The document outlines various networking devices utilized for connecting networks, including repeaters, hubs, bridges, and routers. It explains their functions such as extending network distances, localizing traffic, and filtering data to minimize collisions. Additionally, it highlights the differences between MAC and IP addresses and describes how routers operate at the network layer to manage data packet delivery effectively.

1. Lecture 2 - Networking Devices
Lecture 2 - Networking Devices
 Repeaters
Repeaters
 Hubs
Hubs
 Collisions
Collisions
 Bridges
Bridges
 Routers
Routers

2. What are internetworking
What are internetworking
devices?
devices?
 Internetworking devices are products
Internetworking devices are products
used to connect networks. As computer
used to connect networks. As computer
networks grow in size and complexity, so do
networks grow in size and complexity, so do
the internetworking devices used to
the internetworking devices used to
connect them.
connect them.

3. The purposes of having devices
The purposes of having devices
 First, they allow a greater number of nodes to
First, they allow a greater number of nodes to
be connected to the network.
be connected to the network.
 Second, they extend the distance over which a
Second, they extend the distance over which a
network can extend.
network can extend.
 Third, they localize traffic on the network.
Third, they localize traffic on the network.
 Fourth, they can merge existing networks.
Fourth, they can merge existing networks.
 Fifth, they isolate network problems so that
Fifth, they isolate network problems so that
they can be diagnosed more easily.
they can be diagnosed more easily.

6. What internetworking devices operate at the
What internetworking devices operate at the
physical layer (layer 1) of the OSI model?
physical layer (layer 1) of the OSI model?
 A repeater can provide a simple solution if
A repeater can provide a simple solution if
either of these two problems exists.
either of these two problems exists.
 When signals first leave a transmitting
When signals first leave a transmitting
station, they are clean and easily
station, they are clean and easily
recognizable. However, the longer the cable
recognizable. However, the longer the cable
length, the weaker and more deteriorated
length, the weaker and more deteriorated
the signals become as they pass along the
the signals become as they pass along the
networking media.
networking media.

7. Location of Repeater
Location of Repeater

8. Hub
Hub
 Multi-port repeaters are often called hubs.
Multi-port repeaters are often called hubs.
Hubs are very common internetworking
Hubs are very common internetworking
devices. Generally speaking, the term hub
devices. Generally speaking, the term hub
is used instead of repeater when referring
is used instead of repeater when referring
to the device that serves as the center of a
to the device that serves as the center of a
star topology network.
star topology network.

11. What is the disadvantage associated
What is the disadvantage associated
with using a repeater?
with using a repeater?
 it can't filter network traffic. Data,
it can't filter network traffic. Data,
sometimes referred to as bits, arriving at
sometimes referred to as bits, arriving at
one port of a repeater gets sent out on all
one port of a repeater gets sent out on all
other ports
other ports
 data gets passed along by a repeater to all
data gets passed along by a repeater to all
other LAN segments of a network
other LAN segments of a network
regardless of whether it needs to go there
regardless of whether it needs to go there
or no
or no

12. What problem could occur as a result of
What problem could occur as a result of
too much traffic on a network?
too much traffic on a network?
 if segments of a network are only connected
if segments of a network are only connected
by non-filtering devices such as repeaters,
by non-filtering devices such as repeaters,
this can result in more than one user trying
this can result in more than one user trying
to send data on the network at the same time
to send data on the network at the same time
 If more than one node attempts to transmit
If more than one node attempts to transmit
at the same time, a collision will occur.
at the same time, a collision will occur.
 When a collision occurs, the data from each
When a collision occurs, the data from each
device impact and are damaged
device impact and are damaged

13. What internetworking device can be
What internetworking device can be
used to filter traffic on the network?
used to filter traffic on the network?
 One way to solve the problems of too much
One way to solve the problems of too much
traffic on a network and too many
traffic on a network and too many
collisions is to use an internetworking
collisions is to use an internetworking
device called a bridge.
device called a bridge.
 A bridge eliminates unnecessary traffic
A bridge eliminates unnecessary traffic
and minimizes the chances of collisions
and minimizes the chances of collisions
occurring on a network by dividing it into
occurring on a network by dividing it into
segments
segments

20. At what layer of the OSI model do
At what layer of the OSI model do
bridges operate?
bridges operate?
 Because bridges operate at the data link layer, layer 2,
Because bridges operate at the data link layer, layer 2,
they are not required to examine upper-layer information.
they are not required to examine upper-layer information.

