The document provides an introduction to human anatomy and physiology, explaining the structure and function of the human body across various levels of organization from subatomic particles to organ systems. It discusses characteristics of life, environmental factors for survival, and homeostatic mechanisms that maintain internal stability. Additionally, it includes anatomical terminology and body regions crucial for understanding human biology.

1. 1
Hole’s Human Anatomy
and Physiology
Twelfth Edition
Shier  Butler  Lewis
Chapter 1
Introduction to Human
Anatomy & Physiology
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2. 2
1.1: Introduction
• Questions and observations that have led to
knowledge.
• Knowledge about structure and function of the
human body.

3. 3
1.2: Anatomy & Physiology
• Anatomy – the study of the structure of the human body
• Physiology – the study of the function of the human body
“The complementarity of structure and function.”

4. 4
1.3: Levels of Organization
• Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, and neutrons
• Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc.
• Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule, etc.
• Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc.
• Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc.
• Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell, etc.
• Tissue – epithelia, connective, muscle and nerve
• Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc.
• Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system, etc.
• Organism – the human

5. Levels of Organization
Subatomic particles
Atom
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
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6. 6
Organ Systems
Skeletal system Muscular system
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Integumentary system

7. 7
Organ Systems
Nervous system Endocrine system
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8. 8
Organ Systems
Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system
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9. 9
Organ Systems
Digestive system Respiratory system Urinary system
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10. 10
Organ Systems
Male reproductive system Female reproductive system
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11. 11
1.1 Clinical Application
• Ultrasound (US)
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

12. 12
1.4: Characteristics of Life (10)
• Movement – change in position; motion
• Responsiveness – reaction to a change
• Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape
• Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide;
releasing energy from foods
• Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells

13. 13
Characteristics of Life Continued
• Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and
into body fluids
• Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids
• Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into
chemically different forms
• Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic
reactions
• Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler
forms

14. 14
1.5: Maintenance of Life
• Life depends on five (5) environmental factors:
• Water
• Food
• Oxygen
• Heat
• Pressure

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Requirements of Organisms
• Water
- most abundant substance in body
- required for metabolic processes
- required for transport of substances
- regulates body temperature
• Food
- provides necessary nutrients
- supplies energy
- supplies raw materials

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Requirements of Organisms
• Oxygen (gas)
- one-fifth of air
- used to release energy from nutrients
• Heat
- form of energy
- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
• Pressure
- application of force on an object
- atmospheric pressure – important for breathing
- hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing

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Homeostasis*
* Maintaining of a stable internal environment
• Homeostatic Control Mechanisms – monitors aspects of the
internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within
limits. There are three (3) parts:
• Receptor - provides information about the stimuli
• Control Center - tells what a particular value should be
(called the set point)
• Effector - elicits responses that change conditions in the
internal environment

18. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Stimulus
(Change occurs
in internal
environment.) Response
(Change is corrected.)
Receptors Effectors
(muscles or glands)
Control center
(set point)
(Change is compared
to the set point.)
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18

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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Receptors
Thermoreceptors
send signals to the
control center.
too high
too low
Normal body
temperature
37°C (98.6°F)
Control center
The hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs.
Control center
The hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs. If body temperature
continues to drop,
control center signals
muscles to contract
Involuntarily.
Stimulus
Body temperature
rises above normal.
Effectors
Skin blood vessels
dilate and sweat glands
secrete.
Response
Body heat is lost to
surroundings, temperature
drops toward normal.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors
send signals to the
control center.
Effectors
Skin blood
vessels constrict
and sweat glands
remain inactive.
Stimulus
Body temperature
drops below normal.
Effectors
Muscle
activity
generates
body heat.
Response
Body heat is conserved,
temperature rises toward normal.
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20. 20
• There are two (2) types:
• Negative feedback mechanisms
• Positive feedback mechanisms
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

21. 21
Negative feedback summary:
• Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body
• Corrects the set point
• Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the ‘negative’
• Most common type of feedback loop
• Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

