Constantinople became the new capital of the Roman Empire in 330 CE when Constantine moved the capital from Rome. It was strategically located on the Bosporus Strait with access to trade routes between Asia and Europe. However, the capital moved again in 402 CE to Ravenna on the Italian coast.
During the 5th and 6th centuries, the Byzantine Empire rose to power under the leadership of Emperor Justinian. He had the Hagia Sophia built, codified Roman law, and expanded the empire's territory and economic power through industries like silk production. However, the Byzantine Empire eventually fell when the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453.
St. Justin de Jacobis worked in the 19th century to improve relations between Catholics and the Coptic Orthodox Christians of Ethiopia. He saw issues with the Ethiopian Church but approached them with charity and respect for their traditions. Unlike previous Jesuit missionaries who tried to force Catholicism, he formed relationships by fully embracing local customs and respecting Ethiopians. While boldly professing Catholic faith, he opened dialogue through love rather than aggression. This set an example of respectful ecumenism that helped future reconciliation between the churches.
Late Antique and Byzantine Art spanned from the 4th to 15th centuries in Europe. Key developments included the legalization of Christianity under Constantine, which led to new church building types adapting Roman basilica and central plans. Early Christian art appeared primarily in the catacombs of Rome using symbols like the Chi Ro and Good Shepherd. The Byzantine Empire continued imperial patronage of art beginning with Justinian, seen in mosaic masterpieces like San Vitale and Hagia Sophia. Icon painting emerged as a distinctive tradition, though it faced bans during the Iconoclastic Controversy.
This document provides an overview of Jewish, early Christian, and Byzantine art from the 4th century AD to the late Byzantine period. It begins with descriptions of 4th century frescoes from the Catacombs of Commodilla in Rome depicting Jesus as the Alpha and Omega. It then discusses symbols used in early Christian art such as the fish, cross, and lamb. Architectural developments are reviewed including early basilica and centralized plans as well as specific churches from Rome, Ravenna, and Constantinople. The document concludes with a discussion of the development of icons and iconoclasm during the Middle Byzantine period followed by examples of art and architecture through the late Byzantine era.
The document discusses the decline of serious learning and the rise of coffee houses in universities according to Anthony Wood from Oxford in the late 1500s-early 1600s. It then provides background information on Western Europe during 1500-1750 including the Protestant Reformation, Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, and economic and social changes like mercantilism. Finally, it includes several primary source excerpts criticizing the Catholic Church from Martin Luther's Table Talk in the 1530s-1540s.
- As Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire, its imagery began to change and incorporate elements from classical and pagan influences through a process known as religious syncretism.
- Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Constantinople, establishing a new center for Christianity in the East. By 380, Christianity was proclaimed the sole religion, and pagan worship was banned by 391.
- Early Christian art combined pagan imagery and architectural forms with new Christian meanings to help ease pagans' conversion. Mosaics and architecture took on new functions to serve Christian worship and doctrine. Images of Christ evolved to depict him as a figure of political and cosmic power befitting his status as the religion of the empire.
The document provides an overview of a lecture on religious developments in the later Roman Empire, focusing on the age of Constantine. It discusses the political context of Constantine's decision to convert to Christianity and analyzes primary sources on his conversion. The lecture aims to show how Constantine's conversion was influenced by the broader trends of monotheism and the relationship between religion and imperial power in the 3rd century Roman Empire.
Early Christian art developed between 200-500 CE, beginning with paintings in the Roman catacombs. Common motifs included the Good Shepherd and images of Jesus among the apostles. Early Christians also produced sarcophagi decorated with biblical scenes and symbols. As Christianity grew more prominent, churches were constructed using classical Roman architectural styles. Overall, early Christian art adapted Roman artistic forms and styles while establishing its own iconography.
Christianity emerged as an official religion of the Roman Empire over several centuries, evolving from a small Judaic sect to a major pillar of medieval Christendom. No one could have anticipated this remarkable transformation, which was difficult to fully explain even in hindsight. Constantine's conversion in 312 AD and the Edict of Milan legalizing Christianity set the stage for its rapid growth. Theodosius established Christianity as the empire's sole official religion in 391 AD, banning Roman paganism.
St. Justin de Jacobis worked in the 19th century to improve relations between Catholics and the Coptic Orthodox Christians of Ethiopia. He saw issues with the Ethiopian Church but approached them with charity and respect for their traditions. Unlike previous Jesuit missionaries who tried to force Catholicism, he formed relationships by fully embracing local customs and respecting Ethiopians. While boldly professing Catholic faith, he opened dialogue through love rather than aggression. This set an example of respectful ecumenism that helped future reconciliation between the churches.
Late Antique and Byzantine Art spanned from the 4th to 15th centuries in Europe. Key developments included the legalization of Christianity under Constantine, which led to new church building types adapting Roman basilica and central plans. Early Christian art appeared primarily in the catacombs of Rome using symbols like the Chi Ro and Good Shepherd. The Byzantine Empire continued imperial patronage of art beginning with Justinian, seen in mosaic masterpieces like San Vitale and Hagia Sophia. Icon painting emerged as a distinctive tradition, though it faced bans during the Iconoclastic Controversy.
This document provides an overview of Jewish, early Christian, and Byzantine art from the 4th century AD to the late Byzantine period. It begins with descriptions of 4th century frescoes from the Catacombs of Commodilla in Rome depicting Jesus as the Alpha and Omega. It then discusses symbols used in early Christian art such as the fish, cross, and lamb. Architectural developments are reviewed including early basilica and centralized plans as well as specific churches from Rome, Ravenna, and Constantinople. The document concludes with a discussion of the development of icons and iconoclasm during the Middle Byzantine period followed by examples of art and architecture through the late Byzantine era.
The document discusses the decline of serious learning and the rise of coffee houses in universities according to Anthony Wood from Oxford in the late 1500s-early 1600s. It then provides background information on Western Europe during 1500-1750 including the Protestant Reformation, Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, and economic and social changes like mercantilism. Finally, it includes several primary source excerpts criticizing the Catholic Church from Martin Luther's Table Talk in the 1530s-1540s.
- As Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire, its imagery began to change and incorporate elements from classical and pagan influences through a process known as religious syncretism.
- Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Constantinople, establishing a new center for Christianity in the East. By 380, Christianity was proclaimed the sole religion, and pagan worship was banned by 391.
- Early Christian art combined pagan imagery and architectural forms with new Christian meanings to help ease pagans' conversion. Mosaics and architecture took on new functions to serve Christian worship and doctrine. Images of Christ evolved to depict him as a figure of political and cosmic power befitting his status as the religion of the empire.