21. How do bridges filter network
How do bridges filter network
traffic?
traffic?

30. How are bridge data-forwarding
How are bridge data-forwarding
decisions limited?
decisions limited?
 Although bridges use tables to determine
Although bridges use tables to determine
whether or not to forward data to other
whether or not to forward data to other
segments of the network, the types of
segments of the network, the types of
comparisons and decisions they make are
comparisons and decisions they make are
relatively low level, simple ones
relatively low level, simple ones

31. What types of network traffic
What types of network traffic
problems is a bridge incapable
problems is a bridge incapable
of solving?
of solving?
 Bridges work best where traffic from one
Bridges work best where traffic from one
segment of a network to other segments is
segment of a network to other segments is
not too great.
not too great.
 However, when traffic between network
However, when traffic between network
segments becomes too heavy, the bridge
segments becomes too heavy, the bridge
can become a bottleneck and actually slow
can become a bottleneck and actually slow
down communication.
down communication.

32. How many addressing schemes
How many addressing schemes
are there in networking?
are there in networking?
 You have already learned what one of these
You have already learned what one of these
addressing schemes is. It is the MAC
addressing schemes is. It is the MAC
address.
address.
 The second addressing scheme in
The second addressing scheme in
networking makes use of what is called the
networking makes use of what is called the
IP address.
IP address.

33. How do IP addresses differ from
How do IP addresses differ from
MAC addresses?
MAC addresses?
 Like MAC addresses, every IP address is
Like MAC addresses, every IP address is
unique. No two IP addresses are ever alike.
unique. No two IP addresses are ever alike.
 However, while MAC addresses are physical
However, while MAC addresses are physical
addresses that are actually hard-coded into
addresses that are actually hard-coded into
the NIC card and occur at the data link layer
the NIC card and occur at the data link layer
 IP addresses are implemented in software and
IP addresses are implemented in software and
occur at the network layer of the OSI model.
occur at the network layer of the OSI model.

34. What are routers?
What are routers?
 Routers are another type of internetworking
Routers are another type of internetworking
device.
device.
 These devices pass data packets between
These devices pass data packets between
networks based on network protocol or layer
networks based on network protocol or layer
3 information.
3 information.
 Routers have the ability to make intelligent
Routers have the ability to make intelligent
decisions as to the best path for delivery of
decisions as to the best path for delivery of
data on the network.
data on the network.

39. What network problems can
What network problems can
routers help resolve?
routers help resolve?
 The problem of excessive broadcast traffic
The problem of excessive broadcast traffic
can be solved by using a router.
can be solved by using a router.
 Routers are able to do this, because they do
Routers are able to do this, because they do
not forward broadcast frames unless
not forward broadcast frames unless
specifically told to do so
specifically told to do so

41. How do routers differ from
How do routers differ from
bridges?
bridges?
 Routers differ from bridges in several respects.
Routers differ from bridges in several respects.
First, bridging occurs at the data link layer or
First, bridging occurs at the data link layer or
layer 2,while routing occurs at the network layer
layer 2,while routing occurs at the network layer
or layer 3 of the OSI model.
or layer 3 of the OSI model.
 Second, bridges use physical or MAC addresses
Second, bridges use physical or MAC addresses
to make data forwarding decisions. Routers use a
to make data forwarding decisions. Routers use a
different addressing scheme that occurs at layer
different addressing scheme that occurs at layer
three
three

42. How do routers work?
How do routers work?
 Routers are used to connect two or more
Routers are used to connect two or more
networks. For routing to be successful,
networks. For routing to be successful,
each network must have a unique network
each network must have a unique network
number
number

43. The port where a router connects to network
The port where a router connects to network
A would have an IP address of A5.
A would have an IP address of A5.

44. The IP address of the router's
The IP address of the router's
second interface would be B5.
second interface would be B5.

45. The router would determine to send the data
The router would determine to send the data
from network A to network B out its port with
from network A to network B out its port with
the IP address B5.
the IP address B5.