In the modern era, the medieval Catholic Church is often spoken of in negative terms. It is inevitable in a world largely shaped by the Reformation that many people focus on the corruption that plagued the Catholic Church in the late middle ages. However, long before the papacy faced off with Martin Luther, the Catholic Church played a vital role in European society. In the wake of the fall of the Roman Empire and in the centuries before nation states coalesced, the Catholic Church was the sole entity that held European society together. We'll examine the history of the Catholic Church from 200 to 1563 AD, with a particular focus on the social impact of the church.
This document provides an overview of social and cultural views of women in ancient Europe from prehistoric times through the Roman Empire. It discusses the roles and status of women in societies such as ancient Greece, Rome, and among Celtic and Germanic peoples. Goddesses worshipped in ancient religions are also profiled. Queens and female rulers who held political and religious power in places like Macedonia, Egypt, and the Hellenistic world are highlighted.
The Republic and Empire of Rome was one of the most formative civilizations in Western history. We'll explore the aspects of Roman civilization that have most influenced modern Western society. We'll examine the evolution of Rome's own political system, from a monarchy to a Republic to an Empire, and pay particular attention to the forces that drove this transition over the course of Rome's history. Roman civilization irrevocably shaped the political, social, and religious inheritance of all societies it came into contact with, and those heirs to Roman civilization helped to shape modern Western society itself.
Ancient Greece Lectures by Dr. Lizabeth Johnson - The University of New Mexic...UNM Continuing Education
This presentation was part of the "Ancient Greece" lectures by Dr. Lizabeth Johnson for the Osher Lifelong Learning Institute at the University of New Mexico.
Ancient Greece was one of the most formative civilizations in Western history. While never an Empire, the Greeks, and particularly the people of Athens, developed and put into practice early concepts of democracy and legal equality. Aristophanes and Sophocles wrote classic plays describing issues important to Athenians of the fifth century BC, but which still resonate today - the social cost of warfare and the contest between loyalty to one’s family and obedience to one's government. Even after the end of the Classical period, when Athens and other Greek city-states fell under the control of Macedon and Rome, the Greeks continued to make their mark on the ancient Western world through the development of Hellenistic art, science, philosophy and religious cults. We'll examine the history of Greece from its prehistoric period through the Classical period and into the Hellenistic Age with a particular focus on the political and intellectual advances made by the Greeks and inherited by all of Western society.
The document discusses the emergence of modern human behavior and advanced civilizations. It makes three key points:
1) Anatomically modern humans emerged in Africa around 100,000 years ago, but modern human behavior did not appear until around 50,000 years ago, when humans suddenly developed symbolic thought and began migrating out of Africa.
2) The first advanced civilizations suddenly emerged around 3,500 BC in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and other river valleys, developing writing, specialized jobs, social classes, religion, art and architecture.
3) Inventions accelerated dramatically after the emergence of advanced civilizations, contrasting with the long periods of time between crude innovations before civilization.
The document provides an agenda for a class on the Byzantine Empire, including assignments, topics for discussion, and planned lectures. It outlines project requirements, suggests comparison topics, and notes homework policies. Several questions are posed about Byzantine geography, history, art, and influence. An upcoming lecture on the early Byzantine period and capital of Constantinople is also mentioned.
The document discusses Byzantine art and how it expressed the values of Byzantine culture. Byzantine art was very religious in nature and followed strict conventions for depicting figures like Jesus and Mary. Artworks used symbolic and abstract styles rather than realistic portrayals. The Hagia Sophia church in Constantinople was a major architectural feat and an important center of Byzantine culture until it was converted to a mosque after the Ottoman conquest in 1453.
This document summarizes ancient Greek art from 1100 BC to 146 BC. It describes three historical periods: the Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic periods. Sculpture, pottery, and architecture are highlighted as the main art forms. Sculpture depicted idealized human figures and gods. Pottery was painted, often depicting scenes from daily life, and came in black figure and red figure styles. Architecture featured temples built with stone columns. Overall, ancient Greek art was characterized by balance, order, and idealized representations of the human body.
The early Christian church spread rapidly throughout the Roman Empire in the first century AD. Christianity encountered many other religions in the cosmopolitan cities of the empire, including traditional Roman and Greek religions as well as mystery cults from Egypt and Persia. While other religions struggled to address questions of life's meaning and the afterlife, Christianity offered compelling teachings of love from Jesus Christ. Despite facing periods of persecution, the Christian faith continued to multiply in small communities across the empire, including in Spain where the religion was established by the third century AD. Many early Spanish Christians endured martyrdom for their beliefs.
This document provides an overview of social and cultural views of women in ancient Europe from prehistoric times through the Roman Empire. It discusses the roles and status of women in societies such as ancient Greece, Rome, and among Celtic and Germanic peoples. Goddesses worshipped in ancient religions are also profiled. Queens and female rulers who held political and religious power in places like Macedonia, Egypt, and the Hellenistic world are highlighted.
The Republic and Empire of Rome was one of the most formative civilizations in Western history. We'll explore the aspects of Roman civilization that have most influenced modern Western society. We'll examine the evolution of Rome's own political system, from a monarchy to a Republic to an Empire, and pay particular attention to the forces that drove this transition over the course of Rome's history. Roman civilization irrevocably shaped the political, social, and religious inheritance of all societies it came into contact with, and those heirs to Roman civilization helped to shape modern Western society itself.
Ancient Greece Lectures by Dr. Lizabeth Johnson - The University of New Mexic...UNM Continuing Education
This presentation was part of the "Ancient Greece" lectures by Dr. Lizabeth Johnson for the Osher Lifelong Learning Institute at the University of New Mexico.
Ancient Greece was one of the most formative civilizations in Western history. While never an Empire, the Greeks, and particularly the people of Athens, developed and put into practice early concepts of democracy and legal equality. Aristophanes and Sophocles wrote classic plays describing issues important to Athenians of the fifth century BC, but which still resonate today - the social cost of warfare and the contest between loyalty to one’s family and obedience to one's government. Even after the end of the Classical period, when Athens and other Greek city-states fell under the control of Macedon and Rome, the Greeks continued to make their mark on the ancient Western world through the development of Hellenistic art, science, philosophy and religious cults. We'll examine the history of Greece from its prehistoric period through the Classical period and into the Hellenistic Age with a particular focus on the political and intellectual advances made by the Greeks and inherited by all of Western society.
The document discusses the emergence of modern human behavior and advanced civilizations. It makes three key points:
1) Anatomically modern humans emerged in Africa around 100,000 years ago, but modern human behavior did not appear until around 50,000 years ago, when humans suddenly developed symbolic thought and began migrating out of Africa.
2) The first advanced civilizations suddenly emerged around 3,500 BC in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and other river valleys, developing writing, specialized jobs, social classes, religion, art and architecture.
3) Inventions accelerated dramatically after the emergence of advanced civilizations, contrasting with the long periods of time between crude innovations before civilization.
The document provides an agenda for a class on the Byzantine Empire, including assignments, topics for discussion, and planned lectures. It outlines project requirements, suggests comparison topics, and notes homework policies. Several questions are posed about Byzantine geography, history, art, and influence. An upcoming lecture on the early Byzantine period and capital of Constantinople is also mentioned.
The document discusses Byzantine art and how it expressed the values of Byzantine culture. Byzantine art was very religious in nature and followed strict conventions for depicting figures like Jesus and Mary. Artworks used symbolic and abstract styles rather than realistic portrayals. The Hagia Sophia church in Constantinople was a major architectural feat and an important center of Byzantine culture until it was converted to a mosque after the Ottoman conquest in 1453.
This document summarizes ancient Greek art from 1100 BC to 146 BC. It describes three historical periods: the Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic periods. Sculpture, pottery, and architecture are highlighted as the main art forms. Sculpture depicted idealized human figures and gods. Pottery was painted, often depicting scenes from daily life, and came in black figure and red figure styles. Architecture featured temples built with stone columns. Overall, ancient Greek art was characterized by balance, order, and idealized representations of the human body.
The early Christian church spread rapidly throughout the Roman Empire in the first century AD. Christianity encountered many other religions in the cosmopolitan cities of the empire, including traditional Roman and Greek religions as well as mystery cults from Egypt and Persia. While other religions struggled to address questions of life's meaning and the afterlife, Christianity offered compelling teachings of love from Jesus Christ. Despite facing periods of persecution, the Christian faith continued to multiply in small communities across the empire, including in Spain where the religion was established by the third century AD. Many early Spanish Christians endured martyrdom for their beliefs.
The document summarizes the art of the Late Antiquity period, from the 3rd to 6th centuries AD. It describes how Christianity became the dominant religion in the Roman Empire during this time. Art forms such as mosaics, frescoes, and sarcophagi incorporated Christian imagery and themes. Important early Christian sites mentioned include the Dura Europos synagogue, Roman catacombs, the Old St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, and Ravenna churches containing beautiful mosaic artwork. The blending of Greco-Roman and Christian traditions during this period formed the basis of Western art and architecture.
Constantinople became the new capital of the Roman Empire in 330 CE when Constantine moved the capital from Rome. It was strategically located on the Bosporus Strait with access to trade routes between Asia and Europe. However, the capital moved again in 402 CE to Ravenna on the Italian coast.
During the 5th and 6th centuries, the Byzantine Empire rose to power under the leadership of Emperor Justinian. He had the Hagia Sophia built, codified Roman law, and expanded the empire's territory and economic power through industries like silk production. However, the Byzantine Empire eventually fell when the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453.
This document discusses early Christian art from the 4th to 12th centuries CE. It covers topics such as:
- How Christian art evolved from modest meeting houses to grand churches like Hagia Sophia under Emperor Constantine and his successors.
- The development of Christian iconography and imagery over time, including increasing depictions of Christ as an adult and references to Old Testament stories.
- Important artistic centers like Ravenna whose 6th century mosaics exemplified Byzantine style.
