions of Dating
Recreation – is [ideally] fun
Companionship – way of maintaining a friendship and avoiding
isolation
Intimacy & Sex
Mate Selection
Socialization – helps socialize us to get along with the opposite
sex
Status Achievement – shows others that he/she is more
acceptable/desirable/grown up
Dating as a Filter
Some scholars believe that dating is a process of filtering out
possible partners for the purpose of achieving homogamy –
marriage between partners of similar education and social class,
ethnicity, race, religion and age
3 Filters:
Propinquity: may filter people based on their nearness to you in
place and time
Endogamy: cultural expectation that a person marries within
his/her social group in terms of race, religion and class
Exogamy: marrying outside family group (incest taboo)
92. Factors Affecting Eligibility & Availability
Race – Interracial dating has become more and more accepted
As of 2010, 93% of “Millenials” surveyed approve of interracial
marriages
Age – particularly the case for women
“Marriage squeeze” – one sex has a more limited pool of
eligible marriage candidates than the other
Since women tend to marry men that are somewhat older, there
are more available women than men
Imbalance increases as people age, with many fewer unmarried
men over 65. When you add together never-married, divorced,
and widowed men, unmarried women outnumber them by the
age of 35
Social class – people tend to date/marry within their own class
Religion – most people marry other with similar values; higher
divorce rate for couple with different religions
Relationships & Personal Growth
Ruvolo & Brennan: One longitudinal study of 301 dating
couples found that dating can contribute to personal growth
Researchers believe that the more the partner loves an
individual, the more growth the individual will subsequently
experience
The supportive assistance individuals received from their dating
partners and the love the partners reported for them predict the
growth that the individuals later experienced
Finding People
Open Fields (interaction unlikely): Settings where people do not
normally interact, so potential partners aren’t likely to meet
Malls
93. Airports
Large universities
Closed fields (interaction likely): settings where people are
likely to interact, so potential partners may meet
Parties
Church groups
Small workplace settings
Meeting People
Personal Introductions
Classified Ads: 2 main characteristics:
1. women as sex objects – describe themselves in terms of
appearance and attractiveness
2. men as success objects – describe themselves in terms of
intelligence and career success
Meeting Online
Dating websites
Social networking websites
Advantages: exposed to a wide variety of potential; time and
energy investment relatively minimal
Disadvantages: can’t observe nonverbal communication; people
exaggerate. Women subtract years and pounds, men add inches
to height and dollars to income
Introduction Services
Variations in Dating
Traditional Courtship: Dating to Engagement
Research shows that a lot of dating as a teenager may develop
social skills, but doesn’t teach deeper skills like effective
communication and solving conflicts
On-Campus Dating: “Hanging out”, “hooking up”, and “joined
at the hip”
Long-Distance Dating
94. About 1/3 of couples break up within 3 months of moving to the
same town, possibly because of the loss of autonomy each once
had
Dating in the Workplace
Second-Time Around Dating
4 Ways of Reacting to a Deteriorating Relationship
The Neglect Response – when a person doesn’t want to deal
with problems
Is a destructive reaction that tends to occur when a person isn’t
very invested in the relationship
The Exit Response – where one partner withdraws or threatens
to withdraw from the relationship.
Often a choice of people who are minimally invested and think
there are other options
The Loyalty Response – choosing to stay despite problems, but
making no attempt to resolve them, hoping they smooth out over
time
Often favored by people who have been together for a long
time, and often more the choice of females rather than males
The Voice Response – relationship is valued and partners want
to discuss problems. Shows a willingness to change things about
the relationship
Often pursued by females; is an active, constructive response
Gender
Chapter 3
95. Gender Stereotypes in Pop Culture & Media
People are projected to spend nearly half their lives somehow
engaged with the media.
FILM: Although 42% of the women in the US are 40+ years old,
78% of the actresses in Hollywood are 39 or younger (as of
2001).
Women play only 34% of the roles, and earn 1/3 less than men
in comparable industry jobs
TV: Women represent only 36% of all prime-time characters;
less than 10% of sports news cover female athletes; in music
96. videos, women often shown as sex objects while men show
aggression
NEWSPAPERS: In a survey of 20 papers, women appeared in
only 13% of front page stories.