22. 22
Positive feedback summary:
• Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body
• short-lived
• do not require continuous adjustments
• Examples: blood clotting and child birth
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

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1.6: Organization
of the Human Body
Thoracic cavity
Abdominal
cavity
Diaphragm
Pelvic cavity
Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
(a)
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Abdominal
cavity
Pelvic cavity
Right pleural
cavity
Mediastinum
Left pleural cavity
Pericardial
cavity
Diaphragm
Vertebral canal
Cranial cavity
Thoracic
cavity
(b)

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Thoracic & Abdominal
Serous Membranes
Thoracic Membranes
• Visceral pleura
• Parietal pleura
• Visceral pericardium
• Parietal pericardium
• Visceral layer – covers an organ
• Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall
Abdominopelvic Membranes
• Parietal peritoneum
• Visceral peritoneum
• Parietal perineum
• Visceral perineum

25. 25
Serous Membranes
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26. 26
1.7: Lifespan Changes
Aging occurs from the microscopic level to the
whole-body level.
Can you think of some examples?

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1.8: Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Position – standing
erect, facing forward, upper limbs
at the sides, palms facing forward
and thumbs out
Integumentary system
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28. 28
Anatomical Terminology:
Orientation and Directional Terms
• Terms of Relative Position (based on anatomical position):
• Superior versus Inferior (Cranial vs. Caudal)
• Anterior versus Posterior (Ventral vs. Dorsal)
• Medial versus Lateral
• Ipsi-lateral versus Contra-lateral
• Proximal versus Distal
• Superficial versus Deep
• Internal versus External

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Body Sections or Planes
• Sagittal or Median – divides body into left and right portions
• Mid-sagittal – divides body into equal left and right
portions
• Transverse or Horizontal – divides body into superior and
inferior portions
• Coronal or Frontal – divides body into anterior and posterior
portions

30. 30
Body Sections
A section along a frontal
plane
A section along a transverse
plane
A section along the
median plane
Transverse
(horizontal)
plane
Frontal
(coronal)
plane
Parasagittal
plane
Median
(midsagittal)
plane

31. Body Sections
31
(a) (b) (c)

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Other Body Sections
(a) (b) (c)
Cross-section
Oblique section
L
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n
g
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t
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d
i
n
a
l
s
e
c
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o

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Abdominal Subdivisions
Right
hypochondriac
region
Right
lumbar
region
Right
iliac
region
Epigastric
region
Umbilical
region
Hypogastric
region
Left
hypochondriac
region
Left
lumbar
region
Left
iliac
region
Right upper
quadrant
(RUQ)
Left upper
quadrant
(LUQ)
Right lower
quadrant
(RLQ)
Left lower
quadrant
(LLQ)

34. 34
Body Regions
Otic (ear)
Cervical (neck)
Acromial
(point of shoulder)
Mammary (breast)
Brachial
(arm)
Antecubital
(front of elbow)
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Genital
(reproductive organs)
Cephalic (head)
Orbital (eye cavity)
Mental (chin)
Sternal
Pectoral
(chest)
Inguinal
(groin)
Coxal
(hip)
Umbilical
(navel)
Pedal (foot)
Occipital
(back of head)
Acromial
(point of shoulder)
Brachial (arm)
Dorsum (back)
Cubital (elbow)
Gluteal (buttocks)
Perineal
Femoral (thigh)
Popliteal (back of knee)
Plantar (sole)
(a) (b)
Patellar
(front of knee)
Vertebral
(spinal column)
Sacral (between hips)
Lumbar
(lower back)
Abdominal
(abdomen)
Carpal (wrist)
Palmar (palm)
Digital (finger)
Nasal (nose)
Oral (mouth)
Frontal (forehead)
Buccal (cheek)
Tarsal (instep)
Digital (toe)
Axillary (armpit)
Crural (leg)
Sural (calf)
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