- The debate around iconoclasm and destruction of religious images in the Byzantine Empire between the 8th-9th centuries.
- Byzantine art refers to the artistic products of the Byzantine Empire between the 5th and 15th centuries, centered around Constantinople. It was influenced by both Roman and Greek artistic traditions and characterized by Christianity and the Greek language.
- Byzantine art is divided into three periods - Early, Middle, and Late - with the 6th century under Justinian considered the Golden Age. Major works included the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople and mosaics at San Vitale and Sant'Apollinare in Ravenna.
- Byzantine art emphasized abstract, symbolic representations rather than naturalism. Major art forms included icons for religious devotion, illuminated manuscripts, and metalwork and other luxury goods
Early Christian art developed from Roman art between the 2nd and 7th centuries AD. It was produced for the early undivided Christian church. Notable features include paintings and symbols used in the underground Roman catacombs where Christians buried their dead. Common symbols included the Good Shepherd, the orante (praying figure), the Chi-Rho monogram of Christ, and the fish, which were used to represent Christian ideas covertly in the early persecuted church. After Christianity was legalized, Christian art incorporated these symbols into church art and architecture above ground.
During the Middle Ages in Europe, religion was a central part of people's worldview as most believed the Christian Church was necessary for salvation. The Black Death led some to question their faith in the Church. As the Renaissance began, exploration and trade expanded people's knowledge of the world while new thinkers also challenged religious orthodoxy, shifting society toward more secular values.
This document discusses the potential familiarity that Jesus may have had with Greek culture and imagery during his life in Palestine, which was under Roman occupation. It suggests Jesus likely saw portraits and statues of Roman emperors and may have even seen busts of Greek philosophers. The document also examines the possibility that early images of Christ existed, such as one mentioned by Irenaeus that was branded behind the ear of a woman named Marcellina. Finally, it discusses how the image of Christ eventually came to be central to Christianity despite its origins as an iconoclastic religion that rejected graven images.
Byzantine Christian art from 527-1453 CE reflected the political power of the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Byzantine Empire. Major figures in Byzantine art included the Pantokrator and Theotokos. Mosaics with gold backgrounds depicted these figures and were used to connect earthly rulers to divine power. Monasteries produced illuminated manuscripts and helped spread Orthodox doctrine across the Byzantine regions. Icons were devotional objects that were sometimes destroyed during periods of iconoclasm against religious imagery.
The document provides an overview of various aspects of the Italian Renaissance including architecture, science and technology, music, social class structure, etiquette, art, fashion, and medicine. It notes that Renaissance architecture was influenced by Roman and Greek styles rather than Gothic styles. Science and technology advanced with developments like windmills, watermills, blast furnaces, and the printing press. Music popularized instruments like the zink and bagpipes. Society was stratified into clergy, nobility, and commoners based on factors like gender, power, lineage, and education. Table etiquette prescribed polite behaviors. Art was influenced by Florentine, Roman, Greek, and Gothic styles. Fashion emphasized fitted clothing and certain styles for men and
The document provides an overview of a lecture on religious developments in the later Roman Empire, focusing on the age of Constantine. It discusses the political context of Constantine's decision to convert to Christianity and analyzes primary sources on his conversion. The lecture aims to show how Constantine's conversion was influenced by the broader trends of monotheism and the relationship between religion and imperial power in the 3rd century Roman Empire.
The document provides an overview of various aspects of the Italian Renaissance including architecture, science and technology, music, social class structure, etiquette, art, fashion, and medicine. It notes that Renaissance architecture was influenced by Roman and Greek styles rather than Gothic styles. Science and technology advanced with innovations like windmills, watermills, blast furnaces, and the printing press. Music popularized instruments like the zink and bagpipes. Society was stratified into clergy, nobility, and commoners based on factors like gender, power, lineage, and education. Table etiquette prescribed proper behaviors. Art was influenced by Florentine, Roman, Greek, and Gothic styles. Fashion became more fitted and emphasized high collars for
This document provides an analysis of Temple A at Prinias in Crete, which dates to the 7th century BC. It discusses the site's discovery and excavation history. Temple A has a rectangular cella structure with indications of a pronaos and evidence of ritual activity inside. While its plan incorporates some Minoan and Mycenaean architectural elements, the building is most notable for its sculpted limestone figures on the exterior walls, which feature seated and standing female figures as well as a relief depicting mounted warriors. These figures indicate foreign influences, particularly from Egypt, on the eclectic architectural styles of Greece during the transitional Archaic period.
The Byzantine Empire had its capital in Constantinople and lasted from 330 AD to 1453 AD. It reached its peak in the 6th century under Justinian I. Byzantine art and architecture were heavily influenced by Christianity and featured grand churches like Hagia Sophia with massive domes, intricate mosaics, and icons. The Byzantine Empire declined as the Ottoman Empire rose and eventually conquered Constantinople in 1453, marking the end of the Byzantine era.
Constantine the Great played a pivotal role in the legalization and spread of Christianity in the Roman Empire. Some key events and accomplishments included:
1) Constantine's vision of the Chi-Rho before the Battle of Milvian Bridge in 312 AD, after which he adopted the sign to mark his soldiers' shields and helmets and emerged victorious, establishing the Chi-Rho as a Christian symbol.
2) The Edict of Milan in 313 AD which granted religious freedom and restitution of confiscated Christian properties throughout the Empire.
3) The construction of important Christian sites including the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem and the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople.
4)
This document provides an overview of Paul's second missionary journey as described in Acts 15-18. It summarizes Paul's travels spreading the gospel from Antioch through Asia Minor to Troas, Philippi, Thessalonica, Beroea, Athens, and Corinth, where he stayed for 18 months. Along the way, it highlights several important events from Acts, such as the conversion of Lydia in Philippi and Paul's speech to the Areopagus in Athens. The document uses maps and photos to illustrate the locations Paul visited and remains from the biblical era.
The Byzantine Empire emerged as the eastern half of the Roman Empire with the founding of Constantinople in 330 AD by Constantine the Great. It lasted for over 1000 years until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. The Byzantine Empire helped preserve Greek and Roman culture and learning during the Middle Ages and made significant contributions to art, architecture, and military innovations like Greek fire. A defining characteristic was its Orthodox Christian faith, which was central to its government and highly influential on its artistic traditions including mosaics and icons.
The Byzantine Empire lasted from 476 AD to 1453 AD, governed by an autocratic emperor. The most important emperor was Justinian, who reconquered territories around the Mediterranean and codified Roman law. However, later emperors lost these territories, and by the 15th century only Constantinople remained before it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, ending the Byzantine Empire.
Temple A at Prinias, Crete from the 7th century BC displays Egyptian and Egyptianizing features in its architecture and sculptural decoration. Direct Egyptian influence on Greek art and architecture in the 8th-7th centuries has been underestimated, as evidenced by Temple A. Herodotus recounts how Cretan sailors were blown off course to Libya and exposed to Egyptian buildings, encouraging the use of stone in Greek architecture instead of wood and mudbrick. Egyptian artistic motifs like the false door, clenched fist, and horsemen frieze are seen in the sculpture at Temple A.
4. Mission from the Early Church to the FallFr. Carl Chudy
From 100-1453 CE, Christian mission expanded rapidly moving west to Rome, north to Armenia, east across Iraq and India, and south to Egypt and Ethiopia. Mission was carried out by ordinary baptized Christians, with women playing a key role in house churches and marketplace witness. Monastic communities also advanced mission, such as East Syrian monks who traveled the Silk Road to China in the 7th century. In the 1000s, mendicant orders like the Franciscans and Dominicans helped renew mission amid the Crusades, while groups like the Beguines provided a model of women's active ministry.
Tudor-Stuart England, 1485-1714 A.D. Lecture by Dr. Lizabeth Johnson | OLLI a...UNM Continuing Education
Between the long-lasting popularity of the works of Shakespeare to the more recent popularity of T.V. and film dramas about the Tudor and Stuart monarchs of England, the Tudor-Stuart period in English history is one of the most well-known eras in English history. Beginning with the accession of Henry VII, the first Tudor king, in 1485 and ending with the death of Anne, the last Stuart queen, in 1714, this roughly 230-year period in English history includes a number of notable and even infamous events, such as the English Reformation, the attack of the Spanish Armada, the English Civil War, the Glorious Revolution, and the unification of England and Scotland. It was also during this period that England started down the path that would lead to the British Empire, which would encompass lands as far flung as the Americas, Australia, India, China, Africa, and the Middle East. With the creation of the British Empire, English/British culture began to spread out to all these regions of the world, to the ultimate effect that a majority of the modern world still views the English language as a common tongue. We'll focus on the political history of this period as well as the social and cultural aspects of that history, with a particular emphasis on how these important events (and more!) shaped England, the British Empire, and the world.
A History of Ireland, Scotland and Wales - A Course by Dr. Lizabeth Johnson -...UNM Continuing Education
We'll examine Irish, Scottish and Welsh history and culture from 500 AD to the present. In particular, lectures and discussions will focus on the early cultural identity of the Irish, Scots and Welsh and their customs and mythologies; the influence of Roman culture and Christianity on these lands and peoples; the English conquest and colonization of these lands and peoples; and, finally, on the process of political devolution in all three areas. These aspects of Irish, Scottish and Welsh history will be examined through historical documents and literature, art, music and film clips. Students will emerge from the class with a clear sense of the events that shaped the early history and culture of Ireland, Scotland and Wales and how those events continue to shape these areas even to the present day.
The document summarizes the art of the Late Antiquity period, from the 3rd to 6th centuries AD. It describes how Christianity became the dominant religion in the Roman Empire during this time. Art forms such as mosaics, frescoes, and sarcophagi incorporated Christian imagery and themes. Important early Christian sites mentioned include the Dura Europos synagogue, Roman catacombs, the Old St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, and Ravenna churches containing beautiful mosaic artwork. The blending of Greco-Roman and Christian traditions during this period formed the basis of Western art and architecture.