The document provides an overview of a lecture on religious developments in the later Roman Empire, focusing on the age of Constantine. It discusses the political context of Constantine's decision to convert to Christianity and analyzes primary sources on his conversion. The lecture aims to show how Constantine's conversion was influenced by the broader trends of monotheism and the relationship between religion and imperial power in the 3rd century Roman Empire.
Early Christian art developed between 200-500 CE, beginning with paintings in the Roman catacombs. Common motifs included the Good Shepherd and images of Jesus among the apostles. Early Christians also produced sarcophagi decorated with biblical scenes and symbols. As Christianity grew more prominent, churches were constructed using classical Roman architectural styles. Overall, early Christian art adapted Roman artistic forms and styles while establishing its own iconography.
Christianity emerged as an official religion of the Roman Empire over several centuries, evolving from a small Judaic sect to a major pillar of medieval Christendom. No one could have anticipated this remarkable transformation, which was difficult to fully explain even in hindsight. Constantine's conversion in 312 AD and the Edict of Milan legalizing Christianity set the stage for its rapid growth. Theodosius established Christianity as the empire's sole official religion in 391 AD, banning Roman paganism.
A Social History of the Medieval Church, 200-1563 AD - OLLI at UNM Lecture by...UNM Continuing Education
In the modern era, the medieval Catholic Church is often spoken of in negative terms. It is inevitable in a world largely shaped by the Reformation that many people focus on the corruption that plagued the Catholic Church in the late middle ages. However, long before the papacy faced off with Martin Luther, the Catholic Church played a vital role in European society. In the wake of the fall of the Roman Empire and in the centuries before nation states coalesced, the Catholic Church was the sole entity that held European society together. We'll examine the history of the Catholic Church from 200 to 1563 AD, with a particular focus on the social impact of the church.
The document provides an overview of early Christian and Byzantine art from late antiquity to the 15th century. It discusses how Christian art shifted from realistic styles to focus more on religious symbolism and narratives. Early Christian art included works within catacombs and sarcophagi that depicted biblical scenes from the life of Jesus. Byzantine art was characterized by flat, frontal figures without backgrounds and an emphasis on icons for religious devotion. Significant examples included the mosaics and architecture of the Hagia Sophia and San Vitale basilica in Ravenna.
The Roman Empire reached its peak during the Pax Romana period when Jesus was born. The first emperor, Augustus, brought stability and prosperity by regulating taxation and encouraging farming and trade. However, moral decline and the costs of maintaining a large empire contributed to the collapse of Rome. Barbarian invasions and the sacking of Rome in 410 AD marked the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD.
The Romans were very religious and believed in many gods and spirits. They adopted gods from other cultures but maintained gods specific to Rome like Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva. Religion was an important part of Roman society and integrated into both public and domestic life. Over time, Christianity grew despite early persecution until it became the dominant religion in the late Roman Empire.
The Byzantine Empire developed from the Eastern Roman Empire after the decline of Western Rome. It had two main components: the monarchy headed by emperors, and Christianity. Emperor Justinian attempted to restore the former Roman Empire by reconquering Mediterranean territories, but his victories were short-lived as most lands were lost after he spent too much on reconquest and died bankrupt. Byzantine emperors played both political and religious roles as head of state and God's representatives on Earth.
This document provides an overview of social and cultural views of women in ancient Europe from prehistoric times through the Roman Empire. It discusses the roles and status of women in societies such as ancient Greece, Rome, and among Celtic and Germanic peoples. Goddesses worshipped in ancient religions are also profiled. Queens and female rulers who held political and religious power in places like Macedonia, Egypt, and the Hellenistic world are highlighted.
During the Middle Ages in Europe, religion was a central part of people's worldview as most believed the Christian Church was necessary for salvation. The Black Death led some to question their faith in the Church. As the Renaissance began, exploration and trade expanded people's knowledge of the world while new thinkers also challenged religious orthodoxy, shifting society toward more secular values.
The document summarizes the art of the Late Antiquity period, from the 3rd to 6th centuries AD. It describes how Christianity became the dominant religion in the Roman Empire during this time. Art forms such as mosaics, frescoes, and sarcophagi incorporated Christian imagery and themes. Important early Christian sites mentioned include the Dura Europos synagogue, Roman catacombs, the Old St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, and Ravenna churches containing beautiful mosaic artwork. The blending of Greco-Roman and Christian traditions during this period formed the basis of Western art and architecture.
This document discusses early Christian art from the 4th to 12th centuries CE. It covers topics such as:
- How Christian art evolved from modest meeting houses to grand churches like Hagia Sophia under Emperor Constantine and his successors.
- The development of Christian iconography and imagery over time, including increasing depictions of Christ as an adult and references to Old Testament stories.
- Important artistic centers like Ravenna whose 6th century mosaics exemplified Byzantine style.
- The debate around iconoclasm and destruction of religious images in the Byzantine Empire between the 8th-9th centuries.
2. art history ancient art (prehistoric roman art)ChstrMprnm
This document provides an overview of ancient art from prehistoric times through the Roman era. It discusses the major styles and forms of art from Egypt, Greece, and Rome. For Egypt, it describes pyramids, sculpture like the Great Sphinx, and wall paintings containing hieroglyphics. For Greece, it outlines the three architectural orders, periods of sculpture, and painted pottery. For Rome, it examines architectural structures like basilicas, pantheons, and colosseums as well as forms of art like sculptures, murals, and baths.
The document discusses several key events and developments in the early Christian church between the 1st and 5th centuries CE. It notes that Constantine issued the Edict of Milan in 313 legalizing Christianity. The Council of Nicaea in 325 established the Nicene Creed rejecting Arian beliefs. The Council of Chalcedon in 451 defined that Jesus had two natures, divine and human. Heresies like Arianism, Gnosticism and others threatened the church, but early church fathers and theologians like Athanasius defended orthodox Christianity. Monasticism also grew as some Christians sought ascetic lifestyles in response to the church's growing worldliness.
This document discusses developments during the Renaissance period in Italy, including:
- Artists like Giotto and Donatello renewed interest in naturalism and classicism over medieval styles.
- Filippo Brunelleschi's dome for the Florence Cathedral demonstrated innovations in architecture.
- Leonardo da Vinci was a quintessential Renaissance man who excelled in many fields including painting, anatomy, and engineering. His works like the Last Supper and Vitruvian Man exemplified Renaissance ideals.
- Michelangelo was a highly influential sculptor and painter who took naturalism and idealized human forms to new heights.
The document provides information on the evolution of church architecture from early Christian to Byzantine and Romanesque styles. It discusses key architectural features of important churches like St. Peter's Basilica, Hagia Sophia, and characteristics of Romanesque architecture. The early Christian churches adopted the basilica model of Roman buildings. Byzantine architecture was influenced by Roman styles but featured Greek crosses, domes, and decorative mosaics. St. Peter's Basilica and Hagia Sophia are given as prominent examples of these styles with details on their exteriors and interiors. Romanesque architecture used semi-circular arches and spanned from the 6th to 11th centuries in medieval Europe.