During political campaigns, women are typically described in
terms of dress, hair color, and family data
COMICS: Women in comic strips spend more time in gender-
stereotypical activities like domestic chores & child-rearing,
and men are depicted doing more leisurely activities
97. terms
Sex – biological characteristics individuals are born with that
determine whether they are male or female
Gender – socially learned attitudes and behaviors associated
with being male or female
Role – behavior expected of someone who holds a particular
status
Gender role – behavior expected of a male or female in a
particular culture
Sex role – behavior defined by biological constraints; i.e., only
women can give birth, only men can donate sperm
98. Why do gender roles differ?
In 37 different societies globally, it has been found that:
1. Heterosexual males everywhere seem to be drawn to
physically attractive young women
2. Heterosexual women have been found to be drawn to men
with economic ambitions
4 theories exploring gender differences: (1) sociobiology, (2)
social learning, (3) cognitive development, and (4) gender
schema
99. sociobiology
This perspective argues that our social behavior, and gender
behavior, result from biological differences
Men have more testosterone, women have more estrogen and
progesterone
These theorists say that men seek mates who are more likely to
be fertile, and women seek mates that are more likely to
guarantee the security of their offspring
100. social learning theory
This perspective argues that we learn attitudes and behaviors
through our interaction with the environment
Learning occurs in 2 ways: reinforcement and modeling
Learning by Reinforcement – desirable behavior is rewarded,
and undesirable behavior is punished
Learning by Modeling – learning through imitation of others
(i.e., the same-sex characteristics of our parents).
101. cognitive development theory
Theory proposes that how children think, understand, and
reason changes as they grow older, the result of biological
maturation and increasing social experience
Piaget & Kohlberg: both showed that children of different
developmental stages handle gender identity differently
2 y/o’s – don’t see gender as permanent; decide who was who
based on changeable attributes like hair length and clothing
5 y/o’s – would have developed a sense of gender identity and
probably identified yourself as wanting to do girl things or boy
things because it was comfortable
6 & 7 y/o’s – begin to understand gender as being permanent
102. gender schema theory
Theory suggests that, as children, we develop a framework of
knowledge (a gender schema) about what we think males and
females typically do, and we then use that framework to
interpret new information about gender
A schema consists of mental categories for organizing our
perceptions of cultural stimuli
When boys realize that cultural expectations of being male
include independence, aggression, and courage, they include
those views into their gender schema. Girls do the same when
they learn that being female means being affectionate,
understanding and nurturing.
Once schemas are developed, they influence how information
about gender is processed, so we’re likely to associate
103. particular activities with girls or boys.
how do parents influence gender socialization?
Fathers:
Tend to spend more time with sons than with daughters
Set higher standards of accomplishment for their sons than they
104. do for their daughters
More aggressive in play and more goal-directed with sons
With daughters, they tend to stress emotions and feelings in
their relationships
Children raised fatherless tend to have the same characteristics
as children raised in permissive families
Mothers:
Tend to express affection and give verbal praise to daughters
and sons equally
Like fathers, also tend to stress emotions & feelings in their
relationships with daughters
105. 4 ways parents socialize their children
Using different physical and verbal manipulations: Parents may
handle boys a little more roughly, or say things like “such a
strong boy”
Direct attention towards certain stereotypical gender-identified
objects: Encourage daughters to play with dolls, boys to play
with action figures
Boys’ toys tend to encourage physical activity, girls’ toys
emphasize physical closeness and mother-child talk
Apply different verbal descriptions to the same behavior:
Women are “pushy” or “bitchy” while men are “aggressive”
Encourage or discourage certain stereotypical gender-identified
activities: Girls are usually encouraged to indoor domestic
chores, and boys are encouraged to do outdoor chores
106. how peers influence us
Among children, play is often divided by gender, with peers
using approval or disapproval to influence our choices of toys,
games, food, music, TV programs, etc.
Children actively socialize one another to conform to certain
styles of interaction with members of their own sex
Girls tend to emphasize physical attractiveness, boys tend to
emphasize toughness
107. how education influences us
How teachers influence boys:
Boys tend to get more attention from teachers than girls do
Boys are more likely to be called on in class, given more time
to talk, and receive more praise but are also disciplined more
harshly
Boys tend to talk louder and are more demanding
How teachers influence girls:
Girls do better than boys academically through elementary
school, but by middle school boys have caught up and surpass
girls in subjects like science, math and reading (slightly
questionable)
Girls are not only less likely to be called on than boys but also,
if their answers are incorrect, not to be helped to discover the
error and correct it
Girls more likely to be praised for their appearance and for
being neat in their work
108. drawbacks of traditional gender roles
Men:
Personal self-worth often tied to job position and income
Men who fall short can experience depression, anxiety or mental
illness
Job-related stress
Less time for family life
Limited emotional expression, resulting in loneliness and fear
of intimacy
Limitations on child custody if/when divorced
Women:
109. Reduced income and career fulfillment
Dependence on the spouse, which can result in unhappiness
The “Beauty Problem”
Less personal self-worth
Tend to have lower self-esteem, less social self-confidence, and
diminished belief in their own intelligence
the women’s movement
110. Feminism – belief that women should have the same economic,
social, and political rights as men have
Types of feminism:
Liberal feminism – aka “equal rights feminism”; assumes that
the cause of women’s inequality is learned customs of gender
inequality
Socialist feminism – argues that the sexual division of labor and
gender inequality are an expression of class conflict. Wants
government support for parental leave and child care.
