This document contains lecture slides for Chapter 1 of Seeley's Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology. The slides cover topics like the definitions of anatomy and physiology, the structural and functional organization of the human body from the chemical to organism level, homeostasis and feedback control, anatomical terminology, body cavities and membranes. Key diagrams illustrate these concepts and the relationships between different body structures and systems.

1. Seeley’s
ESSENTIALS OF
Anatomy &
Physiology
Tenth Edition
Cinnamon Vanputte
Jennifer Regan
Andrew Russo
See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables
pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

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Chapter 1
The Human Organism
Lecture Outline

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Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy:
• investigates body structure
• the term means to dissect
Physiology:
• investigates processes and functions
• Human Physiology:
• studies the human organism
Systemic Physiology:
• studies body organ-systems
Cellular Physiology:
• studies body cells

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Importance of Anatomy and Physiology
Understand how the body:
• responds to stimuli
• environmental changes
• environmental cues
• diseases
• injury

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Types of Anatomy
Systemic:
• studies body organ-systems
Regional:
• studies body regions (medical schools)
Surface:
• studies external features, for example, bone
projections
Anatomical imaging:
• using technologies (x-rays, ultrasound, MRI)

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Structural and Functional Organization1
Six levels from chemical to organism:
1. Chemical:
• smallest level
• atoms, chemical bonds, molecules
2. Cellular:
• cells: basic units of life
• compartments and organelles
• examples are mitochondria, nucleus
Figure 1.1

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Structural and Functional Organization2
3. Tissues:
• group of cells with similar structure and function
plus extracellular substances they release
• four broad types:
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
Figure 1.1

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Structural and Functional Organization3
4. Organs:
• two or more tissue types acting together to
perform function(s)
• Examples: stomach, heart, liver, ovary, bladder,
kidney
Figure 1.1

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Structural and Functional Organization4
5. Organ-System:
• group of organs contributing to some function
• for example, digestive system, reproductive
system
Figure 1.1

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Structural and Functional Organization5
6. Organism:
• all organ systems working together
• includes associated microorganisms such as
intestinal bacteria
Figure 1.1
©Bart Harris/Getty Images

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Structural and Functional Organization6
Figure 1.1
1.1(6) ©Bart Harris/Getty Images

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Major Organs of the Body
Figure 1.2

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Organ Systems of the Body1
Figure 1.3

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Organ Systems of the Body2
Figure 1.3

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Characteristics of Life1
Organization:
• functional interrelationships between parts
Metabolism:
• sum of all chemical and physical changes sustaining an
organism
• ability to acquire and use energy in support of these
changes
Responsiveness:
• ability to sense and respond to environmental changes
• includes both internal and external environments

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Characteristics of Life2
Growth:
• can increase in size
• size of cells, groups of cells, extracellular materials
Development:
• changes in form and size
• changes in cell structure and function from
generalized to specialized—differentiation
Reproduction:
• formation of new cells or new organisms
• generation of new individuals
• tissue repair

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Homeostasis1
Homeostasis:
• maintenance of constant internal environment despite
fluctuations in the external or internal environment
Variables:
• measures of body properties that may change in value
Examples of variables:
body temperature
heart rate
blood pressure

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Homeostasis2
Normal range: normal extent of increase or decrease
around a set point
Set point: normal, or average value of a variable
Over time, body temperature fluctuates around a set point
Figure 1.4

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Homeostasis3
Set points for some variables can be temporarily
adjusted depending on body activities, as needed:
Examples Common cause of change
body temperature fever
heart rate, blood pressure
respiratory rate
exercise

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Homeostasis4
Negative feedback is the main mechanism used
homeostatic regulation.
• A negative feedback response involves:
detection: of deviation away from set point
and
correction: reversal of deviation toward set point
and normal range

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Homeostasis5
The components of feedback:
1. Receptor:
• detects changes in variable
2. Control center:
• receives receptor signal
• establishes set point
• sends signal to effector
3. Effector:
• directly causes change in variable