Constantinople became the new capital of the Roman Empire in 330 CE when Constantine moved the capital from Rome. It was strategically located on the Bosporus Strait with access to trade routes between Asia and Europe. However, the capital moved again in 402 CE to Ravenna on the Italian coast.
During the 5th and 6th centuries, the Byzantine Empire rose to power under the leadership of Emperor Justinian. He had the Hagia Sophia built, codified Roman law, and expanded the empire's territory and economic power through industries like silk production. However, the Byzantine Empire eventually fell when the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453.
This document discusses early Christian art from the 4th to 12th centuries CE. It covers topics such as:
- How Christian art evolved from modest meeting houses to grand churches like Hagia Sophia under Emperor Constantine and his successors.
- The development of Christian iconography and imagery over time, including increasing depictions of Christ as an adult and references to Old Testament stories.
- Important artistic centers like Ravenna whose 6th century mosaics exemplified Byzantine style.
- The debate around iconoclasm and destruction of religious images in the Byzantine Empire between the 8th-9th centuries.
- Byzantine art refers to the artistic products of the Byzantine Empire between the 5th and 15th centuries, centered around Constantinople. It was influenced by both Roman and Greek artistic traditions and characterized by Christianity and the Greek language.
- Byzantine art is divided into three periods - Early, Middle, and Late - with the 6th century under Justinian considered the Golden Age. Major works included the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople and mosaics at San Vitale and Sant'Apollinare in Ravenna.
- Byzantine art emphasized abstract, symbolic representations rather than naturalism. Major art forms included icons for religious devotion, illuminated manuscripts, and metalwork and other luxury goods
Early Christian art developed from Roman art between the 2nd and 7th centuries AD. It was produced for the early undivided Christian church. Notable features include paintings and symbols used in the underground Roman catacombs where Christians buried their dead. Common symbols included the Good Shepherd, the orante (praying figure), the Chi-Rho monogram of Christ, and the fish, which were used to represent Christian ideas covertly in the early persecuted church. After Christianity was legalized, Christian art incorporated these symbols into church art and architecture above ground.
During the Middle Ages in Europe, religion was a central part of people's worldview as most believed the Christian Church was necessary for salvation. The Black Death led some to question their faith in the Church. As the Renaissance began, exploration and trade expanded people's knowledge of the world while new thinkers also challenged religious orthodoxy, shifting society toward more secular values.
This document discusses the potential familiarity that Jesus may have had with Greek culture and imagery during his life in Palestine, which was under Roman occupation. It suggests Jesus likely saw portraits and statues of Roman emperors and may have even seen busts of Greek philosophers. The document also examines the possibility that early images of Christ existed, such as one mentioned by Irenaeus that was branded behind the ear of a woman named Marcellina. Finally, it discusses how the image of Christ eventually came to be central to Christianity despite its origins as an iconoclastic religion that rejected graven images.
Byzantine Christian art from 527-1453 CE reflected the political power of the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Byzantine Empire. Major figures in Byzantine art included the Pantokrator and Theotokos. Mosaics with gold backgrounds depicted these figures and were used to connect earthly rulers to divine power. Monasteries produced illuminated manuscripts and helped spread Orthodox doctrine across the Byzantine regions. Icons were devotional objects that were sometimes destroyed during periods of iconoclasm against religious imagery.
The document provides an overview of various aspects of the Italian Renaissance including architecture, science and technology, music, social class structure, etiquette, art, fashion, and medicine. It notes that Renaissance architecture was influenced by Roman and Greek styles rather than Gothic styles. Science and technology advanced with developments like windmills, watermills, blast furnaces, and the printing press. Music popularized instruments like the zink and bagpipes. Society was stratified into clergy, nobility, and commoners based on factors like gender, power, lineage, and education. Table etiquette prescribed polite behaviors. Art was influenced by Florentine, Roman, Greek, and Gothic styles. Fashion emphasized fitted clothing and certain styles for men and
The document provides an overview of a lecture on religious developments in the later Roman Empire, focusing on the age of Constantine. It discusses the political context of Constantine's decision to convert to Christianity and analyzes primary sources on his conversion. The lecture aims to show how Constantine's conversion was influenced by the broader trends of monotheism and the relationship between religion and imperial power in the 3rd century Roman Empire.
The document provides an overview of various aspects of the Italian Renaissance including architecture, science and technology, music, social class structure, etiquette, art, fashion, and medicine. It notes that Renaissance architecture was influenced by Roman and Greek styles rather than Gothic styles. Science and technology advanced with innovations like windmills, watermills, blast furnaces, and the printing press. Music popularized instruments like the zink and bagpipes. Society was stratified into clergy, nobility, and commoners based on factors like gender, power, lineage, and education. Table etiquette prescribed proper behaviors. Art was influenced by Florentine, Roman, Greek, and Gothic styles. Fashion became more fitted and emphasized high collars for
This document provides an analysis of Temple A at Prinias in Crete, which dates to the 7th century BC. It discusses the site's discovery and excavation history. Temple A has a rectangular cella structure with indications of a pronaos and evidence of ritual activity inside. While its plan incorporates some Minoan and Mycenaean architectural elements, the building is most notable for its sculpted limestone figures on the exterior walls, which feature seated and standing female figures as well as a relief depicting mounted warriors. These figures indicate foreign influences, particularly from Egypt, on the eclectic architectural styles of Greece during the transitional Archaic period.
The Byzantine Empire had its capital in Constantinople and lasted from 330 AD to 1453 AD. It reached its peak in the 6th century under Justinian I. Byzantine art and architecture were heavily influenced by Christianity and featured grand churches like Hagia Sophia with massive domes, intricate mosaics, and icons. The Byzantine Empire declined as the Ottoman Empire rose and eventually conquered Constantinople in 1453, marking the end of the Byzantine era.
Constantine the Great played a pivotal role in the legalization and spread of Christianity in the Roman Empire. Some key events and accomplishments included:
1) Constantine's vision of the Chi-Rho before the Battle of Milvian Bridge in 312 AD, after which he adopted the sign to mark his soldiers' shields and helmets and emerged victorious, establishing the Chi-Rho as a Christian symbol.
2) The Edict of Milan in 313 AD which granted religious freedom and restitution of confiscated Christian properties throughout the Empire.
3) The construction of important Christian sites including the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem and the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople.
4)
This document provides an overview of Paul's second missionary journey as described in Acts 15-18. It summarizes Paul's travels spreading the gospel from Antioch through Asia Minor to Troas, Philippi, Thessalonica, Beroea, Athens, and Corinth, where he stayed for 18 months. Along the way, it highlights several important events from Acts, such as the conversion of Lydia in Philippi and Paul's speech to the Areopagus in Athens. The document uses maps and photos to illustrate the locations Paul visited and remains from the biblical era.
The Byzantine Empire emerged as the eastern half of the Roman Empire with the founding of Constantinople in 330 AD by Constantine the Great. It lasted for over 1000 years until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. The Byzantine Empire helped preserve Greek and Roman culture and learning during the Middle Ages and made significant contributions to art, architecture, and military innovations like Greek fire. A defining characteristic was its Orthodox Christian faith, which was central to its government and highly influential on its artistic traditions including mosaics and icons.
The Byzantine Empire lasted from 476 AD to 1453 AD, governed by an autocratic emperor. The most important emperor was Justinian, who reconquered territories around the Mediterranean and codified Roman law. However, later emperors lost these territories, and by the 15th century only Constantinople remained before it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, ending the Byzantine Empire.
Temple A at Prinias, Crete from the 7th century BC displays Egyptian and Egyptianizing features in its architecture and sculptural decoration. Direct Egyptian influence on Greek art and architecture in the 8th-7th centuries has been underestimated, as evidenced by Temple A. Herodotus recounts how Cretan sailors were blown off course to Libya and exposed to Egyptian buildings, encouraging the use of stone in Greek architecture instead of wood and mudbrick. Egyptian artistic motifs like the false door, clenched fist, and horsemen frieze are seen in the sculpture at Temple A.
4. Mission from the Early Church to the FallFr. Carl Chudy
From 100-1453 CE, Christian mission expanded rapidly moving west to Rome, north to Armenia, east across Iraq and India, and south to Egypt and Ethiopia. Mission was carried out by ordinary baptized Christians, with women playing a key role in house churches and marketplace witness. Monastic communities also advanced mission, such as East Syrian monks who traveled the Silk Road to China in the 7th century. In the 1000s, mendicant orders like the Franciscans and Dominicans helped renew mission amid the Crusades, while groups like the Beguines provided a model of women's active ministry.
Tudor-Stuart England, 1485-1714 A.D. Lecture by Dr. Lizabeth Johnson | OLLI a...UNM Continuing Education
Between the long-lasting popularity of the works of Shakespeare to the more recent popularity of T.V. and film dramas about the Tudor and Stuart monarchs of England, the Tudor-Stuart period in English history is one of the most well-known eras in English history. Beginning with the accession of Henry VII, the first Tudor king, in 1485 and ending with the death of Anne, the last Stuart queen, in 1714, this roughly 230-year period in English history includes a number of notable and even infamous events, such as the English Reformation, the attack of the Spanish Armada, the English Civil War, the Glorious Revolution, and the unification of England and Scotland. It was also during this period that England started down the path that would lead to the British Empire, which would encompass lands as far flung as the Americas, Australia, India, China, Africa, and the Middle East. With the creation of the British Empire, English/British culture began to spread out to all these regions of the world, to the ultimate effect that a majority of the modern world still views the English language as a common tongue. We'll focus on the political history of this period as well as the social and cultural aspects of that history, with a particular emphasis on how these important events (and more!) shaped England, the British Empire, and the world.