Radical feminism – considers male oppression to be the cause of
inequality, and sometimes advocates separatist roles for women
from the existing system.
Key emphasis is physical and psychological violence, as
perpetrated by male-dominated institutions against women
Lesbian feminism – focuses on the dominance of
heterosexuality
Conservative feminism – promotes a return to traditional roles
111. the men’s movement
Profeminists – agree with feminist women that patriarchy
benefits white heterosexual males but also obliges all men,
including minorities and gays, to follow rigid gender roles
Antifeminists – believe that male dominance is natural and
therefore women’s attempts to gain equality should be resisted
Masculinists – agree that the patriarchal system causes
oppression and isolation, but are more concerned with men’s
attempts to achieve self-realization and self-expression
112. Understanding: Learning About Intimate Behavior
Chapter 2
Does advertising lead to throw-away marriages?
Kilbourne (1999) argues that our market-driven culture locks
people into adolescent fantasies of sex and relationships
Connection between the constant images of instant sexual
113. gratification and passion and the increasing burden on marriage
and long-term lovers
Important to understand how much advertising exploits our
desire for intimate and committed relationships
“We are surrounded by thousands of messages every day that
link our deepest emotions to products, that objectify people and
trivialize our most heartfelt moments and relationships. Every
emotion is used to sell us something.”
Pop Culture & Media
By the time we’re grown, our minds have become set in patterns
of thinking that affect how we respond to new ideas
Mindsets are the result of our personal experiences and social
environments we grew up in
We see and hear what we subconsciously want to, and pay little
attention to facts or observations that have already been rejected
as unimportant
To combat this, we utilize critical thinking – clear, skeptical,
active thinking. Involves actively seeking to understand,
analyze, and evaluate information to solve problems.
Involves constantly questioning everything
Critical Thinking
114. Macro vs. Micro-level Orientations
Macro-level: focuses on large-scale patterns of society
Top-down approach
Micro-level: focuses on small-scale patterns of society,
concentrating on individual interactions in specific settings
Bottom-up approach
Theoretical Perspectives on the Family
Views the family as a social institution that performs essential
functions for society to ensure its stability
Society is viewed as being made up of institutions – family,
school, workplace, etc. – that enable the larger society to
function and have stability
Looks not only at the functions family provides for society, but
also at the functions family provides for its members and that
its members provide for it
Manifest vs. latent functions
Parsons claimed that families function best when
husbands/fathers carry out instrumental roles and wives/mothers
carry out expressive roles
Structural-Functional Theory
115. 3 Primary Functions of Family:
Ensures that society has an ongoing supply of new members and
is a source of socialization
Socialization – process by which offspring learn attitudes,
beliefs, and values appropriate to their society & culture so they
can function effectively in society
Provides economic support for family members
Provide emotional support for family members
Views individuals and groups as being basically in conflict with
each other for power and scarce resources
Considers competition and struggle within the family and
among groups in society at large to be natural and desirable
Argues that differences appear for 2 reasons:
1. Conflict over power: many relationships consist of power
struggles – over chores, child care, vacation time, etc.
2. Conflict over resources: most households never have enough
time, money, or possessions, so conflict ensues
Conflict Theory
116. Focuses on internal family interactions, the ongoing action and
the response of family members to each other
Family isn’t considered to be a generic structure; rather, is the
creation of its family members as they spontaneously interact
with each other
A family takes on a reality of its own based on the interchanges
of its members
Interactions are conducted via symbols – gestures or words that
we interpret or define as we observe them in other people.
Symbolic Interaction Theory
Family members make up a system of interconnected parts of a
whole, and that changes in one part change the other parts
Family is always striving to maintain equilibrium – a change in
one part makes the family try to make adjustments that will help
it go back to the way it was before
Issues cannot be addressed in isolation – everything is
interrelated and connected
Family Systems Theory
117. People’s interactions represent the efforts of each person to
maximize his or her benefits and minimize costs
If a relationships costs you more than it rewards you, you’re
probably not going to continue it
Benefits: wealth, security, affection, status, youth, etc.