Constantine the Great played a pivotal role in the legalization and spread of Christianity in the Roman Empire. Some key events and accomplishments included:
1) Constantine's vision of the Chi-Rho before the Battle of Milvian Bridge in 312 AD, after which he adopted the sign to mark his soldiers' shields and helmets and emerged victorious, establishing the Chi-Rho as a Christian symbol.
2) The Edict of Milan in 313 AD which granted religious freedom and restitution of confiscated Christian properties throughout the Empire.
3) The construction of important Christian sites including the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem and the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople.
4)
The Republic and Empire of Rome was one of the most formative civilizations in Western history. We'll explore the aspects of Roman civilization that have most influenced modern Western society. We'll examine the evolution of Rome's own political system, from a monarchy to a Republic to an Empire, and pay particular attention to the forces that drove this transition over the course of Rome's history. Roman civilization irrevocably shaped the political, social, and religious inheritance of all societies it came into contact with, and those heirs to Roman civilization helped to shape modern Western society itself.
The Byzantine Empire emerged as the eastern half of the Roman Empire with the founding of Constantinople in 330 AD by Constantine the Great. It lasted for over 1000 years until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. The Byzantine Empire helped preserve Greek and Roman culture and learning during the Middle Ages and made significant contributions to art, architecture, and military innovations like Greek fire. A defining characteristic was its Orthodox Christian faith, which was central to its government and highly influential on its artistic traditions including mosaics and icons.
Early Christian art developed between the 3rd and 7th centuries CE as Christianity established itself apart from Judaism. Key art forms included sculptures, carvings, wall paintings and architecture like basilicas. Notable works included the 4th century Basilica of St. John Lateran in Rome, which served ceremonial purposes, and the 5th century Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, featuring a relief carving of Saint Michael. Symbols like anchors, fish and the Chi-Rho signified Christian meanings and beliefs. Mosaics and frescoes depicted biblical themes like the Good Shepherd to convey God's love and care for humanity. Many artists during this period remain unknown.
Early Christian art developed from Roman art between the 2nd and 7th centuries AD. It was produced for the early undivided Christian church. Notable features include paintings and symbols used in the underground Roman catacombs where Christians buried their dead. Common symbols included the Good Shepherd, the orante (praying figure), the Chi-Rho monogram of Christ, and the fish, which were used to represent Christian ideas covertly in the early persecuted church. After Christianity was legalized, Christian art incorporated these symbols into church art and architecture above ground.
The document summarizes the rise and spread of Christianity from the fall of the Roman Empire to the Late Middle Ages. During this period, Christianity grew from a small persecuted sect to the dominant religion of Europe. It established a church hierarchy with the Pope at its head and adopted core beliefs and sacraments. The Crusades were a series of military expeditions called by the Pope in the 11th-13th centuries to recover the Holy Land from Muslim rule, though they ultimately failed in their goal.
Art1204 early christian & byzantine artProfWillAdams
The document provides an overview of early Christian and Byzantine art from the 4th century to the 10th century. It discusses how art shifted from realistic styles to focus more on religious symbolism and narratives after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. It also describes the two main church building plans - the basilica and central plans. Key artistic works are highlighted from the Early Christian period in Rome and the Byzantine period in Constantinople under Emperor Justinian, including illuminated manuscripts and icon paintings.
This document provides an overview of the rise of Christianity in Europe from the late Roman Empire through the Middle Ages. It discusses how Christianity became the dominant religion in the late Roman Empire and the philosophical influences on early Christian thought. It also describes the development of Byzantine art and architecture centered in Constantinople, the rise of monasticism, and the major architectural styles of the Romanesque and Gothic periods. Key events and figures mentioned include Constantine's legalization of Christianity and establishment of Constantinople as the new capital in the 4th century.
The Byzantine Empire prospered as a blending of Greek, Roman, Christian, and other cultures while the Western Roman Empire declined. Christianity was influential but divisions grew between the Orthodox Byzantine church and Catholic Roman church, resulting in a schism in 1054. The Hagia Sophia was completed in just six years and served as a church, mosque, and now museum, showcasing the Byzantine blend of architectural styles. For over 1000 years the Byzantines advanced culture through preserving classical knowledge, iconography, mosaics, and blending architectural influences.
A Social History of the Medieval Church, 200-1563 AD - OLLI at UNM Lecture by...UNM Continuing Education
In the modern era, the medieval Catholic Church is often spoken of in negative terms. It is inevitable in a world largely shaped by the Reformation that many people focus on the corruption that plagued the Catholic Church in the late middle ages. However, long before the papacy faced off with Martin Luther, the Catholic Church played a vital role in European society. In the wake of the fall of the Roman Empire and in the centuries before nation states coalesced, the Catholic Church was the sole entity that held European society together. We'll examine the history of the Catholic Church from 200 to 1563 AD, with a particular focus on the social impact of the church.
The document provides an overview of early Christian and Byzantine art from late antiquity to the 15th century. It discusses how Christian art shifted from realistic styles to focus more on religious symbolism and narratives. Early Christian art included works within catacombs and sarcophagi that depicted biblical scenes from the life of Jesus. Byzantine art was characterized by flat, frontal figures without backgrounds and an emphasis on icons for religious devotion. Significant examples included the mosaics and architecture of the Hagia Sophia and San Vitale basilica in Ravenna.
The Roman Empire reached its peak during the Pax Romana period when Jesus was born. The first emperor, Augustus, brought stability and prosperity by regulating taxation and encouraging farming and trade. However, moral decline and the costs of maintaining a large empire contributed to the collapse of Rome. Barbarian invasions and the sacking of Rome in 410 AD marked the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD.
The Romans were very religious and believed in many gods and spirits. They adopted gods from other cultures but maintained gods specific to Rome like Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva. Religion was an important part of Roman society and integrated into both public and domestic life. Over time, Christianity grew despite early persecution until it became the dominant religion in the late Roman Empire.
The Byzantine Empire developed from the Eastern Roman Empire after the decline of Western Rome. It had two main components: the monarchy headed by emperors, and Christianity. Emperor Justinian attempted to restore the former Roman Empire by reconquering Mediterranean territories, but his victories were short-lived as most lands were lost after he spent too much on reconquest and died bankrupt. Byzantine emperors played both political and religious roles as head of state and God's representatives on Earth.
This document provides an overview of social and cultural views of women in ancient Europe from prehistoric times through the Roman Empire. It discusses the roles and status of women in societies such as ancient Greece, Rome, and among Celtic and Germanic peoples. Goddesses worshipped in ancient religions are also profiled. Queens and female rulers who held political and religious power in places like Macedonia, Egypt, and the Hellenistic world are highlighted.