A History of Ireland, Scotland and Wales - A Course by Dr. Lizabeth Johnson -...UNM Continuing Education
We'll examine Irish, Scottish and Welsh history and culture from 500 AD to the present. In particular, lectures and discussions will focus on the early cultural identity of the Irish, Scots and Welsh and their customs and mythologies; the influence of Roman culture and Christianity on these lands and peoples; the English conquest and colonization of these lands and peoples; and, finally, on the process of political devolution in all three areas. These aspects of Irish, Scottish and Welsh history will be examined through historical documents and literature, art, music and film clips. Students will emerge from the class with a clear sense of the events that shaped the early history and culture of Ireland, Scotland and Wales and how those events continue to shape these areas even to the present day.
Christian Vincentian Spirituality History.pptxAnarieCayag1
This document provides an overview of Christian spirituality and its development within the context of church history. It discusses key periods and figures that shaped Christian spirituality from the ancient church founded by Jesus and the apostles, through the medieval church led by figures like St. Benedict, to the reformed church of the 16th century and beyond. Major topics covered include the early persecutions of Christians, the conversion of Constantine and establishment of Christianity as the favored religion of the Roman Empire, the rise of monasticism, the East-West schism, the Crusades, and the lives and influences of influential saints, reformers, and founders of religious orders.
Constantine's conversion to Christianity in the early 4th century marked a turning point for the religion. After his victory in battle, Constantine issued the Edict of Milan making Christianity legal. He supported the church financially and helped settle doctrinal disputes. This intertwining of church and state led to the rise of the papacy and establishment of Christianity as the Roman state religion. However, it also led to the incorporation of extra-biblical doctrines and need for reformers like Luther to challenge the church in later centuries.
The early Church was born at Pentecost when the Holy Spirit descended upon the apostles and disciples of Jesus, transforming them from hiding in fear to going out into the world to spread the gospel message. Led by figures like Paul of Tarsus, the Church grew rapidly throughout the Roman Empire in the first centuries AD despite periods of persecution. Key events like the Councils of Jerusalem and Nicea helped establish unity in the face of theological disputes and diversity within the early Christian community.
The document summarizes the history of the Byzantine Empire from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE through the rise of the Eastern Orthodox Church. It discusses key events like Constantine making Christianity the official religion in the 4th century, Justinian's reconquest of Italy and codification of Roman law, the establishment of the theme system of provincial government, and the East-West schism between the Catholic and Orthodox churches in 1054. The Byzantine Empire flourished politically, economically, socially, and religiously for centuries before eventually falling to the Ottoman Turks in 1453.
Brief History of Christianity: Division of the ChurchHansol Lee
My perspective on the brief history of the Christian Church and its division on the "why" and "how".
Note: when reading, it is recommended you do not use fullscreen as that will hide the notes I have written for it
By Hansol Lee
This document provides an overview of the three major Abrahamic religions - Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - from their origins to approximately 1450 CE. It discusses the key beliefs, sacred texts, founders and historical figures of each religion. These include Abraham, Moses and David for Judaism. For Christianity it outlines the life of Jesus, the formation of the Bible, the spread of the religion in the Roman Empire, and the Great Schism between Catholicism and Orthodoxy. For Islam it discusses the life of Muhammad and the revelations he received, the importance of the Quran and Five Pillars, and the events surrounding the Hijrah.
The document summarizes the development of early Christianity from the life of Jesus to the East-West Schism in 1054 CE. It discusses Jesus' disciples spreading the word and establishing an early Christian community. It then covers topics like the persecution of early Christians, leadership of the church under figures like Peter and Paul, the division from Judaism, Constantine's conversion, and the split between the Western Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches.
Only worthless people church history 1 chapter 3Andre Fernandez
The document discusses the spread of Catholic Christianity from the 1st century AD to the 5th century AD. It describes how the Apostles spread the gospel beyond the Roman Empire, with Osrhoene becoming the first Christian kingdom. It then discusses key figures who helped spread Christianity throughout the Roman Empire and beyond, including Paul, Clement of Alexandria, Justin Martyr, Tertullian, Irenaeus, and Augustine. The gospel spread due to ordinary relationships, curiosity about Christianity, witnessing martyrdom, and Christians' unshakable faith.
The Patristic Period lasted from around 100-500AD. During this time, the Church Fathers wrote and preached, establishing important doctrines like the divinity of Christ. Heresies arose questioning Christ's nature and the Trinity, which Church councils addressed by composing creeds like the Nicene Creed. The Patristic Period also saw the legalization of Christianity under Emperor Constantine and the establishment of monastic traditions.
The document discusses the emergence of the early Christian church following Pentecost. It covers three main topics: 1) The formation of the first Christian community in Jerusalem as described in Acts 2:42-47. 2) The persecution faced by the early church from Roman authorities who saw Christianity as a threat. Christians were persecuted for three centuries. 3) How the church developed and grew during periods of persecution, with martyrdom becoming a central theme in Christianity that inspired believers to remain firm in their faith.
This document provides an overview of several topics related to Christianity in the 4th century, including early persecutions, the role of Constantine, ecumenical councils like Nicaea and Constantinople, the development of Christian charity, and the emergence of Christian art and architecture. It also examines writings from the period, such as Lactantius' discussion of the relationship between philosophy and religion, and provides potential topics for further study, such as the life of a saint, debates between Arius and Athanasius, Constantine's legacy, and the early Church's approach to children, slaves, and the poor. A selection of primary sources from Arnobius, Ammianus Marcellinus, Ambrose
The document discusses several key events and developments in the early Christian church between the 1st and 5th centuries CE. It notes that Constantine issued the Edict of Milan in 313 legalizing Christianity. The Council of Nicaea in 325 established the Nicene Creed rejecting Arian beliefs. The Council of Chalcedon in 451 defined that Jesus had two natures, divine and human. Heresies like Arianism, Gnosticism and others threatened the church, but early church fathers and theologians like Athanasius defended orthodox Christianity. Monasticism also grew as some Christians sought ascetic lifestyles in response to the church's growing worldliness.
This chapter discusses the expansion of Christianity from the 1st century AD to 1500 AD. In the early period before Christianity was legalized in the Roman Empire in 313 AD, ordinary Christians spread the faith through everyday interactions and house churches while facing persecution. They established communities throughout the Roman world. After legalization, missionaries were sent throughout Europe and some areas adopted Christianity through political conquest, though not all conversions were sincere. Monastic missionaries played a large role in expansion. Christianity also spread beyond Europe through merchants and missionaries along silk road routes, establishing communities in India and China, though divisions emerged between Eastern and Western branches of Christianity.
An examination of africas contributions to the early christian movement part 2Rasta101
This document examines Africa's contributions to early Christianity between the 1st and 5th centuries. It discusses how early ecumenical councils followed patterns of African councils, and how philosophies debated in Africa were later debated elsewhere. Core Christian beliefs originated from Egyptian spirituality, including concepts of creation, God, Jesus as the son of God, the Trinity, and life after death. Christianity spread from Egypt to Nubia and Ethiopia. African intellectual leadership influenced Greece, Rome and other regions. Overall, the document argues that contrary to stereotypes, Christianity has deep African roots and the flow of ideas moved from Africa to Europe in many cases.
The document provides an overview of Christianity, including its core teachings, origins, major branches (Catholicism, Orthodoxy, Protestantism), and important dates. The core teaching is that a loving God sent his son Jesus to redeem humanity from eternal damnation. Christianity was established in the 1st century CE based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. It spread from Judaism and those who follow Jesus are called Christians. The three main branches developed over time. Important early ecumenical Christian councils included Nicea in 325 AD, which established the Nicene Creed, and Constantinople in 381 AD.
Medieval Europe and the Judeo-Christian TraditionDave Phillips
This document provides an overview of Judaism and Christianity in medieval Europe. It discusses the origins and beliefs of Judaism, including key figures like Abraham and Moses. It then covers the emergence and spread of Christianity, including persecution of Jews. The rise of feudalism and divisions in the Catholic Church are also summarized. Major events like the Crusades, invasions by Vikings and others, and the growth of towns and trade are briefly outlined.
This document provides information on various topics related to Christianity, including:
- Key beliefs such as Jesus Christ being the son of God and savior of humanity.
- Important figures, texts, and events referenced in the Bible such as the Ten Commandments, Apostles' Creed, and history of the early Christian church.
- Major Christian holidays including Christmas, Palm Sunday, Good Friday, and Easter, and their associated traditions and symbolism.
- Denominations within Christianity and the Protestant Reformation started by Martin Luther in Germany in the 16th century.
- Common Christian rituals and practices such as attending worship services.
Detailed summary for the 1st 20 centuries in the History of Christianity.
Starting with the Apostles and how the christian faith spread throughout the world
Similar to A Social History of the Medieval Church, 200-1563 AD - OLLI at UNM Lecture by Dr. Lizabeth Johnson (20)
The document provides a training calendar for early childhood services with dates, locations, and descriptions of courses in Albuquerque and Las Cruces, New Mexico, including Quality Care for All, Powerful Interactions, Full Participation of Each Child, and a 45 Hour Entry Level Course. The courses cover early childhood education competency areas and are required for educators working in licensed childcare centers and family homes. Attendees must complete all parts of multi-session courses to receive certificates.
Information and education for early childhood providers in New Mexico. Inside you will find dates for upcoming classes, tips for helping children stay healthy and happy, and contact information for UNM Cariño.
Launch a lifetime love of learning with Spring Break Camps for kids and teens at UNM Continuing Education. Camp topics include LEGO®, engineering, painting, Minecraft, yoga, video game design, mock trial, acting, and dance.
Learn more about the business of writing, meet authors, editors, publishers, and network with fellow writers. The UNMCE Writers Conference is a great way to move your writing from passion to published.
Information and education for early childhood providers in New Mexico. Inside you will find dates for upcoming classes, tips for helping children stay healthy and happy, and contact information for UNM Cariño.
Cariño Early Childhood training updates and useful information for care providers, teachers, and families in New Mexico. Find training dates, class information, and updates from Cariño.
