1. GE7-ETHICS
Republic of The Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
Region V
BAAO COMMUNITY COLLEGE
San Juan, Baao, Camarines Sur
E-mail: baaocommunitycollege@gmail.com
Telefax (054) 455 – 7015
MARISEL B. GASPI
Instructor
3. OPENING PRAYER
t
Lord God,
We thank you for this opportunity
For us to be together for our online class.
We humbly ask for your graces
to make this class more meaningful and successful.
Grant us, Oh Lord,
knowledge to understand our lesson
about The end Human Act.
Inspire us all, Oh Lord, to learn more this day.
we ask this through Christ Our Lord.
Amen.
7. Man Does Not Act Aimlessly.
When He Acts, It Is Because He
Enjoys The Action, Or, Because
He Wants To Achieve Something
By That Action.
Pablito may play basketball because he enjoys it. Or he may play because
he wants to qualify for the varsity team.
11. End of the actisthenatural
terminationofanactivity(Glenn
:52).
-Endoftheeatingisnourishment;
thatofreadingiscomprehension;
thatbasketballisscoringagoal,
andthatofjoggingisphysical
exercise.
12. END OF THE DOERISTHEPERSONAL
PURPOSEINTENDEDBYTHEPERSON
PERFORMINGTHEACT.
-HEWHOEATSAIMSTOSATISFYHIS
HUNGER,THEREADER,TORELAXTO
HIMSELF;THEBASKETBALLPLAYER,TOWIN
THEGAME,ANDTHEJOGGER,TOMAINTAIN
PHYSICALFITNESS.
15. THE End Of The Doer Is
EITHER.
1. Proximate Or Remote
End
2. Intermediate Or Ultimate
End
16. 1. The proximate end is the purpose
which a doer wishes to accomplish
immediately by his action.
The remote end is the purpose which a
doer wishes to accomplish in as series
of acts.
The proximate end of eating is the satisfaction of hunger. Its
remote end is the promotion of health.
17. 2. The ultimate end is the purpose which
desired for its own sake and not because of
something else.
The intermediate end is the purpose which
desired as a means for obtaining another
thing.
The attainment of ultimate end completes an act and stops all further
acts. The attainment of an intermediate end leads either to another
intermediate end or to an ultimate end.(Ibid.3.52).
20. ❖ Every agent that performs an
action acts for the sake of an
end or purpose to be attained.
Manisamotivatedanimal.Forhimtoact,he
mustfirstfindthemotivetoact.Sometimesthe
motivecomesinstantaneously,aswhenone
standuptoanswerthedoorbell.Sometimes,
themotivecomesoutfromtediousandwell
calculatedefforts,asabusiness.Sometimes,
themotiveisprovokedbyselfishnessand
malice.
21. Motives give life to action.
Without it, man finds no
reason why he must act at all.
22. ❖ Every agent acts towards
and ultimate end.
Theultimateendisthatonaccountofwhichman
decidestoact.Itiswhatdesiredthroughtheactions.It
iswhatconfersmeaningtoanactivity.Theconceptof
motiveimpliesthatthereissomethingimportanttobe
achieved.Nosanepersonwouldwastehistimesitting
inabussimplybecausehedoesnotwanttogo
anywhere.Whensomeonetakeabus,wemayrightly
assumethathewantstogosomeplace:hisultimate
destination.Similarly,andinallhisactions,manseeks
anultimatepurpose.
23. ❖ Every agent has the power to
move himself towards an end
which he finds suitable for him.
Theendisthemotivationofanact.Butonlywhatis
goodcanmotivemantoact.Therefore,theendofan
actissomethingwhichthedoerperceivestobe
‘suitable’tohim.Onlywhatisgoodcanbesuitableto
man,becauseitdoesnotbelongtoman’snatureto
desiredevilforitsownsake.Anendthenis
synonymouswiththeconceptof“good”.
24. End as something good
Nothingexcitesthehumanappetiteorrational
desirethanthatwhichisgood.
Actionsaretendenciestowardssomethinggood.
Whatisgoodanddesirableisalsotheendofthe
act.
According,Aristotlesaysthat“good”means
eitherofthese:goodasanendinitselfandgood
asameans(intermediateend)toanotherend.
25. Apparent good. Man has a natural
aversion to evil.
Evil is never desirable for its own sake. It is
naturally repugnant to man.
When someone desires evil as an end, it is
only because he views it, subjectively, as
something good.
Evil viewed as good is called apparent good.
It is evil disguised as good. It is deceptively
tempting and many fall for it.
27. Every human activity is intended for
the attainment of something genuine,
not merely an apparent good.
Unfortunately, as a free agent, man is
able to set his choice on mere
apparent goods and false values.
28. The meaning of good
Gooditasthatwhichfitsafunction.
Thegoodofmanisthatwhichfitshisfunctionasarationalbeing.Andbecauseit
isthesoulthatwhichtheconstitutesmanrationalnature,“thegoodofman
provestobeactivityofsoulinconformitywithexcellence;andifthereismore
thanoneexcellence,itwillbethebestandthemostcompleteofthese.”
-Aristotle
29. Human beings have their needs, while
individual human have their wants.
Needs are those goods which are
essential to man as man.
Wants are those goods that an individual
requires because of his particular
circumstance in life.
The needs must first be fulfilled before the
wants.
30. Kinds of good
1.Essential and accidental.
Thosethatfitthenaturalneedsofmanasmanareessentialgood.Such
goodincludefood,shelter,health,knowledge,virtue,andlife.
Thosethatfitthewantsofanindividualbecauseofhiscircumstanceare
accidentalgood.Suchincludemoney,car,goodname,academicdegree,
power,andluxury,andmanymore.
31. Essential good is also called as
perfective because they
contribute to the integral
perfections of man.
Accidental on the other hand,
are called non-perfective
because they merely contribute
to the external worth or
appearance of a person.
32. 2. Real and apparent.
Areal goodissomethingwhichhasanintrinsicvalue.Thus,
wecallit:Value.Itpossessesqualitiesrenderingit“fitting”
ordesirable.
Examplesofrealgoodaregoodactsandhabits,parentsand
parenthood,pleasureandjoy,workandleisure,etcetera.The
realgoodincludesbothessentialandaccidentalgoods.
34. 3. Perfective and non –
perfective good.
-Perfective good isthatwhich
contributestotheintegral
perfectionofaperson.Suchas;
education,virtue,food,exercise,
medicine.
35. - Non – perfective good isthat
whichmerelycontributestoexternal
appearanceorconvenienceofaperson,
suchas;cloths,wealth,socialstatus,
politicalpower,etcetera.
36. 4. Perfect and imperfect good.
-Alsogoodultimateorlimitedgoodsrespectively,orabsolute
andrelativegoods.
-Perfect good hasthefullnessofqualitiesenablingitto
fullysatisfyhumandesire.
37. - Imperfect good possessesonlycertain
qualitiessothatitdoesnotfullysatisfy
humandesireexceptinarelativeorlimited
sense.All“earthly”goodareimperfect.Only
God,intheabsolutesense,isperfectgood.
38. The greatest good
In every activity, man seeks that which is
good. The greatest good as a matter of fact.
This is evident in our concern for the best in
everything; best friends, best parents, best
food, best performance, best job and so
forth. In the language of the philosophers,
the greatest good is the Summum Bonum.
39. For Aristotle, the greatest good is happiness.
Happiness is what man aims to achieve in all
his activities. The ultimate purpose of life is
the attainment of happiness.
As a psychological state, happiness is the
feeling of contentment arising from the
possession of a good.
As a state of being, it is the perfection arising
from the possession of the good. Happiness