During the Middle Ages in Europe, religion was a central part of people's worldview as most believed the Christian Church was necessary for salvation. The Black Death led some to question their faith in the Church. As the Renaissance began, exploration and trade expanded people's knowledge of the world while new thinkers also challenged religious orthodoxy, shifting society toward more secular values.
The document summarizes the art of the Late Antiquity period, from the 3rd to 6th centuries AD. It describes how Christianity became the dominant religion in the Roman Empire during this time. Art forms such as mosaics, frescoes, and sarcophagi incorporated Christian imagery and themes. Important early Christian sites mentioned include the Dura Europos synagogue, Roman catacombs, the Old St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, and Ravenna churches containing beautiful mosaic artwork. The blending of Greco-Roman and Christian traditions during this period formed the basis of Western art and architecture.
This document discusses early Christian art from the 4th to 12th centuries CE. It covers topics such as:
- How Christian art evolved from modest meeting houses to grand churches like Hagia Sophia under Emperor Constantine and his successors.
- The development of Christian iconography and imagery over time, including increasing depictions of Christ as an adult and references to Old Testament stories.
- Important artistic centers like Ravenna whose 6th century mosaics exemplified Byzantine style.
- The debate around iconoclasm and destruction of religious images in the Byzantine Empire between the 8th-9th centuries.
2. art history ancient art (prehistoric roman art)ChstrMprnm
This document provides an overview of ancient art from prehistoric times through the Roman era. It discusses the major styles and forms of art from Egypt, Greece, and Rome. For Egypt, it describes pyramids, sculpture like the Great Sphinx, and wall paintings containing hieroglyphics. For Greece, it outlines the three architectural orders, periods of sculpture, and painted pottery. For Rome, it examines architectural structures like basilicas, pantheons, and colosseums as well as forms of art like sculptures, murals, and baths.
The document discusses several key events and developments in the early Christian church between the 1st and 5th centuries CE. It notes that Constantine issued the Edict of Milan in 313 legalizing Christianity. The Council of Nicaea in 325 established the Nicene Creed rejecting Arian beliefs. The Council of Chalcedon in 451 defined that Jesus had two natures, divine and human. Heresies like Arianism, Gnosticism and others threatened the church, but early church fathers and theologians like Athanasius defended orthodox Christianity. Monasticism also grew as some Christians sought ascetic lifestyles in response to the church's growing worldliness.
This document discusses developments during the Renaissance period in Italy, including:
- Artists like Giotto and Donatello renewed interest in naturalism and classicism over medieval styles.
- Filippo Brunelleschi's dome for the Florence Cathedral demonstrated innovations in architecture.
- Leonardo da Vinci was a quintessential Renaissance man who excelled in many fields including painting, anatomy, and engineering. His works like the Last Supper and Vitruvian Man exemplified Renaissance ideals.
- Michelangelo was a highly influential sculptor and painter who took naturalism and idealized human forms to new heights.
The document provides information on the evolution of church architecture from early Christian to Byzantine and Romanesque styles. It discusses key architectural features of important churches like St. Peter's Basilica, Hagia Sophia, and characteristics of Romanesque architecture. The early Christian churches adopted the basilica model of Roman buildings. Byzantine architecture was influenced by Roman styles but featured Greek crosses, domes, and decorative mosaics. St. Peter's Basilica and Hagia Sophia are given as prominent examples of these styles with details on their exteriors and interiors. Romanesque architecture used semi-circular arches and spanned from the 6th to 11th centuries in medieval Europe.
Constantine the Great played a pivotal role in the legalization and spread of Christianity in the Roman Empire. Some key events and accomplishments included:
1) Constantine's vision of the Chi-Rho before the Battle of Milvian Bridge in 312 AD, after which he adopted the sign to mark his soldiers' shields and helmets and emerged victorious, establishing the Chi-Rho as a Christian symbol.
2) The Edict of Milan in 313 AD which granted religious freedom and restitution of confiscated Christian properties throughout the Empire.
3) The construction of important Christian sites including the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem and the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople.
4)
The Republic and Empire of Rome was one of the most formative civilizations in Western history. We'll explore the aspects of Roman civilization that have most influenced modern Western society. We'll examine the evolution of Rome's own political system, from a monarchy to a Republic to an Empire, and pay particular attention to the forces that drove this transition over the course of Rome's history. Roman civilization irrevocably shaped the political, social, and religious inheritance of all societies it came into contact with, and those heirs to Roman civilization helped to shape modern Western society itself.
The Byzantine Empire emerged as the eastern half of the Roman Empire with the founding of Constantinople in 330 AD by Constantine the Great. It lasted for over 1000 years until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. The Byzantine Empire helped preserve Greek and Roman culture and learning during the Middle Ages and made significant contributions to art, architecture, and military innovations like Greek fire. A defining characteristic was its Orthodox Christian faith, which was central to its government and highly influential on its artistic traditions including mosaics and icons.
Early Christian art developed between the 3rd and 7th centuries CE as Christianity established itself apart from Judaism. Key art forms included sculptures, carvings, wall paintings and architecture like basilicas. Notable works included the 4th century Basilica of St. John Lateran in Rome, which served ceremonial purposes, and the 5th century Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, featuring a relief carving of Saint Michael. Symbols like anchors, fish and the Chi-Rho signified Christian meanings and beliefs. Mosaics and frescoes depicted biblical themes like the Good Shepherd to convey God's love and care for humanity. Many artists during this period remain unknown.
Early Christian art developed from Roman art between the 2nd and 7th centuries AD. It was produced for the early undivided Christian church. Notable features include paintings and symbols used in the underground Roman catacombs where Christians buried their dead. Common symbols included the Good Shepherd, the orante (praying figure), the Chi-Rho monogram of Christ, and the fish, which were used to represent Christian ideas covertly in the early persecuted church. After Christianity was legalized, Christian art incorporated these symbols into church art and architecture above ground.
The document summarizes the rise and spread of Christianity from the fall of the Roman Empire to the Late Middle Ages. During this period, Christianity grew from a small persecuted sect to the dominant religion of Europe. It established a church hierarchy with the Pope at its head and adopted core beliefs and sacraments. The Crusades were a series of military expeditions called by the Pope in the 11th-13th centuries to recover the Holy Land from Muslim rule, though they ultimately failed in their goal.
Art1204 early christian & byzantine artProfWillAdams
The document provides an overview of early Christian and Byzantine art from the 4th century to the 10th century. It discusses how art shifted from realistic styles to focus more on religious symbolism and narratives after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. It also describes the two main church building plans - the basilica and central plans. Key artistic works are highlighted from the Early Christian period in Rome and the Byzantine period in Constantinople under Emperor Justinian, including illuminated manuscripts and icon paintings.