Cariño Early Childhood TTAP at UNM Continuing Education 4th Quarter 2015-2016...UNM Continuing Education
Quarterly newsletter from Cariño Early Childhood TTAP in New Mexico. Early Childhood training classes, tips, and information. Get the latest news from the Cariño program and the toy lending library.
Join us for the 12th annual Writers Conference! Hear from professional authors, editors, and literary agents on what it takes to get your writing work published,
Join UNM Continuing Education and the New Mexico Post Alliance for engaging workshops. Who should attend? Everyone interested in understanding digital acquisition, visual
effects and compositing, postproduction, sound recording, sound editing, video editing and postproduction workflows.
This document is a class schedule flyer for digital arts, computer, and technology courses offered by UNM Continuing Education from February to March 2016. Courses include web design, graphic design, photography, video and audio editing, geographic information systems, Microsoft Office, Linux, and CompTIA certification courses. The flyer provides course titles, dates, times, prices, and contact information for registration. Upcoming information sessions on podcasting and post-production workshops are also advertised.
Upcoming classes in the Digital Arts and Computers/IT programs at UNM Continuing Education. Start your career, or get training in Graphic Design, Web Design, Photography, Filmmaking, Adobe Creative Suite, Microsoft Office, AutoCAD, CompTIA and more!
Updated training schedule and information newsletter for Cariño Early Childhood TTAP at the University of New Mexico. This newsletter is for 3rd quarter 2015-2016.
This document is a class schedule flyer for digital arts and computer training classes from UNM Continuing Education. It lists over 60 classes in topics like Adobe software, Microsoft Office, web design, photography, and computer certifications being offered between November and December 2015. The flyer provides the class titles, dates, times, locations, and costs. It also provides contact information for Caroline Orcutt who can provide more information on classes and certificate programs.
Cariño Early Childhood TTAP newsletter for the 2nd quarter of 2015/2016 newsletter. Learn what's new with Cariño at UNM, see updated early childhood classes, tips for early childhood programs, and more.
Upcoming Digital Arts, Computer, and IT classes at UNM Continuing Education in Albuquerque, NM. In-person and Online Classes in Graphic and Web Design, Audio Production, Photography, Videography and Filmmaking, Social Media, Marketing, Computers, Microsoft Office, IT systems, CompTIA, and more.
Check out the upcoming classes in Digital Arts & IT for August 2015 from UNM Continuing Education. Graphic Design, Web Design, Computer Hardware & Software, Microsoft Office and more!
Fall classes at Digital Arts at UNM Continuing Education. Upcoming classes in Graphic Design, Web Design, Multimedia, Photography, Video and Filmmaking, Music Production, and Apple Authorized Training. Loc
This newsletter provides information for early childhood educators and caregivers. It includes articles on communication skills, outdoor safety tips, and back to school crafts. The main topics covered are:
1) The importance of language and communication skills in developing relationships for young children. Tips are provided on creating a language-rich environment and valuing what children say.
2) Outdoor safety reminders for the summer, including the use of helmets, sun protection, and what to do in storms.
3) Back to school craft ideas like painting sneakers and pencils and covering books to personalize school supplies.
Pre-Modern European Migrations the Vikings and Muslims Part 1 - By Dr. Lizabe...UNM Continuing Education
This document provides an overview of pre-modern European migrations, focusing on Viking and Muslim migrations. It summarizes the archaeological and historical evidence of Scandinavian settlements across Northern Europe between the 9th-11th centuries AD, including attacks and settlements in Britain, Ireland, France, Russia, Iceland, Greenland, and brief exploration of northeastern North America. It also outlines trade networks and contact between Vikings and the Byzantine Empire, Abbasid Caliphate, and Islamic cultural spheres.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
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Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
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Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
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Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
A Social History of the Medieval Church, 200-1563 AD - OLLI at UNM Lecture by Dr. Lizabeth Johnson
1. The Early History of the Church: Persecution, Toleration, and the Early Heresies
Mosaic of Christ as the Good Shepherd, from the tomb of Galla Placida, Ravenna, Italy, c. 450.
• Judaea
• Client kingdom of Rome, 63 BCE-6 CE
• Roman province, 6-636 CE
• Jews exempted from Roman religious
practice by Caesar Augustus, but not by
later emperors
• Important classes in Jewish society
• Sadducees
• Pharisees
• Essenes
• Jesus of Nazareth, circa 4 BCE-30 CE
• Messiah, from Hebrew Maschiach
• Christ, from Greek Christos
2. The Early History of the Church: Persecution, Toleration, and the Early Heresies
Mosaic of Jesus, St. Peter (r), and St. Paul (l), San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy, c. 550.
• St. Peter, d. circa 60
• First bishop of Rome
• Matthew 16: 18, “It is upon this rock that
I will build my church.”
• St. Paul, d. 65
• The martyrdom of St. Stephen
• The vision near Damascus
• Faith versus Jewish law
• 13 New Testament books authored by St.
Paul
3. St. Paul and his travels
Map from Coffin and Stacey, Western Civilization, Volume I, 14th edition.
4. The Early History of the Church: Persecution, Toleration, and the Early Heresies
Statue of Mithras slaying a bull, 1st century AD, British Museum, London.
• Religions in the Roman Empire before
Christianity
• Traditional Roman religion
• Jupiter Optimus Maximus
• Cult of emperors
• Lares and Penates
• Cult of Fortuna
• Mystery religions/cults
• Cult of Isis and Serapis
• Cult of Eleusis
• Cult of Mithras
5. The Early History of the Church: Persecution, Toleration, and the Early Heresies
• Persecution
• Christian rejection of Roman religious practice
• Christian insistence on all other beliefs as false
• Roman belief in Christian cannibalism
• Matthew 26: 26-28, “Take, eat, this is my body… Drink, all of you, of this; for this is my
blood…
• Roman belief in Christian immorality
• Persecutions carried out under Nero, Trajan, Marcus Aurelius, etc.
• The “Great Persecution” carried out under Diocletian, 303-306
• Martyrdom
• Pliny the Elder to Trajan: “I interrogated them whether they were Christians; if they
confessed I repeated the question twice again, adding threats at the same time; when, if they
still persevered, I ordered them to be immediately punished: for I was persuaded whatever
the nature of their opinions might be, a contumacious and inflexible obstinacy certainly
deserved correction…”
6. The Early History of the Church: Persecution, Toleration, and the Early Heresies
Left—head of Constantine the Great, Capitoline Museum, Rome; right—statue of
Julian the Apostate, Louvre Museum, Paris.
• Constantine I, r. 312-337
• Battle of Milvian Bridge, 312
• Edict of Milan, 313
• Council of Nicaea, 325
• Julian the Apostate, r. 361-363
• Reversed policies against non-
Christians in administrative positions
• Theodosius I, r. 379-395
• Debate over the Altar of Victory, 382
• Symmachus versus St. Ambrose
• Massacre at Thessalonika, 390
• Edict of 391
7. The Early History of the Church: Persecution, Toleration, and the Early Heresies
Map of Christian communities, late 3rd century CE, from Lynn Hunt, The Making of the West, 4th
edition.
• Orthodoxy established by 200
• Catholicus, from Greek katholikos
(universal)
• St. Peter as chief disciple
• Men as leaders of the church
• Bishops, priests, deacons
• No official roles for women
• Orthdoxy versus
heterodoxy/heresy
• Debates over heretical views
largely centered on doctrinal
disputes and/or practice
8. The Early History of the Church: Persecution, Toleration, and the Early Heresies
• Gnosticism
• From Greek gnosis (knowledge)
• Gnostic Gospels
• 52 Gnostic texts discovered at Nag Hammadi, Egypt, in 1945
• Gospels of Mary Magdalene, Thomas, and Philip
• Testimony of Truth
• The Thunder, Perfect Mind:
• “For I am the first and the last. I am the honored one and the scorned one.
I am the whore and the holy one.
I am the wife and the virgin....
I am the barren one, and many are her sons....
I am the silence that is incomprehensible....
I am the utterance of my name. “
• Mary Magdalene viewed as the leading disciple, women allowed to preach and prophesy
• Declared heretics, gospels rejected and destroyed c. 200
9. The Early History of the Church: Persecution, Toleration, and the Early Heresies
• Arianism
• Arius of Alexandria, c. 260-336
• “We acknowledge One God, alone unbegotten, alone everlasting, alone unbegun, alone
true, alone having immortality, alone wise, alone good, alone sovereign… who begat an
Only-begotten Son… And God, being the cause of all things, is unbegun and altogether
sole but the Son being begotten apart from time by the Father, and being created and
found before ages, was not before his generation… For he is not eternal or co-eternal
or co-unoriginate with the Father, nor has he his being together with the Father… but
God is before all things as being Monad and Beginning of all.”
• Council of Nicaea, 325
• Nicene Creed: “We believe in one God, the Father Almighty, Maker of all things visible
and invisible; and in one Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, the only-begotten of his
Father, of the substance of the Father, God of God, Light of Light, very God of very God,
begotten not made, being of one substance with the Father… Whosoever shall say that
there was a time when the Son of God was not, or that before he was begotten he was
not, or that he was made of things that were not… the Catholic and Apostolic Church
anathematizes them.”
• Declared heretics in 325, but many Germanic tribes converted to Arian Christianity (Visigoths,
Ostrogoths, Vandals, Lombards)
10. The Early History of the Church: Persecution, Toleration, and the Early Heresies
• Donatism
• Stemmed from persecution of 303-306 in Numidia
• Those Christians who apostatized to avoid persecution were viewed as not being
true Christians
• Condemned at the Council of Arles, 314
• Manichaeism
• Mani of Babylonia, c. 215-277
• Belief in dualism, drawn from Zoroastrianism
• Condemned by Emperor Theodosius I in Edict of 381
• Pelagianism
• Pelagius of Britain/Ireland, fl. 400
• Believed that strength of will could lead to salvation; divine grace not necessary
• Condemned at the Council of Carthage, 418
11. The Early History of the Church: Persecution, Toleration, and the Early Heresies
Painted panel icon of Mary and Jesus, Monastery of St. Catherine, Mt. Sinai Egypt, 7th century.