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Homeostasis6
Figure 1.5

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Negative Feedback Control of Body Temperature
Figure 1.6

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Homeostasis7
Positive feedback mechanisms occur when the
initial stimulus further stimulates the response
• system response causes progressive deviation away from
• set point, outside of normal range
• not directly used for homeostasis
• some positive feedback occurs under normal conditions
Example: childbirth
• generally associated with injury, disease
• negative feedback mechanisms unable to maintain
homeostasis

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Homeostasis8
Comparison of negative feedback and positive
feedback
Figure 1.7

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Terminology and the Body Plan
Anatomical position:
• person standing erect with
face and palms forward
• all relational descriptions
based on the anatomical
position, regardless of
body orientation
Figure 1.8
©Eric Wise

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Directional Terms1
Superior: above
Inferior: below
Anterior: front (also: ventral)
Posterior: back (also: dorsal)
Note: In four-legged animals, the
terms ventral (belly) and dorsal
(back) correspond to anterior and
posterior in humans
Figure 1.8
©Eric Wise

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Directional Terms2
Medial: close to midline
Lateral: away from midline
Proximal: close to point of
attachment
Distal: far from point of
attachment
Superficial: structure close to
the surface
Deep: structure toward the
interior of the body
Figure 1.8
©Eric Wise

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Directional Terms3
Figure 1.8
©Eric Wise

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Body Planes1
Sagittal plane: separates the body
into right and left parts
Median plane: a sagittal plane
along the midline that divides body
into equal left and right halves
Transverse plane: a horizontal
plane that separates the body into
superior and inferior parts.
Frontal plane: a vertical plane that
separates the body into anterior
and posterior parts.
Figure 1.11
©Eric Wise

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Body Planes2
Figure 1.11
(a) ©Eric Wise; (b,c,d) ©R. T. Hutchings

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Planes of Section Through an Organ
Figure 1.12

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Body Regions
Upper limbs:
• upper arm, forearm, wrist, hand
Lower limbs:
• thigh, lower leg, ankle, foot
Central region:
• head, neck, trunk
Figure 1.9
©Eric Wise

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Body Parts and Regions1
Figure 1.9
©Eric Wise

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Body Parts and Regions2
Figure 1.9
©Eric Wise

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Subdivisions of the Abdomen
Figure 1.10

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Body Cavities1
Thoracic cavity:
• space within chest wall
and diaphragm
• contains heart, lungs,
thymus gland,
esophagus, trachea
Mediastinum:
• space between lungs
• contains heart, thymus
gland, esophagus,
trachea Figure 1.13

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Body Cavities2
Abdominal cavity:
• space between
diaphragm and pelvis
• contains stomach,
intestines, liver, spleen,
pancreas, kidneys
Pelvic cavity:
• space within pelvis
• contains urinary bladder,
reproductive organs,
part of large intestine Figure 1.13

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Serous Membranes1
Line trunk cavities, cover organs
Structure:
• visceral serous membrane covers organs
• parietal serous membrane is the outer membrane
• cavity - a fluid-filled space between the membranes
Figure 1.14

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Serous Membranes2
Three sets of serous membranes and cavities:
Membrane Cavity
Pericardium
around heart
Pericardial cavity
Pleura
around lungs
Pleural cavity
Peritoneum
around abdominopelvic
cavity and its organs
Peritoneal cavity

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Pericardium and Pericardial Cavity
Pericardium
• visceral pericardium
covers heart
• parietal pericardium
thick, fibrous
• pericardial cavity
reduces friction
Figure 1.15a

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Pleura and Pleural Cavity
Pleura
• visceral pleura
covers lungs
• parietal pleura
lines inner wall
of thorax
• pleural cavity
• reduces friction
• adheres lungs
to thoracic wall
Figure 1.15b

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Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity
Peritoneum
• visceral peritoneum
• covers, anchors
organs
• double layers called
mesenteries
• parietal peritoneum
lines inner wall of
abdominopelvic
cavity
• peritoneal cavity
reduces friction Figure 1.15c