This document provides an overview of the rise of Christianity in Europe from the late Roman Empire through the Middle Ages. It discusses how Christianity became the dominant religion in the late Roman Empire and the philosophical influences on early Christian thought. It also describes the development of Byzantine art and architecture centered in Constantinople, the rise of monasticism, and the major architectural styles of the Romanesque and Gothic periods. Key events and figures mentioned include Constantine's legalization of Christianity and establishment of Constantinople as the new capital in the 4th century.
The Byzantine Empire prospered as a blending of Greek, Roman, Christian, and other cultures while the Western Roman Empire declined. Christianity was influential but divisions grew between the Orthodox Byzantine church and Catholic Roman church, resulting in a schism in 1054. The Hagia Sophia was completed in just six years and served as a church, mosque, and now museum, showcasing the Byzantine blend of architectural styles. For over 1000 years the Byzantines advanced culture through preserving classical knowledge, iconography, mosaics, and blending architectural influences.
Hum2220 the byzantine era an empire evolvesProfWillAdams
The Byzantine Empire began in 395 AD when Emperor Constantine divided the Roman Empire into Western and Eastern halves. The Eastern half was based in Constantinople and came to include the Balkans, Asia Minor, Syria, and Egypt. It reached its height under Emperor Justinian in the 6th century but gradually declined due to invasions and attacks from neighboring powers like the Lombards, Slavs, Persians, and Arabs. The Empire was weakened further by the Sack of Constantinople by Crusaders in 1204. It survived until 1453 when the Ottoman Turks finally conquered Constantinople, bringing the Byzantine Empire to an end.
Justinian was a Byzantine emperor who ruled from 527 to 565 AD. He rebuilt the city of Constantinople, making it a grand new capital, and reconquered lost Roman territories in Western Europe. Justinian also had the Justinian Code compiled, establishing a revised set of laws for the Byzantine Empire. However, a plague devastated the empire in the mid-6th century, weakening it and leaving it vulnerable to invasions by enemies from all sides in the coming centuries.
1. Justinian was a Byzantine emperor who rebuilt the city of Constantinople and sought to reconquer former Roman territories after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
2. He commissioned the construction of new fortifications, aqueducts, and most notably Hagia Sophia, one of the greatest churches ever built.
3. Justinian also had Roman laws collected and codified into the Justinian Code, which served as the basis of Byzantine law for over 900 years.
Reigion timeline presentation: Early Churchsfriess10
The document provides an overview of the Early Church from 100-790 CE. It discusses the transition from pagan Roman Empire to a Christian Roman/Byzantine Empire after Constantine legalized Christianity in 313 CE. It also describes key figures like Justin Martyr, Ignatius of Antioch, Augustine of Hippo, and Benedict of Nursia. The document concludes by covering the Second Council of Nicaea in 787 CE which addressed the issue of iconoclasm in the Byzantine Empire.
The document discusses Byzantine art and how it expressed the values of Byzantine culture. Byzantine art was very religious in nature and followed strict conventions for depicting figures like Jesus and Mary. Artworks used symbolic and abstract styles rather than realistic portrayals. The Hagia Sophia church in Constantinople was a major architectural feat and an important center of Byzantine culture until it was converted to a mosque after the Ottoman conquest in 1453.
The document provides background information on the Byzantine Empire, including:
1) It was established in 324 AD when Constantine moved the Roman capital to Byzantium for strategic reasons as the Western Empire fell.
2) Under Justinian in the 6th century, the Byzantine Empire expanded again through conquest but was unable to maintain control over new territories in the long run.
3) Religious disagreements over the use of icons in worship contributed to the Great Schism between the Orthodox Eastern Church and Catholic Western Church in 1054.
Hum2220 the byzantine era an empire evolvesProfWillAdams
The Byzantine Empire evolved from the eastern half of the Roman Empire, with its capital in Constantinople. It reached its height under Emperor Justinian in the 6th century AD, reconquering Italy and North Africa. However, the Byzantine Empire gradually declined due to invasions and attacks from the Slavs, Persians, Arabs, and Seljuk Turks. This continued until the Ottoman Turks finally conquered Constantinople in 1453, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire.
Byzantine art expressed the values of Byzantine culture through religious imagery in a conventionalized style. Artists followed strict rules and used symbolic rather than realistic representations. Mosaics and icons in churches depicted Jesus and Mary in standardized poses and features to convey devotion. The Byzantine Empire declined due to overextension of resources on borders, growing Islamic power, and the sacking of Constantinople by Catholic crusaders in 1204, which devastated the empire.
This document provides an overview of the key people and developments in early Christianity and medieval Western civilization, including:
- Jesus of Nazareth and the early beliefs about him, such as the virgin birth, miracles, crucifixion, and resurrection.
- The spread of Christianity throughout the Roman Empire and its adoption as the official religion under Constantine.
- Important figures that helped spread Christianity during the Middle Ages, such as St. Benedict, St. Patrick, St. Augustine, and St. Thomas Aquinas.
- The major developments in medieval art and architecture, including Romanesque and Gothic styles.
This document discusses hagiography, which are writings about saints' lives and martyrdom that were intended to educate readers on virtues and inspire emulation of saints, rather than provide strictly historical accounts. It provides definitions and terminology related to hagiography and the cult of saints. It also discusses how historians in Late Antiquity had different approaches than modern historians, prioritizing edification over chronology and impartiality. The document examines themes commonly found in saints' lives and provides perspectives on hagiography from several scholars including Peter Brown, Averil Cameron, and David Brakke.
The 400-year period from 1517 to 1918 saw preparations for the Second Coming of Christ. This period was divided into three stages: 1) The Reformation from 1517-1648 which began with Martin Luther, 2) Religious and ideological conflicts from 1648-1789, and 3) The maturation of politics, economy and ideology from 1789-1918 ending with World War I. During the Middle Ages, feudalism and corruption in the Roman Church suppressed humanity's original nature, prompting movements like the Renaissance and Reformation to restore it. The Renaissance revived Hellenism and humanism while the Reformation revived the Hebrew faith tradition, centered on faith in God.
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This document discusses the development of late antique Jewish and Christian art from Roman artistic traditions. It covers early Christian art found in the Roman catacombs and the adoption of basilica and central-plan architectural styles for churches. Key periods discussed include the pre-Constantinian underground movement, Constantine's legalization of Christianity in 313, and the establishment of Ravenna as capital of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, where elaborate mosaics were produced.
The Byzantine Empire lasted from 476 AD to 1453 AD, governed by an autocratic emperor. The most important emperor was Justinian, who reconquered territories around the Mediterranean and codified Roman law. However, later emperors lost these territories, and by the 15th century only Constantinople remained before it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, ending the Byzantine Empire.