• Nestorianism
• Nestorius of Constantinople, d.
451
• A response to the growing
popularity of the Cult of Mary
• Rejected Mary as the mother of
God (Theotokos) because this
would confuse people about
Christ’s divinity; preferred the
term mother of Christ
(Christotokos)
• Condemned at the Council of
Ephesus, 431
• Many Nestorians moved to Persian
territory, became the Church of
the East
12. The Early History of the Church: Persecution, Toleration, and the Early Heresies
• Monophysitism
• From Greek monos and physis—single nature
• Christ divine and his humanity subsumed by that divinity
• Condemned at the Council of Chalcedon, 451
• The dyophysite position embraced at Chalcedon and followed in the West
• Hypostasis—dual nature, neither subordinated, perfect divinity and
perfect humanity
• Monophysite communities in Egypt and Syria later persecuted by the
Byzantine Church
13. The Early History of the Church: Persecution, Toleration, and the Early Heresies
• Adoptionism
• Bishop Felix of Urgel, d. 818
• Christ was the son of God only by adoption, thus denying the unity of the trinity
• Condemned at Councils of Frankfurt and Aquileia, 794 and 796
• Limited impact in Spain and southern France
• Iconoclasm
• Embraced by the Byzantine church and emperor, 726-787 (again from 815-843)
• Promoted the destruction of icons on the basis that worship of icons was a sin
• Byzantine army began the movement because officers believed their losses to
Muslim forces were due to the use of icons in Byzantine worship (whereas Muslims
allowed no icons in their worship)
• Rejected by popes in Rome, but limited support for moderate iconoclasm in the
Frankish church
14. The Early History of the Church: Persecution, Toleration, and the Early Heresies
Statue of St. Ambrose, from the Palazzo dei Guiriconsulti, Milan.
• Early church fathers
• St. Ambrose, d. 397
• Bishop of Milan
• Massacre of Thessalonika, 390
• St. Jerome, d. 420
• The Vulgate Bible
• St. Augustine, d. 430
• Bishop of Hippo
• Confessions
• City of God
• Predestination
• Original sin
• Necessity of infant baptism
15. Moses with horns, Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Dominican Nunnery/Imperial City
Museum.
16. The Early Medieval Church: A Unifying Force in a Diverse, Decentralized Europe
Mosaic of Jesus (c), Emperor Constantine IX Monomachos (l), and Empress Zoe (r), in Hagia Sophia,
Istanbul, Turkey, 11th century.
• The fall of the Western Empire, 476
• Division between the western and eastern
churches
• Catholicism in the west
• Pope and bishops as heads of the church
• Arianism survived in Germanic kingdoms
into the 7th century
• Greek orthodox in the east
• Emperor and patriarchs as heads of the
church
• Caesaropapism
• Monophysitism survived in Egypt and
Syria
• Nestorianism survived in the Sassanid
Persian Empire
• The Acacian Schism, 484-519
22. Collegiata di Santa Maria Assunta, San Gimignano, Italy, 12th century (frescos 14th
century).
23. Spread of Christianity, 300-600
Map from Lynn Hunt, The Making of the West, Volume I, 3rd edition.
24. The Early Medieval Church: A Unifying Force in a Diverse, Decentralized Europe
Sutton Hoo belt buckle (possibly used to carry relics), 7th century, British Museum.
• Conversion stories
• St. Patrick and the Irish, late 5th
century
• Gregory of Tours and The History of
the Franks, c. 590
• Clovis, king of the Franks
• Clothilda, queen of the Franks
• St. Bede the Venerable and The
History of the English Church and
People, c. 730
• Edwin, king of Northumbria
• “The Sparrow Story”
• The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, late 9th
century
• Guthrum, king of the Danes
• The Treaty of Wedmore, 878
25. The Franks Casket, made in Northumbria, c. 700, British Museum. Front panel detail
of Wayland the Smith (l) and the Adoration of the Magi (r).
26. Left—the Church at Jelling, Denmark, founded by Harald Bluetooth, c. 980 (mound
behind church marks the pre-Christian burial site of Harald’s father, Gorm;
right—the Jelling Stone, depicting the crucifixion.
29. The Early Medieval Church: A Unifying Force in a Diverse, Decentralized Europe
Gregory the Great and three monk scribes, 10th century, Vienna Art History Museum.
• The role of the popes
• Bishops of Rome and popes (from
Latin papa)
• Leo I, r. 440-461
• Negotiations with Attila the Hun,
452
• Gelasius, r. 492-496
• Gelasian dualism
• Gregory the Great, r. 590-604
• Built up defenses of Rome
• Augustine of Canterbury, d. 604
• Missionary to the Angles
and Saxons
• Pastoral Rule
• Limited authority over western
churches until c. 1050
31. The Early Medieval Church: A Unifying Force in a Diverse, Decentralized Europe
Image of St. Simeon Stylites, 6th century, Louvre, Paris.
• Monk, monasticism, from Greek
monachos, solitary
• Eremitic monasticism
• Hermits
• St. Anthony, d. 356
• St. Simeon Stylites, d. 459
• Brought to Tours, Gaul by St.
Martin; spread from there to
Ireland in the 5th century
33. Left—stairs to the monastery on Skellig Michael; right—monks’ cells on Skellig Michael. Images from
www.visitsouthwestkerry.ie.
34. The Early Medieval Church: A Unifying Force in a Diverse, Decentralized Europe
St. Benedict giving the Rule to St. Maurus, c. 1130, Monastery of St. Giles, Nimes, France.
• Cenobitic monasticism
• St. Basil of Caesarea, d. 379
• Monks required to do
charitable acts
• St. Benedict, d. 553
• Monte Cassino, Italy
• The Benedictine Rule
• Cassiodorus, d. 575
• Viviarum, Italy
• Preservation of Classical and
Patristic texts
• Copying of texts became a
standard daily duty for monks by
the 7th century; copies shared
among monasteries
35. The Early Medieval Church: A Unifying Force in a Diverse, Decentralized Europe
Ruins of Whitby Abbey, Wikipedia.
• St. Patrick, c. 5th century
• Armagh, Northern Ireland
• St. Columba, d. 597
• Iona, Argyll and Bute
• St. Columbanus, d. 615
• Luxeuil, Burgundy and Bobbio, Piacenza
• St. Boniface, d. 754
• Fulda, Hesse
• Whitby, North Yorkshire
• The synod of Whitby, 664
• The correct date for observing Easter
• The “Celtic Church”
36. The Early Medieval Church: A Unifying Force in a Diverse, Decentralized Europe
Painting of a Christian woman, Giordani Catacomb, Rome, 3rd-5th century.
• Women and the early church
• No official roles for women in the early
Catholic Church
• Celibacy encouraged by St. Paul and
others
• Celibacy embraced by Empress
Pulcheria (d. 453), wife of Emperor
Marcian
• Female monasticism
• Early convent built by St. Pachomius (d.
346) for his sister and other women in
Egypt
• Encouraged by St. Ambrose
• Rules for nuns based on Benedictine
Rule, but moderated for women
37. The Early Medieval Church: A Unifying Force in a Diverse, Decentralized Europe
Image of St. Balthild, 14th century, British Library, London.
• Nunneries
• St. Radegund, d. 587
• Queen of Clothar I, king of Neustria
• Abbey of the Holy Cross, Poitiers
• St. Brigit, 6th century
• Kildare, Leinster
• St. Bathild, d. 680
• Queen of Clovis II, king of Burgundy
and Neustria
• Corbie, Picardy and Chelles, Meaux
• St. Hilda, d. late 7th century
• Whitby, North Yorkshire
• St. Leoba, d. late 8th century
• Cousin of St. Boniface, d. 754
• Kitzingen and Ochsenfurt, both in
Bavaria
• Double monasteries
38. The Early Medieval Church: A Unifying Force in a Diverse, Decentralized Europe
Manuscript page from Bede’s History, c. 730, British Library.
• Monasteries and education
• Novices and oblates
• Scriptorium
• Scribes and illuminators
39. Page from Pseudo Apuleius’ Herbal, produced at St. Augustine’s Abbey, Canterbury,
England, 11th century, now in the Bodleian Library, Oxford University.
40. Left—carpet page from the Lindisfarne Gospel, 7th century, Northumbria; right—Chi
Rho page of the Book of Kells, early 9th century, produced in Northumbria, now held
in Trinity Library, Dublin.
41. Left—Ende of Leon’s illumination of the apocalypse from “Commentary on the apocalypse of St.
John” by Beatus of Gerona, 10th century; center and right—Hildegard of Bingen’s Cosmic Tree and
Image of the Universe, from Liber Scivias, as preserved in the Rupertsberger Codex, c. 1180.
42. Lindau Gospel, front cover and back cover, Abbey of St. Gall, Switzerland, c. 880.
43. Latin text of the Bible translated into Anglo-Saxon under Alfred the Great (r. 871-
899).
• Gospel of St. Matthew, 7:24.
• Omnis ergo qui audit verba mea haec, et facit ea, assimilabitur viro
sapienti, qui aedificavit domum suam supra petram.
• Ælċ þāra þe þās mīn word ġe-hīerþ, and þā wyrcþ, biþ ġe-līċ þæm
wīsan were, sē his hūs ofer stān ġe-timbrode.
• Whoever, then, hears these commandments of mine and carries
them out, is like a wise man who built his house on rock.
44. The Early Medieval Church: A Unifying Force in a Diverse, Decentralized Europe
Blessing of the Fields, Rogation Sunday, Hever, Kent, February 1967, Wikipedia.