Costs: Absence of these things
Social Exchange Theory
Argues that inequality in women’s roles is the result of male
dominance in the family and in society
2 ideas of inequality and oppression
Believe that marriage makes men much happier, but makes
women more miserable
3 main points:
1. Emphasis on inequality – argues that spouses should be equal
partners
2. No one kind of family – pushed for an expanded definition of
the family
3. Reduction in harassment and violence – society needs to
work to eliminate sexual harassment, domestic violence, and
child abuse
118. Feminist Theory
Proposes that family members accomplish developmental tasks
as they move through stages in the family life cycle
Member’s roles and relationships change, largely depending on
how they have to adapt to the absence or presence of child-
rearing responsibilities
Eight stages:
1. married couple
2. child-bearing family
3. family with preschoolers
4. family with school children
5. family with adolescents
6. family as launching center – oldest child “launched” into
adulthood
7. middle-age family – empty nest
8. aging family – retirement to death
Family Development Theory
Survey research – uses questionnaires or interviews to collect
119. data from sample groups, to then generalize to larger groups
Clinical research – in-depth examination of individuals or
groups in counseling
Observational research – participant vs. nonparticipant
observation
Experimental research – try to isolate a single factor or
behavior under controlled conditions to determine its effect
Research
SEEKING: Finding Happiness in a Complex World
Chapter 1
120. Seeking Happiness Through Love & Intimacy
One factor that matters most in happiness is marriage
Married people are happiest
Once people marry, their well-being improves
Men vs. women
Happy couples build 5 areas of their relationships into solid
strengths:
Good communication
Flexibility
Emotionally close
Compatible personalities
Agree on how to handle conflict
Basic Concepts of Marriage & Family
Marriage – a socially approved mating relationship
3 types:
Monogamy
Polyandry
Polygyny
121. From the standpoint of society, having children is probably the
main reason for marriage – to provide a stable framework for
the bearing, nurturing, socializing, rearing, and protection of
children
Family – a unit of two or more people, related by blood,
marriage, or adoption who live together.
Household – a group of people living together
Nuclear family – mother, father, and children living in one
household
Family of origin
Family of procreation
Extended family – includes nuclear family and others (uncles,
aunts, cousins, etc.)
Kin
Affiliated kin
Families in the Modern Era
122. Previously, marriages were based on patriarchal authority,
sexual repression, and hierarchical organization.
In the 1900’s, sexual attraction and compatibility started to
become the basis for middle-class marriage and family
relationships.
Companionate marriage – the marriage is supposed to provide
romance, emotional growth, and sexual fulfillment.
Wives no longer supposed to show sexual restraint
Spouses share decisions and tasks equally
Adolescent children allowed greater freedom from parental
supervision
Families Today
6 Significant Trends:
People are living longer and marrying later
Women are having fewer children, and waiting longer to have
them
More people are living alone or in unmarried relationships
More families are single-parent families
More 2-parent families feature both parents working
There are more divorces, remarriages, and blended families
123. 5 Factors Influencing Intimacy, Marriage, & Family Life
The Industrial Revolution: caused families to shift from
familism to individualism
Before the Industrial Revolution, the traditional family was
above all, and economic unit
Family decision making followed the philosophy of familism –
when decisions are made, family collective patterns take
priority over individual concerns
As the US became industrialized, families lost self-sufficiency;
both parents became obliged to work, causing children to have
less supervision.
Eventually, family decisions switched to the philosophy of
individualism – individual concerns take priority over family
collective concerns
Technological Change:
Invention of computers led to the internet, which led to social-
networking websites and media-sharing websites
Discoveries in biology are being used to treat fertility problems
Technology can have good & bad effects on relationships; i.e.,
air travel can take people away from their families for work, but
keep them connected through Skype, cell phones, email, etc.
Globalization:
Globalization is the trend of the world economy toward
becoming a more interdependent system
Can lead to a reduction in good-paying, low-skill manufacturing
124. jobs in the US
Because the stability and happiness of relationships & families
depends so much on good-paying jobs, globalization has meant
difficulty for some families
Mass Media & Pop Culture:
Some wonder if simple boredom could be to blame for
communication breakdowns in couples?
One study of 123 married couples found that those who reported
boredom at year 7 of their marriages were less likely to be
satisfied with their marriages at year 16
Mass media and pop culture very much influence roles, beliefs
and values in our lives
Role – pattern of behavior expected of a person who occupies a
social position within a certain group or culture
Role conflict
Beliefs – definition and explanations people have about what is
true
Values – deeply held beliefs and attitudes about what is
right/wrong, desirable/undesirable
125. The Great Recession of 2007 – 2009:
More multigenerational families are living together
More grandparents raising children
More young adults have moved back home
Fewer babies were born
Fewer people got married