Medieval philosophy refers to philosophy in Western Europe between the decline of classical pagan culture and the rediscovery of ancient philosophy during the Renaissance. The most significant influence on medieval philosophy was Christianity, as Christian institutions supported intellectual life and provided subjects for philosophical reflection. Philosophy focused on problems of salvation and the afterlife rather than nature. It was theocentric and centered around the belief in one God. The works of Aristotle and Plato were rediscovered and studied in the 12th century, marking a "golden age" of medieval philosophy concerning religion, logic, and metaphysics. Two influential Roman philosophers were Boethius and Augustine, with Augustine integrating Neoplatonism into Christian doctrine.
Christian art developed from biblical stories and imagery found in the New Testament gospels and book of Revelation. Early Christian art was created in underground catacombs. Byzantine art extended the Roman empire's eastern portion and was influenced by Orthodox Christianity, featuring flat, floating figures in frontal orientation with gold backgrounds instead of depth or realism. Justinian I's rule in the 6th century typified the early Byzantine era, suppressing all religions but Christianity and reclaiming western Roman lands. Icons were used devotionally but were banned in iconoclasm; abstraction replaced figural art until icons were restored in 843. Manuscripts and objects like the Vienna Genesis and protective icons like the Virgin of Vladimir displayed the
Early Christian art incorporated symbols and imagery from both Roman imperial styles and Jewish traditions to represent their new faith. Scenes from the Old Testament like the story of Jonah were popular subjects in places like the catacombs of Rome. As Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire under Constantine, new church buildings like Old St. Peter's in Rome combined the forms of imperial architecture with Christian themes and symbols of faith.
The Byzantine Empire centered around Constantinople, which commanded important trade routes. Under Justinian, the empire reached its height with the construction of Hagia Sophia and establishment of Justinian's Code of Laws. However, the empire later faced attacks from Arab armies and internal religious conflicts, including the Great Schism between the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches. The Crusades further weakened the empire, and Constantinople ultimately fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, ending the Byzantine Empire. However, Byzantine art, architecture, and scholarship continued to influence Western culture.
The 14th century was a time of calamity, decay, and violence in Western Europe. The Black Death pandemic devastated populations, weakening institutions and fueling social unrest. In Italy, writers like Petrarch and Boccaccio captured this turmoil, using new styles like the sonnet and novella. Giotto also broke from Byzantine tradition with realistic frescoes depicting emotional biblical scenes, beginning the Renaissance in art.
Charlemagne revived the Western Roman Empire and established a feudal system of administration. He promoted education, establishing schools and hiring scholars to standardize religious texts and spread literacy. Monasteries played a key role in preserving knowledge, developing the economy, and spreading Gregorian chant and Benedictine monasticism. Women like Hildegard of Bingen also contributed to religious and intellectual life. Liturgical music and drama developed from tropes added to chants and eventually moved outside the church.
1. Muhammad founded Islam in 610 CE after receiving revelations from God through the angel Gabriel, preaching monotheism and establishing the Five Pillars of Islam.
2. The Qur'an is the central religious text of Islam containing revelations received by Muhammad, and Islamic architecture features mosques oriented towards Mecca with no figurative art.
3. Sufism represents the mystical dimension of Islam through communities led by sheykhs that emphasize devotion to God through ascetic practices and poetry.
The document provides an overview of the origins and history of Judaism and Christianity. It discusses the key periods and events in Jewish history from the patriarchs to the exile and return. It also covers the life of Jesus and the early Christian church established by Paul. The Bible served as the central text that shaped Western culture and values through its emphasis on monotheism, ethics, and influential stories and figures.
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Early Greece saw the transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age around 1000 BCE. Athens emerged as an intellectual center in the 5th century BCE. This period saw the birth of Western culture and the development of the polis system. The epics of Homer, the Iliad and Odyssey, were created during the Heroic Age and helped establish Greek cultural values. The Archaic period saw the influence of trade with Near Eastern cultures and the development of sculpture, painting, and architecture in the Doric order. This laid the foundation for achievements of Classical Greece.
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
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3. The Decline of Rome
Constantinople became the “new” Rome
Constantine moved Roman capital from
Rome to Byzantium and changed the
name to Constantinople in C.E. 330
Geographic advantages
Deepwater port with natural shelter
Plentiful forests and water
Neighboring areas were agriculturally rich and
could supply the city’s food needs
Straddled the most prominent land route
between Asia and Europe
4. The Decline of Rome
Ravenna
Emperor Honorius moved capital from
Constantinople to Ravenna in C.E. 402
On the Adriatic coast
476 C.E. – last Roman emperor died there
(in Ravenna)
Goths occupied Ravenna until they were
defeated by imperial forces from
Constantinople
5. The Decline of Rome
Christianity continued to grow and
expand in influence during 4th
and 5th
centuries.
2 writers wrote during the decline of the
West
Augustine (from Roman North Africa) &
Boethius (from Ravenna)
6. Literature and Philosophy:
Augustine of Hippo
Witnessed the decline of Roman power
Born in C.E. 354 in Northern Africa (part of
the Roman provinces), received a Classical
education in Africa and Rome
Converted to Christianity in Milan and
returned to his native country
Named Bishop of Hippo (390 C.E.)
Augustinian Premises or Beliefs
Absolute majesty of God
Immutability of God’s will (unchangeable)
Flawed state of the human condition
7. Literature and Philosophy:
Augustine of Hippo
Until Thomas Aquinas in the 13th
century, all Christian theologians in the
West started from Augustinian
premises.
Visigoths sacked Rome in 410, and the
pagan world blamed the rise in
Christianity.
Augustine wrote The City of God
partially as a response to this charge.