• Catholicism in everyday life
• Religious calendar
• Advent
• Christmas
• Lent
• Easter
• Saints’ cults
• Saints’ days
• Rogation
• Baptism, weekly mass, yearly
confession, last rites
• Penitential texts
45. Left—the Gandersheim casket, made in eastern England to hold relics, 7th century,
Herzog Anton-Ulrich Museum, Braunschweig, Germany; right—Tassilo Chalice,
found in Austria but artistic style is Anglo-Saxon, c. 780 AD, Kremsmünster Cathedral.
46. Left—Ranvaig’s casket, of Irish design, but found in Denmark, now in the National
Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen; right—the Birka Crucifix, found in Birka,
Sweden, 9th century, now in The Swedish History Museum, Stockholm.
47. The Early Medieval Church: A Unifying Force in a Diverse, Decentralized Europe
• Catholicism in everyday life
• Marriage, divorce, and sex
• Church emphasized marriage by mutual consent
• Christina of Markyate
• Marriage only declared a sacrament at the Fourth Lateran Council, 1215
• Consanguinity laws—no marriage within 7 degrees of kinship, 1059-1215; no marriage
within 4 degrees of kinship 1215 onward
• Divorce allowed if both consented early on; later only separation allowed
• Complete separation (a mense et thoro) and partial separation (a mense)
• Separation allowed in cases of extreme domestic violence
• Sex outside of marriage and for any other reason than procreation regarded as a sin
• Concubinage regarded as a lesser form of marriage until the late 14th century
• Prostitutes not heavily penalized until the late 14th century
• Many urban brothels owned/run by high ranking clerics
• Inheritance
• Children born to a couple that later married would be legitimized by the church
48. The Early Medieval Church: A Unifying Force in a Diverse, Decentralized Europe
The Capture of Jerusalem, from Sebastian Mamerot, Les Passages d’Outre Mer, 15th century,
Bibliothèque Nationale de France.
• Catholicism in everyday life
• Feuding and violence
• Sanctuary
• Confession and penance
• Pilgrimage
• The Peace of God, c. 990
• The Truce of God, c. mid-11th
century
• The First Crusade, 1096-1099
49. The Early Medieval Church: A Unifying Force in a Diverse, Decentralized Europe
• Catholicism and Europe’s kings
• Conversion
• Clovis, king of the Franks; Ethelbert, king of Kent; Edwin, king of Northumbria; Bridei, king of
the Picts
• Kings (and queens) as patrons of the church
• The “proprietary church” and lay investiture
• Charlemagne, king of the Franks, r. 768-814
• Crowned emperor by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day, 800
• The Filioque clause debate
• The court school at Aachen
• Alfred, king of the English, r. 871-899
• The court school at Winchester
• Otto I, king of the Germans, r. 936-972
• Crowned emperor by Pope John XII in 962
• Deposition of Pope John XII in 964
50. Left—a gold bust of Charlemagne, Treasury of Aachen Cathedral, 14th century;
center—the crown of the Ottonian emperors, 10th century, housed in the Secular
and Sacred Treasuries in the Hofburg, Vienna, Austria; right—Otto III enthroned,
from the Gospel book of Otto III, c. 1000.
51. The Late Medieval Church: A Forward-Facing Society and a Backward-Facing Church
• Important social, cultural, political changes in medieval society, 1000-
onward
• 10th century agricultural revolution
• Crop rotation, horse collar, heavier plow
• Increasing trade in Europe and renewed trade with non-European countries
• More fairs, improved trade routes in Europe
• Venice, Genoa, Pisa and Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea trade
• The opening of the Silk Road to China, mid-13th century
• Increasing political centralization in England, France, and Germany
• Establishment of wealthy, non-noble classes
• Establishment of universities
• Paris, Oxford, Cambridge, Bologna, Salerno, Heidelberg
52. Map of high/late medieval trade routes,
from Lynn Hunt, The Making of the West, Volume 1, 3rd edition.
53. Map of medieval universities, from Coffin
and Stacey, Western Civilizations, volume 1,
13th edition.
• Trivium
• Grammar, logic, rhetoric
• Quadrivium
• Arithmetic, geometry, music,
astronomy
• Theology/philosophy
• Medicine
• Law
• Roman law (from the Corpus Juris
Civilis)
• Canon law
54. The Late Medieval Church: A Forward-Facing Society and a Backward-Facing Church
Illuminated initial of St. Benedict, from Gregory the Great’s Dialogues, Book 2: The Life of St. Benedict, 11th
century, British Library.
• Monasticism by the 10th century
• Benedictine Rule
• Milites Christi (soldiers of Christ)
• Proprietary church
• Simony (from Simon Magus)
• Lay investiture
• Concubinage
55. The Late Medieval Church: A Forward-Facing Society and a Backward-Facing Church
Miniature of Emperor Henry III, The Gospel Book of Henry III, c. 1040,
Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, Germany.
• Reform movements
• Cluny, founded in 910
• Cluniac reform
• Papal reform movement
• Emperor Henry III, r. 1039/1046-1056
• Pope Leo IX, r. 1049-1054
• Pope Nicholas II, r. 1058-1061
• The Electoral Decree of 1059
56. The Late Medieval Church: A Forward-Facing Society and a Backward-Facing Church
Pope Gregory VII being driven into exile in 1085, from The Life of Henry IV, 12th century, in the Codex Jenensis
Bose, Universitäts Jena, Germany.
• The Investiture Controversy
• Henry IV
• King 1056-1106
• Emperor 1071-1106
• Pope Gregory VII, r. 1073-1085
• Dictatus papae, 1075
• Canosa, 1077
• Rudolf of Swabia, anti-king, r. 1077-
1080
• Clement III, anti-pope, r. 1081-1089
• Concordat of Worms, 1122
• Pope Calixtus II, r. 1119-1124
• Emperor Henry V, r. 1106-1125
57. The Late Medieval Church: A Forward-Facing Society and a Backward-Facing Church
Map of crusader routes in the First Crusade and People’s Crusade, from Lynn Hunt, The Making of the
West, volume 1, 3rd edition.
• Events leading up to the First
Crusade
• The battle of Manzikert, 1071
• Emperor Alexios Comnenos,
r. 1081-1118
• Pope Urban II, r. 1088-1099
• The Council of Clermont, 1095
• The First Crusade, 1096-1099
• The People’s Crusade, 1096
58. The Late Medieval Church: A Forward-Facing Society and a Backward-Facing Church
Map from Lynn Hunt, The Making of the West, Volume I, 3rd edition.
• Crusader states
• County of Edessa
• Fell in 1144
• The Second Crusade, 1147-1148
• Louis VII of France, r. 1137-1180
• Kingdom of Jerusalem
• Fell in 1187
• Third Crusade, 1189-1193
• Richard I of England (the Lionheart),
r. 1189-1199
• Principality of Antioch
• Fell in 1268
• County of Tripoli
• Fell in 1289
59. The Late Medieval Church: A Forward-Facing Society and a Backward-Facing Church
Louis VII of France, from the Grandes Chroniques de France, 14th century, Bibliothèque Nationale de France.
• Later crusades
• Fourth Crusade, 1201-1204
• Sack of Constantinople
• Children’s Crusade, 1212
• Fifth Crusade, 1217-1221
• Sixth Crusade, 1248-1254
• Louis IX of France, r. 1226-1270
• Seventh Crusade, 1270
• The Spanish Reconquista, 1009-
1492
• The Baltic Crusades, 1147-1495
60. Routes taken by the later crusaders
Map from Coffin and Stacey, Western Civilizations, Volume I, 13th edition.
61. The Late Medieval Church: A Forward-Facing Society and a Backward-Facing Church
Tree of Life and Death flanked by Mary and Eve from the Missal of Bernhard von Rohr, Archbishop of
Salzburg, 15th century, by Berthold Furtmeyer, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich.
• Signs of growing piety
• St. Thomas Becket, d. 1174
• St. Francis of Assisi, d. 1226
• St. Louis (Louis IX of France), d.
1270
• St. Thomas Aquinas, d. 1274
• St. Hildegard of Bingen, d. 1179
• St. Elizabeth of Hungary, d. 1231
• St. Catherine of Siena, d. 1380
62. The Late Medieval Church: A Forward-Facing Society and a Backward-Facing Church
Statue of the Virgin and Child, Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris.
• Signs of growing piety
• Patarenes, early 11th century
• Beghards and Beguines, 13th-14
centuries
• St. Francis of Assisi, d. 1226
• Franciscan friars
• St. Dominic, d. 1234
• Dominican friars
• St. Clare of Assisi, d. 1253
• The Poor Clares
65. Left—St. Denis, east entrance tympanum: Christ giving the Eucharistic wafer to the
archbishop.
66. Notre Dame, east entrance tympanum: Christ seated in center; below him, people
on the left are being saved, people on the right are going to hell.
67. Stained glass windows in St. Denis: left—left side depicts stages in Jesus’ life and
right depicts the tree of Jesse; right—pictures of kings and queens of France.
69. The Late Medieval Church: A Forward-Facing Society and a Backward-Facing Church
Waldensians, depicted in Les Champion des Dames, 15th century, Bibliothèque Nationale de France.
• Signs of growing piety
• Waldensians
• Peter Valdes, d. 1216
• Cathars
• Albigensians
• Perfecti
• The Albigensian Crusade, 1209-1229
• The Inquisition
• The Spiritual Franciscans
• Categorization
• 1) statement of universal truth about
a category; 2) statement of
membership in that category; 3)
conclusion
70. Left—Innocent III excommunicating the Cathars; right—French knights attacking the
Cathars during the Albigensian Crusade, from the Chroniques de Saint-Denis, 14th
century, British Library.
71. Cathars being expelled from Carcasonne in southern France, from the Grandes
Chroniques de France, c. 1415, Bibliothèque Nationale de France.
72. The Late Medieval Church: A Forward-Facing Society and a Backward-Facing Church
Archbishop Thomas Becket being martyred in Canterbury Cathedral by knights of Henry II, from a 13th
century English psalter, The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore.