8. Literature and Philosophy:
Augustine of Hippo
Wrote The City of God
An attempt to formulate a coherent and all-
embracing philosophy of history
Most influential philosophies of history written in
Western world
Linear history: history moves in a straight line
Begins and ends with God
Did not believe that history repeats itself
Was convinced that humanity had an origin, played
out its story, and would terminate
The city of man would be judged and the city of
God would be saved
9. Literature and Philosophy:
Augustine of Hippo
Confessions
Invented the genre of self-reflective writing
Autobiography, self-reflection
“I would know myself that I might know Thee,”
Augustine writes of God
Self-scrutiny and inquiry into the significance of
life were new in Western culture
Analysis of his spiritual and intellectual
development from his youth until the time of his
conversion to Christianity
10. Literature and Philosophy:
Augustine of Hippo
Confessions
Title must be understood in a triple sense:
Confession of sin
Act of faith in God
Confession of praise
Reflects on philosophical and theological
questions - linked to his own experience
Began his book as a prayer to God
11. Literature and Philosophy:
Boethius
Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethuis
served Goth king Theodoric (522)
Was a highly educated Roman
Bridged gap between classical paganism
and Christianity
The Consolation of Philosophy
Wrote it while in prison awaiting execution
Reasons for imprisonment are not clear
12. Literature and Philosophy:
Boethius
The Consolation of Philosophy
Dialogue between Lady Philosophy and the
author about philosophical and religious
basis for human freedom
Blends spirit of the Book of Job with Roman
Stoicism
Lady demands he avoid self-pity
Face troubles with serenity and hope
Provident God overcomes all evil
Issues of human freedom
Human freedom exists along with an all-knowing
God; good will triumph
13. Literature and Philosophy:
Boethius
The Consolation of Philosophy
No explicit mention of Christian doctrine,
although there are Christian themes
Recasting of Roman thought into Christian
patterns
Reflects elegance of Roman expression,
burgeoning hope of Christianity, and sadness
that afflicted any sensitive Roman (decline of
Rome)
One of the most widely read and influential
works of the Middle Ages
Quoted by Thomas Aquinas and Dante
14. Literature and Philosophy:
Boethius
He sets out a basic problem and provides
an answer:
If God knows what we do before we do it,
how can we be said to be free agents who
must accept responsibility for personal
acts?
Look at the problem from the point of view
of God: God lives in eternity; therefore,
God doesn’t “foresee” the future;
“eternity” means “no time”
15. Literature and Philosophy:
Boethius
God does not exercise Praevidentia
(seeing things before they happen) but
exercises Providence (seeing all things
in the simultaneity of their happening)
Life is not the product of blind fate or an
uncaring force in the universe.
Boethius’s writing reflects beliefs
of Plato and Aristotle, stoicism of
Cicero, and theological reflections
of Augustine
16. The Ascendancy of Byzantium
Constantinople – center of imperial life in
early 5th
century
6th
century, reached its highest expression of
power with the ascension to the throne of
Justinian
Justinian and Theodora – King and Queen
His intention was to restore the empire to a
state of grandeur
Aided by Theodora (former dancer and prostitute)
She was tough-minded and capable woman who added
strength and resolve to the grandiose plans of the emperor
17. The Ascendancy of Byzantium
Built up Western silk industry
Emperor encouraged Persian monks residing in
China to bring silkworms out of China
They smuggled silkworm eggs out of the country
in hollow tubes.
Within a decade the industry rivaled that of
China
Revised / Codified Roman Law
Law was a vast jumble of disorganized and
contradictory decisions, decrees, statutes,
opinions, and legal codes
18. The Ascendancy of Byzantium
Tribonian – legal scholar who sorted through
decrees and laws
Code, Pandects, Institutes
Code – summarized all imperial decrees
from the time of Hadrian to Justinian
Pandects (digest) – synthesized a vast
quantity of legal opinion and scholarship
Institutes – legal collection broken down
into four categories
Laws concerning persons, things, actions, and
personal wrongs (criminal law)
19. The Ascendancy of Byzantium
The body of this legal revision became the
basis for the law courts of the empire and,
in later centuries, the basis for the use of
Roman law in the West.
20. The Ascendancy of Byzantium
Christian fanaticism
Justinian and Theodora took a keen interest in
theology and ecclesiastical governance (church
organization)
Justinian shut down the last surviving Platonic
academy on the grounds that its paganism was
inimical (hostile) to the true religion.
Generosity to the church was great
Built 25+ churches and convents
Hagia Sophia
21. Church of Hagia Sophia
Hagia Sophia – Greek for “Holy Wisdom”
Principle church of Constantinople
Destroyed twice during Justinian’s reign
Once by fire during Justinian’s reign, and during civil
disorders of the Nika revolt in 532 that destroyed
most of the European side of the city
Anthemius and Isidore – two architects
who planned the new church
Work began in 532 and the building was
dedicated 5 years later in the presence of
Justinian and Theodora
22. Church of Hagia Sophia
Unified basilica and dome (had not been done
before)
Architects used pendentives to solve the
architectural problem
Pendentives – triangular masonry devices that
carried the weight of the dome on massive piers
rather than straight down to the drum (see. Fig.
7.1)
Church is 184 feet high, 41 feet higher than the
Pantheon
Has columned side aisles and gallery for female
worshipers
23. Church of Hagia Sophia
Dome is surrounded by forty windows
Seems to hang in space
Light streamed into the church reflecting off the
mosaics
Light was a key element behind the conception of
Hagia Sophia– light is the symbol of divine wisdom
(see Fig. 7.3)
The sun and it’s ray’s represent the eternity of
God and His illumination of mortals
Light was went far beyond simple illumination of
the interior: created spiritual ambience (mood)
24. Church of Hagia Sophia
Liturgy – sequence of various parts of
the worship service
Divine Liturgy was developed from the
inspiration of St. John Chrysostom
Was the patriarch of the city in the century
before Justinian
Official liturgy of Byzantine Christianity
Has been modified and added to over the
centuries
See example on page 162
25. Church of Hagia Sophia
Converted to mosque (after 1453, the
fall of Constantinople) by Turks
Mosaics were whitewashed or plastered
over because the Qur’an (Koran)
prohibited use of images
The mosque was converted to a
museum by the modern Turkish state,
and some of the mosaics were
uncovered
28. Ravenna:
Art and Architecture
Roman + Gothic + Byzantine:
monuments reflect the city’s history
The Mausolem of Galla Placidia
Built at the end of the Roman period of
Ravenna’s history
Once thought to be the tomb of Galla Placidia
(Mausoleum - “burial chapel”) who reigned as
regent from 430 to 450
More likely is a votive chapel to St. Lawrence,
originally attached to the nearby Church of the
Holy Cross
Martyrdom of St. Lawrence – lunette mosaic
Holds medieval sarcophogi
30. Ravenna:
Art and Architecture
Mosaics of Galla Placidia – mosaics
make the structure important
Outside of the chapel is very plain; built in the
basilica style shape of a cross
Lunettes – small arched shape (see Fig. 7.5);
mosaic depicting Christ as the Good Shepherd in
north niche just above the entrance
Apse – the altar end of the church
Apse and dome are covered with deep blue
mosaic with stylized sunbursts and stars in
gold, symbolized the heavens
Tesserae (cubes that make up the mosaic) are
not flush in the wall, mosaics are irregular
Refract and break up the light
31.
32.
33. Ravenna:
Art and Architecture
Two baptisteries of Ravenna represent
major religious division between
Orthodox and Arian Christians
Orthodox believed in divinity (God-ness) of
Christ
Arians did not
Neonian Baptistery
Built by Orthodox Christians in 5th
century
Octagonal in shape, derived from Roman
bathhouses
Mosaic placed directly over baptismal pool
34. Ravenna:
Art and Architecture
Mosaic of the baptismal pool is
particular striking
Lower register of mosaic shows floral designs
based on common Roman motifs
Just above is circle of empty thrones and altars
with biblical codices open on them
In the band above the apostles are walking in
stately procession around the circle of the dome.