• Early church-state conflicts
• King Henry II of England, r. 1154-
1189
• Thomas Becket, archbishop of
Canterbury, d. 1170
• The Constitutions of Clarendon,
1164
• “Criminous clerics”
73. The Late Medieval Church: A Forward-Facing Society and a Backward-Facing Church
Frederick I as a crusader, 12th century Apostolic Library, Vatican, Rome.
• Later church state-conflicts
• Emperor Frederick I, r. 1152-1190
• Guelphs and Ghibellines
• Lombard League and Battle of
Legnano, 1176
• Third Crusade, 1189-1192
• Innocent III, r. 1198-1216
• John of England, r. 1199-1216
• Philip II of France, r. 1180-1223
• Emperor Frederick II, r. 1215-1250
• Otto of Brunswick, r. 1209-1215, d.
1218
• Crusade against Frederick, 1248-
1250
74. The Holy Roman Empire 1150-1250
Maps from Lynn Hunt, The Making of the West, Volume I, 3rd edition.
75. The Successful Reformation and its Aftermath
Broadsheet of Johannes Tetzel, 1546, circulated by Luther’s followers, from www.uni-due.de.
• Issues between the late medieval
church and society
• Indulgences, pardons, and relics
• Purgatory
• Chaucer’s Pardoner’s Tale, 1387-
1400
• Concubinage
• Pluralism
• Absenteeism
• Separateness of the clergy
• Poorly educated priesthood
• “Hocus pocus” instead of “Haec est
meum corpus”
76. Chaucer’s Pardoner’s Tale, 1387-1400
• “Masters,” quoth he, “in churches, when I preach, I am at pains that
all shall hear my speech, and ring it out as roundly as a bell, for I know
all by heart the thing I tell. My theme is always one, and ever was:
‘Radix malorum est cupiditas’. [Greed is the root of all evil]… then
show I forth my hollow crystal-stones, which are crammed full of rags,
aye, and of bones; relics are these, as they think, every one… By this
fraud have I won me, year by year, a hundred marks, since I’ve been
pardoner… Of avarice and of all such wickedness is all my preaching,
thus to make them free with offered pence, the which pence come to
me. For my intent is only pence to win, and not at all for punishment
of sin. When they are dead, for all I think thereon their souls may
well black-berrying have gone!”
77. The Successful Reformation and its Aftermath
Statue of Pope Boniface VIII, 14th century, Museo dell’ Opera del Duomo, Florence.
• Late medieval church-state conflict
• Philip IV of France, r. 1285-1314
• Pope Boniface VIII, r. 1294-1303
• Clericos laicos, 1296
• Ineffabilis amor, 1296
• Etsi de statu, 1297
• Asculta fili, 1301
• Unam Sanctam, 1302
• “There is one holy, Catholic and apostlic
church, we are bound to believe and to
hold, our faith urging us, and this we do
firmly believe and simply confess; and that
outside this church there is no salvation or
remission of sins… therefore we declare,
state, define and pronounce that it is
altogether necessary for salvation for
every human creature to be subject to the
Roman pontiff.”
78. The Successful Reformation and its Aftermath
Arrival of Pope John XXIII at Council of Constance, from Ulrich Von Richental, Chronicle of the Council
of Constance, 15th century, Rosgartensmuseum, Konstanz.
• Avignon Papacy, 1309-1378
• Great schism, 1378-1417
• Conciliarism
• Marsiglio of Padua, c. 1275-1343
• Defensor Pacis, 1324
• “All Christ’s faithful are
churchmen”
• Council of Pisa, 1409
• Council of Constance, 1414-1417
• Papal Bull Execrabilis, 1460
79. Broadsheet of Pope Alexander VI, r. 1492-1503: Left—Alexander VI, Pontifex
Maximus; right—“Ego sum Papa” (“I am the Pope”).
80. The Successful Reformation and its Aftermath
Engravings of Lollards on trial and in prison, from Fox’s Book of Martyrs, 1784.
• John Wycliffe, c. 1330-1384
• Oxford professor of theology
• Predestination not free will
• Questioned the Eucharist
• Condemned corrupt priesthood
• John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster,
1340-1399
• Lollards
• Rejected corrupt clergy
• Translated the Bible into English
81. The Successful Reformation and its Aftermath
Jan Hus burned at the stake, from Ulrich Von Reichental, Chronicle of the Council of Constance.
• Jan Hus, c. 1372-1415
• Bohemian priest and professor at
University of Prague
• Eucharist central to belief
• Utraquism
• Questioned pope’s authority
• Hussites
• Bohemian Church
82. Jan Hus’ The Church, 1413.
• “No pope is the most exalted person of the catholic church but Christ
himself: therefore no pope is the head of the catholic church besides
Christ… Likewise, it is not necessary to believe that every Roman
pontiff whatsoever is the head of any particular holy church unless
God has predestined him. This is clear because otherwise the
Christian faith would be perverted and a Christian would have to
believe a lie... In the same way, it is not of necessity to salvation for all
Christians, living together, that they should believe expressly that any
one is head of any church whatsoever unless his evangelic life and
works plainly move them to believe this…”
83. The Successful Reformation and its Aftermath
• The Lutheran Reformation
• Gutenberg and the printing press, 1440s
• Martin Luther, 1483-1546
• Doctor of theology, University of Wittenberg, Germany, 1512
• The 95 theses, 1517
• Excommunicated, 1520
• Protected by Frederick the Wise, Duke of Saxony
• Preached justification of faith and predestination
• Diet of Worms, 1521; excommunication upheld
• Development of Lutheran Church, 1522 onward
• Monasteries closed
• Clergy allowed to marry
• Bible and church services in German
84. Some of Luther’s 95 Theses
• 1. When our Lord and Master Jesus Christ said, “Repent” (Matthew 4:17), he willed the entire life of believers to
be one of repentance.
• 2. This word cannot be understood as referring to the sacrament of penance, that is, confession and satisfaction,
as administered by the clergy.
• 3. Yet it does not mean solely inner repentance; such inner repentance is worthless unless it produces various
outward mortification of the flesh.
• 5. The pope neither desires nor is able to remit any penalties except those imposed by his own authority or that
of the canons.
• 20. Therefore, the pope, when he uses the words “plenary remission of all penalties” does not actually mean “all
penalties,” but only those imposed by himself.
• 21. Thus those indulgence preachers are in error who say that a man is absolved from every penalty and saved
by papal indulgences.
• 27. They preach only human doctrines who say that as soon as the money clinks into the money chest, the soul
flies out of purgatory. [This is a direct reference to Johannes Tetzel].
• 50. Christians are to be taught that if the pope knew the exactions of the indulgence preachers, he would rather
that the basilica of St. Peter were burned to ashes than built up with the skin, flesh, and bones of his sheep.
85. Left—woodcut by Baldung Grien, 1521, depicting Martin Luther as an Augustinian
canon; right—engraving by Lucas Cranach, 1545, captioned “The pope alone can
interpret scripture and sweep away misapprehension in the same way that a donkey
alone can play the bagpipes and get the notes right.”
86. Left—woodcut, 1530, of the church as the seven-headed beast, captioned “For money a
sack full of indulgences.”; right—woodcut by Hans Brosamer, from the title page of
Johannes Cochleus’ The Seven Heads of Martin Luther, 1529, depicting Luther as the seven
headed beast (Luther l-r as doctor, saint, infidel, priest, fanatic, church supervisor, and
Barrabas.
87. Lucas Cranach image on title page from Martin Luther’s Against the Papacy Founded
by the Devil, 1545, depicting the pope with ass’s ears sitting on a pyre in the mouth
of Hell, represented by an enormous monster.
88. Lucas Cranach images, 1520/1521: Left—the pope and his indulgence sellers in the
Vatican; right—Christ driving the money changers from the temple.
89. The Successful Reformation and its Aftermath
Portrait of John Calvin, by unknown artist of Flemish school, 16th century, Bibliotheque de Geneve,
Switzerland.
• Anabaptists, 1520s-1530s
• John Calvin, 1509-1564
• Served as a priest in France until 1534
• Argued for double predestination,
justification of faith, and good works
• Theocracy in Geneva, 1541-1564
• The Consistory
• Calvinist movements
• Huguenots in France
• Presbyterians in Scotland
• Puritans in England
90. The Successful Reformation and its Aftermath
Henry VIII in the Whitehall Mural, by Remigius van Leemput, 17th century, Royal Collection, Hampton
Court Palace.
• The Reformation in England
• Henry VIII, r. 1509-1547
• “Defender of the faith”
• Catherine of Aragon, d. 1536
• Anne Boleyn, d. 1536
• Act of Supremacy, 1534
• Henry as “Supreme Head of the
Church”
• Celibacy of priests enforced
• Abolition of monasteries
• Edward VI, r. 1547-1553
• 1547 Injunctions
• Scripture and religious
instruction in English
91. Henry VIII on his deathbed, passing the throne to Edward VI, unknown artist, 16th
century, National Portrait Gallery, London.
92. Painting of the four evangelists stoning Pope Paul II, Avarice, and Hypocrisy to death,
by Girolamo da Treviso the Younger, c. 1540, in Royal Collection at Windsor Palace.
93. Map of European the Reformation, from Lynn Hunt, The Making of the West,
Volume I, 3rd edition.
94. The Successful Reformation and its Aftermath
Statue of St. Ignatius Loyola, by Camilo and Guiseppe Rusconi, 1733, St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome.
• The Counter/Catholic Reformation
• Council of Trent, 1545-1563
• Catholic practices, sacraments
reaffirmed
• Corruption, concubinage, simony
proscribed
• Reform of the papacy
• New offices and orders
• Office of censorship
• The papal index of prohibited books
• Foundation of The Society of Jesus
(Jesuit Order), 1534
• St. Ignatius Loyola, 1491-1556