Central disc is baptism of Christ by John the
Baptist in river Jordan
Mosaic was designed to reflect beliefs of
the participants in ceremonies
35.
36. Ravenna:
Art and Architecture
Arian Baptistery, built by the Goths
toward the end of the 5th
century
Severely decorated
Central disc of the dome also depicts Christ’s
baptism
Lower register: 12 Apostles are divided into 2
groups, one led by Peter, the other by Paul
Two groups meet at a throne bearing a jeweled
cross
Mosaics depict Passion (suffering)/Resurrection of
Christ
37.
38. Ravenna:
Art and Architecture
Theodoric was emperor of the Goths
from 493 to 526 C.E.
Was an Arian Christian
He had Boethius executed
Buried in mausoleum
on outskirts of Ravenna
39. Ravenna:
Art and Architecture
Church of Sant’ Apollinare Nuovo
One of the most famous monuments of Theodoric’s
reign, aside from his mausoleum
Theodoric’s palace church, originally called Church
of the Redeemer
Constructed in basilica style
Rich mosaics (two different styles: Roman and
Byzantine)
Processions of male and female saints in spaces
just above the aisle arches (fig.7.9) move
toward an enthroned Christ on one side and
Madonna and Child on the other
41. Ravenna:
Art and Architecture
Depictions of Theodoric’s palace shows
evidence of Orthodox censorship
Can see traces of halos of now-excised Arian
saints (or possible members of Theodoric’s
court) in the arched spaces
Figures are hidden by decorative twisted drapes,
but their hands can still be seen on the columns
(fig. 7.11)
Scenes from New Testament
Miracles of Christ on one side; scenes from His
passion on the other
48. Church of San Vitale,
Ravenna
This church most clearly testifies to
Justinian’s presence in Ravenna
Dedicated by Bishop Maximian in 547
Was begun by Bishop Ecclesius in 526, the
year Justinian came into power
Interior octagon within an octagon is
structural basis for the dome
Interior octagon contained 2nd
story women’s
gallery
Dome is supported by squinches – small
vaults that cut across the angles of each
part of the octagon
49.
50. Church of San Vitale
Most important aspect of building is
the stunning program of mosaics
Christ the Pantocrator – the one who
sustains all things in his hands (fig.
7.16)
Located in the apse
51. Church of San Vitale
Mosaics to the left and right of the apse
represent the royal couple
Justinian as Christ on earth (holding paten –
bread basket) with attendants and Bishop
Maximian
Justinian considered himself regent of Christ (fig.
7.17)
This attitude is summed up in the iconographic, or
symbolic, program
Represents Christ on earth, and his power
balances church and state
Theodora with chalice (fig. 7.18-7.19)
Chalice and bread represent Eucharist or Lord’s
supper
52. Church of San Vitale
Theodora and Justinian extended
generosity beyond church building and
decoration
Ivory throne was gift to Bishop Maximian,
ecclesiastical ruler of Ravenna when San
Vitale was dedicated
Portraits of John the Baptist and the four
evangelists on the front of the throne
Scenes from the New Testament on the back
Episodes from Old Testament life of Joseph on
sides
Ivory “Cathedra” – Latin word for throne
Throne bears monogram: Maximian, Bishop
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59. Saint Catherine’s Monastery
at Mount Sinai
Monastery built by Justinian in the
Near East
Still in use 1500 years later
Built monastery fortress in the desert at
the foot of Mt. Sinai; pilgrimage chapels
on the slopes
See page 172 for inscription
The Ten Commandments were given to
Moses at Mt. Sinai
This is also the place where God appeared to
Moses in the burning bush
60. Saint Catherine’s Monastery
at Mount Sinai
Repository (place where things are
stored) of ancient Byzantine art and
culture
Extreme isolation and very dry weather
helps preserve architecture, icons, art, and
literature
Monastery is also famous for the
rediscovery of Codex Sinaiticus
Earliest Greek codex of the New Testament
61. Saint Catherine’s Monastery
at Mount Sinai
Monastery is surrounded by heavy,
fortified walls, the main part of which
date from before Justinian’s time
Some modern buildings exist: fireproof
structure that houses the monastery’s
library and icon collection
Katholikon by Stephanos
Monastic church, dates from the time of
Justinian
62. Saint Catherine’s Monastery
at Mount Sinai
Inscriptions carved into the wooden trusses
in the ceiling, including the architect’s name
Signed 6th
century ecclesiastical architecture
Vast collection of religious icons
Almost no pictorial art remains from the
period before the 8th
century due to
iconoclastic controversies (movement
against using icons in worship)
Icon refers to painting of a religious figure or
a religious scene that is used in public
worship (liturgy)
63. Saint Catherine’s Monastery
at Mount Sinai
Many Byzantine icons were preserved due to
Saint Catherine’s isolation
Icons are not primarily decorative
Icon is a window into the sacred
Icon is a “thing” but it permits a glimpse into the
timeless world of religious mystery
Figures “speak” directly and frontally to the
viewer
Christ Pantocrater (fig. 7.22)
Encaustic method – painting with colored molten
wax
Christ looks directly at the viewer, and with right
hand blesses the viewer
64.
65.
66. Persistence of
Byzantine Culture
Very little change in the Byzantine style
throughout time
Until its fall in 1453, Constantinople
exerted an extraordinary cultural
influence over the rest of the Eastern
Christian world
67. Persistence of
Byzantine Culture
Influence on Russian Culture
Russian emissaries sent to Constantinople in
late 10th
century to inquire about religion
brought back favorable reports
Russians accepted Christianity about 150
years after the ban on icons was lifted in
843.
By 11th
century, schools of icon painting were
established
68. Persistence of
Byzantine Culture
Byzantine influence was also strong in
Italy
Italo-Byzantine Style
During iconoclastic controversy many
artists went into exile in Italy and worked
there
Influenced art for many centuries
69. Persistence of
Byzantine Culture
Byzantine art was intimately tied to
theology and liturgical practices of the
Orthodox church
Use of icons was not just a pious practice
but a deep-rooted part of the faith
Ideal of the artist was not to try something
new but to infuse his work with a spirit of
deep spirituality and unwavering reverence
70. Persistence of
Byzantine Culture
Fall of Constantinople brought a
reinfusion of Greek culture (literary,
philosophical, and theological) to the
West
Began to study Greek philosophers again
Learned the Greek language
Greek refugee scholars
Fall of Constantinople brought a flood of émigré
Greek scholars to the West, particularly Italy
These scholars soon held chairs at various
studia (schools)